John Nance Garner

For more information on John Nance Garner, visit Britannica.com.

(b. Red River, Texas, 22 Nov. 1868; d. 7 Nov. 1967) US; member of the US House of Representatives 1903 – 33, Speaker of the House 1931 – 3, Vice-President 1933 – 41 The son of a Confederate cavalry trooper, Garner received only limited elementary education. Then, after attending Vanderbilt university for one term, he read law whilst employed in the office of Sims and Wright, Clarkesville, Texas. He was called to the bar in 1890 and began practising law at Uvalde Texas, at the same time he edited the weekly Uvalde Leader.

His forty-six-year long public career began in 1894 when he was appointed to an unexpired term as Uvalde county judge. Re-elected to a further term in 1895, but defeated in 1897, he turned his attention to the state legislature. After serving two terms in the Texas House of Representatives, 1898 – 1902, he was elected Democratic Representative for the 15th Texas congressional district, a new seat he had persuaded the state legislature to create. He served in Congress continuously for thirty years, including two years as elected minority leader, 1929 – 31, and two as Speaker of the House, 1931 – 3. A candidate for his party's nomination for President in 1932, he agreed to release his delegates in favour of Franklin D. Roosevelt and was rewarded with the vice-presidency, which he held throughout Roosevelt's first two terms. In 1940 he broke with Roosevelt over the latter's decision to run for a third term and challenged him for the party's nomination. On failing to secure it, he retired to his Texas homestead to live out the rest of his life reading, discussing politics, and regaling people with tales of his Washington years.

Fondly nicknamed "Cactus Jack" after the inhospitable landscape of his birthplace, Garner was a colourful, independent-minded politician who was renowned in Washington for his somewhat eccentric lifestyle. At election time he refused to campaign for votes and when Speaker of the House he refused use of an official car. His working day began at 7.30 a.m., he went to bed by 9 p.m., and, except in times of dire emergency, would not answer the telephone after 6 p.m. Claiming that he was "striking a blow for liberty" he openly drank a glass of whiskey a day throughout the Prohibition years. He is alleged to have dismissed the vice-presidency as "not worth a pitcher of warm piss".

The thirty-second vice-president of the United States, John Nance "Cactus Jack" Garner (1868-1967) was a wily Texas politician and master of the legislative process. He was also the most powerful man in Congress when he chose to join Franklin Delano Roosevelt on the Democratic ticket for the 1932 presidential election.

It is one of the most revered of US political traditions, but John Nance Garner actually was born in a log cabin near the town of Detroit, Texas, in the northeastern part of the state, on November 22, 1868. He was the son of a cavalryman under General Joseph Wheeler. Garner entered Vanderbilt University at age 18, but remained there only one semester before returning home. His reasons for leaving Vanderbilt are unknown though it has been speculated that Garner suffered from poor health during his short time there. Upon returning to Texas Garner studied law in the Clarksville, Texas office of Captain M. L. Simms; he was admitted to the Texas state bar in 1890. Soon after this he made his first run for elected office, but was defeated for the position of Clarksville city attorney. Afterward he picked up roots and moved to Uvalde where he joined the law firm of Clark and Fuller.

It was in Uvalde where Garner won his first election - judge of Uvalde County - in 1893. Actually Garner had already been county judge for a year by the time he won the 1893 election, having been appointed to fill a vacancy. By then he was not only an up-and-coming lawyer and budding politician, but also a newspaper editor: he had received the Uvalde Leader as a fee for his services. In the race for the judgeship his main opponent was Mariette Rheiner, whom he defeated, courted, and finally married on November 25, 1895. Garner served as county judge until 1896. Two years later he was elected to the Texas state legislature, where he served until 1902. In the state legislature Garner supported ranchers' and livestock growers' issues; he also served on the appropriation committee. It was as a state representative that Garner earned the sobriquet "Cactus Jack" for his strident though unsuccessful championing of the cactus as the Texas state flower.

Entered the House of Representatives

The other important, indeed career boosting, event during his tenure in the state legislature came when he was appointed to a committee to help draw up a new federal district in Texas. The result was the new 58th congressional district. Larger in area than many states, it included Uvalde and sent as its first representative to the United States House of Representatives none other than John Nance Garner. In all Garner would serve 15 terms in the House of Representatives, rising to that body's highest position.

The first decade or so of Garner's congressional career was quite inauspicious. He entered the House on November 9, 1903, but it wasn't until January 1905 that he spoke his first word in Congress and not until 1911 that he gave his first speech. Needless to say he introduced very few bills during his 30 years in Congress. What he did do was learn how to master the legislative process. He was a conservative Democrat (opposed to Prohibition, women's rights, and the KKK) who had the knack for steering others' bills through the tricky legislative waters. Garner did this by practicing behind-the-scenes crony politics, by which he also managed to have a new federal building and a new post office built in his district. These projects contributed to his primary goal of getting reelected. Eventually Garner acquired enough seniority in his party to be elected the Democratic House whip in 1909. (The whip is a party's number two leader, responsible for, among other things, rounding up necessary votes). When the Democrats recaptured the White House, under Woodrow Wilson (28th US president, 1913-1921), Garner was an influential man on Capitol Hill. During the war he became the administration's liaison with the House of Representatives.

Speaker of the House

By the end of World War I, Garner had his sights set on the House speakership. Following reelection in 1922, after which the Republicans controlled the House of Representatives, Garner became the ranking Democrat on the powerful House Ways and Means Committee. He had many friends on both sides of the aisle, which was as much a testament to his quiet, pragmatic backroom political style as anything else. Garner was one of Congress's legendary whiskey-drinking poker players in his day. In order to convince recalcitrant colleagues to vote for bills he favored, Garner would invite them to his office to share a drink or two of bourbon and branch water, a method of arm twisting that, in those days of Prohibition, he termed "striking a blow for liberty." During the 71st Congress (1929-30) he was minority leader and after the 1930 election when the Democrats once again captured the majority of seats in the House, he was named Speaker for the 72nd Congress, beginning in 1931. His policy during these early Depression years endorsed a budget that would be balanced by a national sales tax.

Garner was Speaker of the House of Representatives for only a few months when a new prize was dangled before his eyes - the presidency itself. His conservative views (which had always put him in good standing with the Republicans) now made him the darling of newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst, who decided to promote Garner for the Democratic nomination. Garner himself seemed largely indifferent to the proposal, but during the Democratic convention he managed to accumulate enough support, namely the Texas and California delegates, to temporarily slow down the Roosevelt steamroller. The convention was deadlocked after three ballots. When Garner released his 90 delegates just prior to the fourth, and they went over to Roosevelt, Garner found himself in his familiar influential position. Roosevelt, partly in gratitude and partly to neutralize a potential future rival, offered Garner the second slot on the Democratic ticket. To everyone's surprise Garner accepted, albeit somewhat reluctantly. With Franklin Roosevelt's electoral victory on November 8, 1932 Garner became the 32nd vice-president of the United States. Possibly hedging his bet, he was also reelected to Congress that same day though he resigned his congressional seat on March 4, 1933, the day he was sworn in as vice-president.

Vice-President

Garner was nothing if not a true party loyalist and as such he put aside his conservative views to support FDR's New Deal. In fact by most accounts Garner was the second most important person in the New Deal, which meant he (temporarily) elevated the importance and power of the vice-presidency. Garner's tenure was in contrast to his often quoted description that vice-presidency wasn't "worth a bucket of warm spit." (Being a colorful Texas politician Garner often claimed that the journalists had cleaned up his language.) Garner also said: "A great man may be vice-president but he can't be a great vice-president, because the office in itself is unimportant." This less quoted description begs the question: Why did Garner relinquish the post of Speaker of the House for such an "unimportant office"? The usual answer is that he hoped to use it as a springboard for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1940. However years later Garner admitted the decision to accept the vice-presidential nomination was the "worst damn-fool mistake I ever made. Should have stuck with my old chores as Speaker of the House. I gave up the second most important job in the government for one that didn't amount to a hill of beans."

Despite their differing political views Garner and Roosevelt enjoyed a good relationship (FDR also loved to play poker). The president even referred to Garner as "Mr. Common Sense." Garner still had a lot of influence on Capitol Hill, especially through the Texas congressional delegation. Eight Texans chaired regular committees and two chaired special committees between 1933 and 1937. Garner used these connections to push through quite a bit of New Deal legislation. He also sat in on cabinet meetings and became the first vice-president to travel abroad on official business: He went to Mexico, Japan and the Philippines.

Garner's relationship with Roosevelt began to decline in 1936 and continud to deteriorate throughout their second term. Together they won reelection by trouncing Republican candidates Governor Alf Landon of Kansas and Chicagoan Frank Knox, but it was clear that Garner was already showing an independent streak. His dormant conservatism gradually came awake as he tried to counsel FDR against the continued deficit spending. He was also disturbed by Roosevelt's popularity and his influence in congressional races. Probably the end of their working relationship came with Roosevelt's now infamous attempt to pack the Supreme Court by increasing the number of justices from 9 to 15. From then on there was hostility behind the civility between Garner and Roosevelt. When the latter suspected Garner of leaking Cabinet discussions the government's serious business took place in private meetings that excluded Garner while the Cabinet meetings were held merely as window dressing. Throughout Roosevelt's second term Garner was the de facto leader of the loyal opposition, that is, the conservative Democrats, which made him a powerful politician in Roosevelt's New Deal coalition.

Split with Roosevelt

By 1939 Garner had revived his eight-year old dream of running for the presidency with good reason - he assumed he had history on his side. What Garner did not count on was that he did not have FDR on his side. No president had served more than two terms (a precedent set by Washington), but Roosevelt broke with tradition and crushed Garner's hopes. Not that Garner had much chance by 1940. He was nearly 72 years old and the times had passed him by. The previous year he had alienated himself from African Americans and liberals by refusing to endorse a Marian Anderson concert. Later in 1939 he proved no friend to labor by opposing changes in the Wages-Hours Act. For this CIO (Congress of Industrial Organization) leader John L. Lewis branded Garner "a poker-playing, whiskey-drinking, labor-baiting, evil old man."

The 1940 Democratic convention was Garner's political swan song. In the battle for the presidential nomination he was crushed by Roosevelt: 946 votes to 61. He had already made it clear that he would not serve a third term as vice-president (two terms was also the precedent for that position). At any rate Roosevelt, looking for someone to continue the New Deal should he die in office, chose Agriculture Secretary Henry Wallace.

Garner retired to Uvalde and did a nearly unheard of thing: He (or possibly his wife, the story is conflicting) destroyed all of his public and private papers instead of depositing them in either a Texas research library or the Library of Congress itself. This action has left a void in Texas' political history and hindered New Deal scholars as well.

Garner lived in retirement for another 27 years, far outlasting Roosevelt and even his protege, Sam Rayburn. He lived long enough to witness the ascension of another Texan, Lyndon Baines Johnson, on a similar path from Congressional power to the vice-presidency, and then to the presidency. Garner died in Uvalde, Texas on November 7, 1967 - just fifteen days shy of his ninety-ninth birthday.

Books

Barzman, Sol, Madmen and Geniuses: The Vice-Presidents of the United States, Follett Publishing Company, 1974.

Dunlap, Leslie W., Our Vice-Presidents and Second Ladies, The Scarecrow Press, 1988.

Healy, Diana Dixon, America's Vice-President: Our First Forty-three Vice-Presidents and How They Got to be Number Two, Atheneum, 1984.

Periodicals

Boston Globe, August 9, 1992.

Houston Chronicle, July 28, 1995.

Texas Monthly, November, 1996.

Online

"Garner, John Nance." The Handbook of Texas Online, nd, http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/view/GG/fga24.html(December 10, 2000).

"John Nance Garner," nd, http://www.northeast.isd.tenet.edu/garner/jngbull.htm(December 10, 2000).

• Born: Nov. 22, 1868, Red River County, Tex.
• Political party: Democrat
• Education: Vanderbilt University, 1888
• Military service: none
• Previous government service: Texas House of Representatives, 1899–1902; U.S. House of Representatives, 1903–33; House minority leader, 1929–31; Speaker of the House, 1931–33
• Vice President under Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1933–41
• Died: Nov. 7, 1967, Uvalde, Tex.

The election of 1930 made “Cactus Jack” Garner (known for his prickly humor) the first Democratic Speaker of the House in a dozen years. With the nation sliding into a terrible economic depression, Garner seemed uncertain about what course to follow. At first he encouraged Democratic support for Republican President Herbert Hoover's programs, but when these seemed too limited and unsatisfactory, Garner looked for Democratic alternatives. In 1932, Garner proposed that the federal government spend billions of dollars on public works programs to put the unemployed back to work. Hoover vetoed this plan, but the following year it became a major initiative of the new Democratic President, Franklin D. Roosevelt. Garner was by then Vice President, having received the nomination as a reward for delivering the Texas delegation to Roosevelt.

Garner helped Roosevelt deal with Congress in the early days of the New Deal. But Roosevelt gave him no other duties, and he spent much of his time at his ranch in Uvalde, Texas, taking target practice on a spittoon on his front porch. It was there that he described the Vice Presidency as “not worth a pitcher of warm spit.”

In his second term, Garner opposed Roosevelt's attempt in 1937 to “pack” the Supreme Court—Roosevelt wanted to appoint additional justices sympathetic to his social and economic policies—and his attempt to “purge” Democrats in Congress who opposed the New Deal program in the 1938 elections. When Roosevelt decided to run for a third term, Garner objected to this violation of the unwritten two-term custom that had prevailed since George Washington. His own campaign for the 1940 Presidential nomination went nowhere, and he retired from politics permanently.

See also New Deal

Sources

• Richard Bolling, Power in the House: A History of the Leadership of the House of Representatives (New York: Dutton, 1969).
• Bascom Timmons, Garner of Texas (New York: Harper, 1948)

John Nance Garner
32nd Vice President of the United States
In office March 4, 1933 – January 20, 1941
President	Franklin D. Roosevelt
Preceded by	Charles Curtis
Succeeded by	Henry A. Wallace
44th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
In office December 7, 1931 – March 4, 1933
President	Herbert Hoover
Preceded by	Nicholas Longworth
Succeeded by	Henry T. Rainey
8th Minority Leader of the United States House of Representatives
In office 1929 – 1931
Deputy	William Allan Oldfield (whip)
Preceded by	Finis Garrett
Succeeded by	Bertrand Snell
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from 's Texas' 15th district
In office March 4, 1903 – March 4, 1933
Preceded by	new district
Succeeded by	Milton H. West
Born	November 22, 1868(1868-11-22) Red River County, Texas United States
Died	November 7, 1967 (aged 98) Uvalde, Texas United States
Nationality	American
Political party	Democratic
Spouse(s)	Mariette Rheiner Garner
Children	Tully Charles Garner
Alma mater	Vanderbilt University - dropped out
Religion	Methodist
Signature

John Nance Garner IV, nicknamed "Cactus Jack" (November 22, 1868 – November 7, 1967), was the 44th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (1931–33) and the 32nd Vice President of the United States (1933–41).

Contents 1 Early life and family 2 Texas politics 3 Vice Presidency 4 Later life and legacy 5 References 6 Sources

Early life and family

Garner was born near Detroit, Red River County, Texas, to John Nance Garner III and his wife, the former Sarah Jane Guest.^[1] Garner attended Vanderbilt University for one semester before dropping out and returning home. He eventually studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1890, and began practice in Uvalde, Uvalde County, Texas. He was county judge of Uvalde County from 1893 to 1896. (Although the county judge in Texas is now primarily the chief administrative officer of a county, comparable to the mayor of a city, the office is a judicial position and the county judge sits in small civil cases, misdemeanor criminal cases, and probate cases.) In the 1893 campaign for Uvalde County Judge, his Democratic primary opponent was Mariette Rheiner, a rancher's daughter. He married her two years later, and they had one child, a son, Tully Charles Garner (1896–1968).

Texas politics

Garner was a member of the Texas State House of Representatives from 1898 to 1902. While in the Texas Legislature, a bill came up to select a state flower for Texas. Garner fervently supported the prickly pear cactus for the honor and earned the nickname "Cactus Jack" for his effort. The bluebonnet eventually won out and was chosen as the state flower.

Garner was elected as a Democrat to the United States House of Representatives in 1902 from a newly created congressional district covering tens of thousands of square miles of rural South Texas. He was elected from the district fourteen subsequent times, serving until 1933. His wife served as his private secretary during this period.

John Nance Garner as a younger congressman.

Garner's hard work and integrity made him a respected leader in the House, and he was chosen to serve as minority floor leader for the Democrats in 1929, and then as Speaker of the United States House of Representatives in 1931.

Vice Presidency

In 1932, Garner ran for the Democratic Presidential nomination, becoming one of New York Governor Franklin Roosevelt's most serious opponents for the nomination. When it became evident that Roosevelt was the strongest candidate, although he had not yet gotten a majority of delegates (thanks to opposition figures, in spite of receiving most of the popular support), Garner cut a deal with the front-runner, becoming Roosevelt's Vice Presidential candidate. He was re-elected to the Seventy-third Congress on November 8, 1932, and on the same day was elected Vice President of the United States. He was re-elected Vice President in 1936 and served in that office from March 4, 1933 to January 20, 1941. Garner once described the vice presidency as being "not worth a bucket of warm piss."^[2] This quote was bowdlerized for many decades to "not worth a bucket of warm spit" by the media. The incorrect version is still used on occasion.^[3] Garner once described a writer who quoted it this way as a "pantywaist."^[4]

During Roosevelt's second term, the previously warm relationship between Garner and Roosevelt quickly soured, as Garner disagreed sharply with Roosevelt on a wide range of important issues. Garner supported federal intervention to break up the Flint Sit-Down Strike, supported a balanced federal budget, opposed packing the Supreme Court with additional judges, and opposed executive interference with the internal business of the Congress.

During 1938 and 1939, numerous Democratic party leaders urged Garner to run for President in 1940. Garner saw himself as the champion of the traditional Democratic Party establishment, which often clashed with supporters of Roosevelt's New Deal. The Gallup poll showed that Garner was the favorite among Democratic voters, presuming that Roosevelt would defer to the longstanding two-term tradition and not run for a third term.

Though he never declared his candidacy, Roosevelt quietly made it known that he would seek a third term. Even though this decision made it highly unlikely that Garner would win the nomination, he stayed in the race anyway, because he opposed much of what the President stood for, and opposed the idea of anyone having a third term as President.

Roosevelt beat Garner soundly in the Democratic primaries, and won re-nomination at the Democratic National Convention on the first ballot.

Later life and legacy

Garner stepped down as Vice President in January 1941, ending a 46-year career in public life. He retired to his home in Uvalde for the last 26 years of his life, where he managed his extensive real estate holdings, spent time with his great-grandchildren, and fished. Throughout his retirement, he was consulted by active Democratic politicians, and was especially close to Harry S. Truman.

On the morning of Garner's 95th birthday on November 22, 1963, President John F. Kennedy called from Fort Worth, Texas to wish the former Vice President a happy birthday, just before his fateful trip to Dallas.

Garner died at the age of 98 years and 350 days. This gives him the record as the longest-living Vice-President in United States history, which was previously held by Vice President Levi P. Morton. Garner still holds that record as of 2009. He is interred in Uvalde Cemetery.

Garner and Schuyler Colfax are the only two Vice Presidents to have been Speaker of the House of Representatives prior to becoming Vice President. As the Vice President is also the President of the Senate, this means that Garner and Colfax are the only people in history to have served as the presiding officer of both houses of Congress.

Garner State Park, located 30 miles (48 km) north of Uvalde, Texas, was named in his honor.

References

1. ^ [1]
2. ^ Blumenthal, Sidney (2007-06-28). "The imperial vice presidency". Salon.com. http://www.salon.com/opinion/blumenthal/2007/06/28/cheney/. Retrieved 2007-09-22. 
3. ^ Freedlander, David. "Who will Barack Obama choose as VP?". Newsday.com. http://www.newsday.com/long-island/who-will-barack-obama-choose-as-vp-1.882915. Retrieved 2009-11-08. 
4. ^ Alter, Jonathan (2006-02-27). "The Imperial (Vice) Presidency". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/id/56898. Retrieved 2008-08-05. 

Sources

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: John Nance Garner

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: John Nance Garner

• John Nance Garner at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
• John Nance Garner at Find A Grave
• Champagne, Anthony. "John Nance Garner," in Raymond W Smock and Susan W Hammond, eds. Masters of the House: Congressional Leadership Over Two Centuries (1998) pp 144–80
• Timmons, Bascom N. Garner of Texas: A Personal History. 1948.
• Will, George. "In Cactus Jack's Footsteps". Jewish World Review 6 Jan. 2000.

Political offices
Preceded by Charles Curtis	Vice President of the United States March 4, 1933 – January 20, 1941	Succeeded by Henry A. Wallace
Preceded by Nicholas Longworth	Speaker of the United States House of Representatives December 7, 1931 – March 4, 1933	Succeeded by Henry T. Rainey
Preceded by Finis Garrett	Minority Leader of the United States House of Representatives March 4, 1929 - December 7, 1931	Succeeded by Bertrand Snell
United States House of Representatives
Preceded by New district	Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Texas's 15th congressional district March 4, 1902 – March 4, 1933	Succeeded by Milton H. West
Party political offices
Preceded by Joseph Taylor Robinson	Democratic Party vice presidential candidate 1932, 1936	Succeeded by Henry A. Wallace
Preceded by Finis Garrett	House Democratic Leader 1929 - 1931	Succeeded by Henry T. Rainey

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v • d • e Cabinet of President Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945) Vice President John Nance Garner (1933–1941) • Henry A. Wallace (1941–1945) • Harry S. Truman (1945) Secretary of State Cordell Hull (1933–1944) • Edward Stettinius, Jr. (1944–1945) Secretary of War George Dern (1933–1936) • Harry Hines Woodring (1936–1940) • Henry L. Stimson (1940–1945) Secretary of the Treasury William Hartman Woodin (1933–1934) • Henry Morgenthau, Jr. (1934–1945) Attorney General Homer Stille Cummings (1933–1939) • Frank Murphy (1939–1940) • Robert H. Jackson (1940–1941) • Francis Biddle (1941–1945) Postmaster General James Farley (1933–1940) • Frank Comerford Walker (1940–1945) Secretary of the Navy Claude A. Swanson (1933–1939) • Charles Edison (1940) • Frank Knox (1940–1944) • James Forrestal (1944–1945) Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes (1933–1945) Secretary of the Agriculture Henry A. Wallace (1933–1940) • Claude R. Wickard (1940–1945) Secretary of Commerce Daniel Calhoun Roper (1933–1938) • Harry Hopkins (1939–1940) • Jesse Holman Jones (1940–1945) • Henry A. Wallace (1945) Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins (1933–1945)

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