John Trumbull

John Trumbull
Born	June 6, 1756(1756-06-06) Lebanon, Connecticut
Died	November 10, 1843 (aged 87) New York, New York
Nationality	American
Field	Painting
Training	with Benjamin West
Works	Declaration of Independence (1817-1819)

Trumbull's self portrait painted in the Surrender of Lord Cornwallis.

John Trumbull (June 6, 1756 – November 10, 1843) was an American artist during the period of the American Revolutionary War famous for his historical paintings. His Declaration of Independence was used on the reverse of the two-dollar bill.

Early years

Trumbull was born in Lebanon, Connecticut, to Jonathan Trumbull, who was Governor of Connecticut from 1769 to 1784, and his wife. He entered the 1771 junior class at Harvard University at age fifteen and graduated in 1773. Due to a childhood accident, Trumbull lost use of one eye, which may have influenced his detailed painting style. ^[1]

As a soldier in the American Revolutionary War, Trumbull rendered a particular service at Boston by sketching plans of the British works, and witnessed the famous Battle of Bunker Hill. He was appointed second personal aide to General George Washington, and in June 1776 deputy adjutant-general to General Horatio Gates. In 1777 he resigned from the army in 1777.

In 1780 he traveled to London, where he studied under Benjamin West. At his suggestion, Trumbull painted small pictures of the War of Independence and miniature portraits, of which he produced about 250 in his lifetime.

On September 23, 1780 British agent Major John André was captured in America, and on October 2, 1780, hanged as a spy. News reached Europe, and as an officer of similar rank as André in the Continental Army, Trumbull was imprisoned for seven months in London's Tothill Fields Bridewell.

In 1784 he was again in London working under West, in whose studio he painted his Battle of Bunker Hill and Death of Montgomery. Both works are now in the Yale University Art Gallery.

In 1785 Trumbull went to Paris, where he made portrait sketches of French officers for The Surrender of Cornwallis. With the assistance of Thomas Jefferson, he began Declaration of Independence, well-known from the engraving by Asher Brown Durand. This latter painting was purchased by the United States Congress, along with his Surrender of General Burgoyne, Surrender at Yorktown, and Washington Resigning his Commission. All now hang in the United States Capitol. Allegedly because Congress only voted enough money for four paintings for the Capital Rotunda, only these four of Trumbull's paintings on the Revolution are hung there. Not hung were Death of General Warren at Bunker Hill; Death of General Montgomery at Quebec; Capture of Hessians at Battle of Trenton; Death of General Mercer at Battle of Princeton. Trumbull's The Sortie Made by the Garrison of Gibraltar, 1789, owned by the Boston Athenaeum, is now in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts.

Middle years

Trumbull sold a series of 28 paintings and 60 miniature portraits to Yale University in 1831 for an annuity of US$1000. This is by far the largest single collection of his works. The collection was originally housed in a neoclassical art gallery designed by Trumbull on Yale's Old Campus, along with portraits by other artists.^[2]

His portraits include full lengths of General Washington (1790) and George Clinton (1791), in New York City Hall, where there are also full lengths of Alexander Hamilton (1805, and the source of the face on the U.S. $10 bill^[3]) and John Jay, and portraits of John Adams (1797), Jonathan Trumbull, and Rufus King (1800),; of Timothy Dwight and Stephen Van Rensselaer, (both at Yale), Alexander Hamilton (in the Metropolitan Museum of Art and in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, both taken from Ceracchi's bust), a portrait of himself painted in 1833, a full length of Washington, at Charleston, South Carolina,a full length of Washington in military costume (1792), (now at Yale), and portraits of President and Mrs. Washington (1794), in the National Museum of American History.^{[citation needed]}

Trumbull's own portrait was painted by Gilbert Stuart and by many others.

In 1794 Trumbull acted as secretary to John Jay in London during the negotiation of the treaty with Great Britain, and in 1796 he was appointed by the commissioners sent by the two countries the fifth commissioner to carry out the seventh article of the treaty.

Later years

Reverse of U.S. two-dollar bill
John Trumbull's Declaration of Independence

Trumbull was appointed president of the American Academy of the Fine Arts, a position he held for nine years, from 1816 to 1825, though he did not get along with the students, and his skills declined. Eventually by 1825, his lack of support for the students led to the down fall of the Academy with the students rebelling and founding the National Academy of Design.^[4] He published an autobiography in 1841.

He died in New York City at the age of 88. He was originally interred (along with his wife) beneath the Art Gallery at Yale University that he had designed. In 1867, his collection, and the remains, were moved to the newly built Street Hall.^[5] The Trumbull Gallery was later razed.

The John Trumbull Birthplace, in Lebanon, Connecticut, was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965.

Paintings

• The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill
• The Death of General Montgomery in the Attack on Quebec
• Declaration of Independence
• [Capture of the Hessians at the Battle of Trenton] {reference only}
• Death of General Mercer at the Battle of Princeton {See Below}
• The Surrender of General Burgoyne at Saratoga
• The Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown
• Washington Resigning his Commission
• Portraits of George Washington and John Adams
• The Death of Aemilius Paullus at the Battle of Cannae
• The Sortie Made by the Garrison of Gibraltar, 1789
• Self-portrait
• Portrait of Josiah Bartlett

Gallery of Trumbull Paintings

Historic Events

The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker's Hill(1775)	The Death of Montgomery in the Attack on Quebec (1787)	The Declaration of Independence (1795)	Capture of the Hessians at the Battle of Trenton .
The Death of General Mercer at the Battle of Princeton (circa 1795)	Surrender of General Burgoyne	Surrender of Lord Cornwallis (1787)	General George Washington Resigning his Commission
The Sortie from Gibraltar (1789)

Portraits

Alexander Hamilton

Israel Putnam

George Washington

Notes

References

• Trumbull, John (1841). Autobiography. New York. 
• Weir, J.F. (1901). John Trumbull, A Brief Sketch of His Life, to which is added a Catalogue of his Works. New York. http://books.google.com/books?id=V5xGAAAAMAAJ&printsec=titlepage&source=gbs_summary_r. Retrieved 2008-02-16. 
• Durand, John (1881). "John Trumbull". American Art Review (Boston) ii (2): 181–191. 
• Murray, P. & L. (1996). Dictionary of Art and Artists. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-051300-0. 
• Helen A. Cooper, John Trumbull: The Hand and Spirit of a Painter (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982).
• Irma B. Jaffe, John Trumbull: Patriot-Artist of the American Revolution (Boston: New York Graphic Society, 1975).
•  "Trumbull, John (artist)". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911. 

External links

• The Winterthur Library Overview of an archival collection on John Trumbull.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: John Trumbull

• Union List of Artist Names, Getty Vocabularies. ULAN Full Record Display for John Trumbull. Getty Vocabulary Program, Getty Research Institute. Los Angeles, California.