Sir John Turton Randall,FRSE, (March 23, 1905 – June 16, 1984) was a British physicist and biophysicist, credited with radical improvement of the cavity magnetron, an essential component of centimetric wavelength radar, which was one of the keys to the Allied victory in the Second World War. It is also the key component of microwave ovens. He also led the King's College London team which worked on the structure of DNA; his deputy, Professor Maurice Wilkins, shared the 1962 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, together with James Watson and Francis Crick of the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge, for the determination of the structure of DNA. His other staff included Rosalind Franklin, Raymond Gosling, Alex Stokes and Herbert Wilson, all involved in research on DNA.
Origins
John Randall was born on 23 March 1905 at Newton-le-Willows, St Helens, Lancashire, the only son and the first of the three children of Sidney Randall, nurseryman and seedsman, and his wife, Hannah Cawley, daughter of John Turton, colliery manager in the area. He was educated at the grammar school at Ashton-in-Makerfield and at the University of Manchester, where he was awarded a first-class honors degree in physics and a graduate prize in 1925, and an MSc in 1926. He married Doris, daughter of Josiah John Duckworth, a colliery surveyor, in 1928. They had one son.
From 1926 to 1937 Randall was employed on research by the General Electric Company at its Wembley laboratories, where he took a leading part in developing luminescent powders for use in discharge lamps. He also took an active interest in the mechanisms of such luminescence.
The Magnetron
By 1937 he was recognized as the leading British worker in his field, and was awarded a Royal Society fellowship to the University of Birmingham, where he worked on the electron trap theory of phosphorescence in Professor Marcus Oliphant's physics faculty. When the war began in 1939 Randall transferred to the large group working on centimeter radar. At the time limited transmitter output was the greatest single obstacle in the development of this type of radar.
Simple two-pole magnetrons had been developed in the 1920s but gave relatively low power outputs. A more powerful multi-cavity resonant magnetron had been developed in 1935 [1] by Hans Erich Hollmann in Berlin. By 1940 Randall and Dr Harry Boot produced a working prototype similar to Hollman's cavity magnetron, but added liquid cooling and a stronger cavity. However Randall and Boot soon managed to increase its power output 100-fold. Later James Sayers provided the final breakthrough to a practical device.
The importance of a powerful cavity magnetron was immense. Centimetric radar could detect much smaller objects. The combination of the small-sized cavity magnetron, small antennas and high resolution allowed small high quality radars to be installed in aircraft to detect submarines and other aircraft. This advance eventually defeated the German U-boats and so won the Battle of the Atlantic. This allowed Britain to be supplied and then re-armed from across the Atlantic, ultimately allowing for the the liberation of continental Europe. Other applications of radar included aerial interception of bombers at night, better navigation of Allied bombers (H2S radar), better anti-aircraft batteries and naval gunnery and proximity fuzes. One million magnetrons were produced by Bell Labs alone in the USA before the end of the war, and many millions since have been incorporated into cookers and a wide range of other appliances. An official American historian described Magnetron Number 12 that was taken to the USA in September 1940 as follows: "When the members of the Tizard Mission brought one to America in 1940, they carried the most valuable cargo ever brought to our shores."
In 1943 Randall left Oliphant's physical laboratory at Birmingham to teach for a year in the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge. In 1944 Randall was appointed professor of natural philosophy at University of St Andrews and began planning research in biophysics (with Maurice Wilkins) on a small Admiralty grant.
King's College London
In 1946 he moved to the Wheatstone chair of physics at King's College London, where the Medical Research Council set up the Biophysics Research Unit with Randall as the director (now known as Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics) at King's College London. During his term as Director the experimental work leading to the discovery of the structure of DNA was made there by Rosalind Franklin, Raymond Gosling, Maurice Wilkins, Alex Stokes and Herbert R. Wilson. He assigned Raymond Gosling as a PhD student to Dr. R. Franklin to work on DNA structure by X-ray diffraction.
Maurice Wilkins shared the 1962 Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine with James Watson and Francis Crick; Rosalind Franklin had already died from cancer in 1958.
In addition to the X-Ray diffraction work the unit conducted a wide-ranging programme of research by physicists, biochemists, and biologists. The use of new types of light microscopes led to the important proposal in 1954 of the sliding filament mechanism for muscle contraction. Randall was also successful in integrating the teaching of biosciences at King's College.
In 1951 he set up a large multidisciplinary group working under his personal direction to study the structure and growth of the connective tissue protein collagen. Their contribution helped to elucidate the three-chain structure of the collagen molecule. Randall himself specialized in using the electron microscope, first studying the fine structure of spermatozoa and then concentrating on collagen. In 1958 he began to study the structure of protozoa. He set up a new group to use the cilia of protozoa as a model system for the analysis of morphogenesis by correlating the structural and biochemical differences in mutants.
Later years
In 1970 he retired to Edinburgh University, where he formed a group which applied a range of new biophysical methods, such as coherent neutron diffraction studies of protein crystals in ionic solutions in heavy water, to study various biomolecular problems, such as the proton exchange of protein residues by deuterons. He continued such work with characteristic vigor supported by a few loyal assistant crystallographers until his death.
In science Randall was not only original but even a maverick. He made extremely important contributions to biological science when he set up, at the right time, a large multidisciplinary biophysical laboratory where his staff were able to achieve much success. However his treatment of Rosalind Franklin upon her leaving King's College is still a matter of debate and controversy.
His direct, personal contributions to experimental biophysics were possibly not as outstanding as those he made in experimental physics. In science and elsewhere he showed most of the times good judgement. He had unusual capacity to see the essentials of a situation and had outstanding skill in obtaining funds and buildings for research. He was thought by many to be ambitious and to like power, but his ambitions were actually motivated only by the common good, as in the case of the magnetron invention that may have saved Great Britain from nazi invasion and possible occupation. On the other hand, he was a very warm and considerate person, of unusual modesty and with a deep understanding of physics, especially in the areas of X-ray and neutron diffraction. The informal and democratic side of his character may have appeared to some to contrast with his natural self-assertion. He showed great dedication and enthusiasm in his scientific work, just as he did in the extensive gardening he much enjoyed.
Honors
In 1938 Randall was awarded a DSc by the University of Manchester. In 1943 he was awarded (with H. A. H. Boot) the Thomas Gray memorial prize of the Royal Society of Arts for the invention of the cavity magnetron. In 1945 he became Duddell medallist of the Physical Society of London and shared a payment from the Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors for the magnetron invention, and in 1946 he was made a fellow of the Royal Society and became its Hughes medalist. Further awards (with Boot) for the magnetron work were, in 1958, the John Price Wetherill medal of the Franklin Institute of the state of Pennsylvania and, in 1959, the John Scott award of the city of Philadelphia. In 1962 he was knighted, and in 1972 he became a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
It can be said that John Randall's contribution to the discovery of the structure of DNA has effectively gone 'unrecognized' although the award of a third of the 1962 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine to Maurice Wilkins reflected the contribution made by all the members of staff in the King's College Laboratory; the new DNA sculpture at Clare College, Cambridge has the following words: On the base: "These strands unravel during cell reproduction. Genes are encoded in the sequence of bases."and "The double helix model was supported by the work of Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins.", as well as on the helices: "The structure of DNA was discovered in 1953 by Francis Crick and James Watson while Watson lived here at Clare." and "The molecule of DNA has two helical strands that are linked by base pairs Adenine - Thymine or Guanine - Cytosine."
So no mention is made of either Sir Lawrence Bragg [already a Nobel Prize winner] director of the Cambridge's Cavendish Laboratory or Sir John Randall, the director of King's College's laboratory, London [not a Nobel Prize winner]; in 1962 four members of the Cavendish Laboratory received shares of Nobel Prizes: Francis Crick, John Kendrew, Max Perutz, and James Watson - while only one member of King's College, London received a share of the Nobel Prize (Maurice Wilkins) and that was shared with Crick and Watson. Unfortunately Rosalind Franklin had already died in 1958; subsequent debate has been whether Franklin 'deserved' a share of the Nobel Prize posthumously. Nobel Prizes are not awarded posthumously.
According to Wilkins, Randall wanted to be more directly involved in the work leading to the discovery of the structure of DNA but yet had previously turned down Francis Crick from working alongside Wilkins at King's College, London; the loss of Crick to King's was a gain to the Cavendish Laboratory, but the unofficial liaison between Crick and Wilkins helped the Cavendish Laboratory 'win' both of the DNA races: with Linus Pauling and with King's College, London.
Sir John Randall missed his opportunity to get his own name into the science history books in the same way as Crick, Watson, and Wilkins and yet was a leading player in the race. It cannot be imagined that either Franklin or Wilkins would be unhappy with the phrase:"The double helix model was supported by the work of Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins." but Sir John Randall felt he had good cause to be unhappy with the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge.
At the same time it can be said that Wilkins wished that his own name too had been joined with those of Watson and Crick in 1953 when invited to be listed as an author of the first Watson/Crick paper. Both Randall and Wilkins deserve more recognition of the discovery of the structure of DNA, but unlike John Randall, Wilkins at least got his one third share of the 1962 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.
Books featuring Sir John Randall
- Chomet, S. (Ed.), D.N.A. Genesis of a Discovery, 1994, Newman- Hemisphere Press, London.
- Wilkins, Maurice, The Third Man of the Double Helix: The Autobiography of Maurice Wilkins ISBN 0-19-860665-6.
- Ridley, Matt; "Francis Crick: Discoverer of the Genetic Code (Eminent Lives)" first published in July 2006 in the USA and then in the UK. September 2006, by HarperCollins Publishers ISBN 0-06-082333-X.
- Tait, Sylvia & James "A Quartet of Unlikely Discoveries" (Athena Press 2004) ISBN 184401343X
- Watson, James D., The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA, Atheneum, 1980, ISBN 0-689-70602-2 (first published in 1968)
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