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Johns Hopkins

 
Britannica Concise Encyclopedia: Johns Hopkins
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(born May 19, 1795, Anne Arundel county, Md., U.S. — died Dec. 24, 1873, Baltimore, Md.) U.S. merchant and financier. He worked with an uncle as a wholesale grocer before establishing Hopkins Brothers wholesalers with his brothers in 1819. The firm soon prospered in several states. It freely accepted payment for goods in whiskey, which it then sold as Hopkins' Best. Hopkins retired in 1847 a wealthy man, though he continued investing in Baltimore real estate and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. In his will he left $7 million to fund the establishment of Johns Hopkins University and Johns Hopkins Hospital; he also endowed an orphanage for African American children.

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Biography: Johns Hopkins
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American financier and philanthropist Johns Hopkins (1795-1873) was the founder of Baltimore, Maryland's Johns Hopkins University, as well as a free hospital to serve the people of the city where he spent his life.

American philanthropist Johns Hopkins made a fortune in banking and real estate by recognizing that Baltimore, Maryland, had a future as a commercial center. Increasing his wealth further by investing in the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, and inspired by the example of friend and philanthropist George Peabody, Hopkins donated sufficient funds to establish a university and a hospital, both of which bear his name.

From Farm to Baltimore

Johns Hopkins was born May 19, 1795, on his grandparents' 500-acre tobacco plantation in Maryland's Anne Arundel County. He was the second of eleven children born to Samuel and Hannah (Janney) Hopkins. His great grandmother, Margaret Johns, who married into the Hopkins family in 1700, came from a good family that owned a large estate in Maryland's Calvert County, and Hopkins was the second relative to be given his unusual first name in her family's honor, the other being his father's father. The Hopkins family had lived in Maryland since the mid-1600s.

As a boy, Hopkins studied at nearby South River school, where he was taught by a young Oxford University graduate. When he was 12, his grandfather, the first-named Johns Hopkins, a prominent Quaker and a member of the West River Meeting of Friends, decided to act according to his moral beliefs and free the slaves working his land. With no one else to harvest the cotton crop, the task was left to Samuel Hopkins; he pulled young Johns and his older son out of school and quickly trained the boys as field hands. For the remainder of his life, Hopkins regretted the fact that he never finished his education.

When he reached age 17, Hopkins left the family farm and moved to Baltimore, where he was employed by his uncle, Gerard T. Hopkins, to learn the wholesale grocery business. Two years later, in 1814, Gerard Hopkins was forced to leave the business in his nephew's hands when he was called west to Ohio on business. Gone for several months, Uncle Gerard returned to find that young Johns had kept things running smoothly.

A Head for Business

While Hopkins learned a great deal working alongside his uncle, he was also frustrated by the elder man's rigid and old-fashioned attitudes and unwillingness to modernize some of his business practices. This rigidness was especially counterproductive, it seemed to Hopkins, during the financial upheaval that occurred in 1819 and which caused many cash-poor customers to ask to exchange their personal stock of home-brewed whiskey for food. While the young Hopkins had no problem with such a barter arrangement, his Quaker uncle balked at contributing to the use of strong drink.

Sensing an opportunity, 24-year-old Hopkins decided to go into business for himself. His maternal uncle, John Janney, invested $10,000 toward his nephew's wholesale grocery business, and Hopkins's mother also advanced her son an equal sum. Amenable to exchanging corn whiskey for groceries, the young entrepreneur soon drew customers to his door. Although he was banned from Quaker Meeting for a time, in his first year alone Hopkins and partner Benjamin P. Moore sold $200,000 worth of merchandise.

The partnership between Hopkins and Moore broke up in 1813. After convincing younger brothers Philip and Mahlon to join him in Baltimore, Hopkins changed the name of his firm to Hopkins & Brothers, and soon the brothers had spread their business across Virginia into North Carolina and as far west as Ohio, trading goods for the corn whiskey they marketed as "Hopkins' Best." With his brothers to attend to the day-to-day tasks of mercantilism, Johns had time to build a new career, and he decided to enter the field of banking. Hopkins ended his association with Hopkins & Brothers in 1845, leaving the business to his brothers.

With a natural aptitude for business, Hopkins did not suffer from his lack of formal education, and his career in banking was as successful as his career as a grocer. He served as president of Baltimore's Merchant's Bank, which specialized in loaning money to small business ventures. His practice of buying overdue notes gained him stock in several companies, and with his profits Hopkins built warehouses in the growing city, convinced that Baltimore was well positioned to become a thriving commercial center.

Saw Future of Railroad

In addition to banking, Hopkins involved himself in other business ventures, among them fire and life insurance companies, an iron steamship line and directorships of several other banks within the city. His belief in Baltimore's potential for growth prompted his most lucrative investment, the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, the first major railroad to form in the United States.

The importance of the development of railroad lines had been made clear to Hopkins by his need to ship and import grocery goods over vast distances as Hopkins Brothers expanded its markets and customer base. Railroads, far more efficient than wagon trains, ensured that a minimum of spoilage and breakage would occur. Appointed director in 1847, Hopkins' role with the railroad expanded in December 1855 when the 60-year-old financier became chairman of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad's finance committee. His investments in the line made him the largest shareholder after the State of Maryland and the City of Baltimore. At Hopkins' death he held over 15,000 shares of B & O stock.

Hopkins's hopes for the city of Baltimore came to fruition in the mid-1890s, despite financial setbacks resulting from the Civil War. Although Hopkins was not alive to witness it, the city expanded to become a major producer of cotton, milled flour and a variety of other manufactured goods, while shipping and railroad lines made it the second leading grain marketplace in the United States. By 1890 Baltimore served as the financial hub for the southern states.

Importance of Philanthropy

Living his entire adult life in Baltimore, Hopkins made many friends among the city's social elite, many of them members of the Society of Friends. One of these friends was George Peabody, who in 1857 founded the Peabody Institute in Baltimore. Other examples of public giving were evident in the city, as public buildings housing free libraries, schools and foundations sprang up along the city's widening streets. On the advice of Peabody, Hopkins determined to use his great wealth for the public good.

The Civil War had taken its toll on Baltimore, however, as did the yellow fever and cholera epidemics that repeatedly ravaged the nation's cities, killing 853 in Baltimore in the summer of 1832 alone. Hopkins was keenly aware of the city's need for medical facilities, particularly in light of the medical advances made during the war, and in 1870 he made a will setting aside seven million dollars - mostly in B & O stock - for the incorporation of a free hospital and affiliated medical and nurse's training colleges, as well as a university. Each of these institutions would be overseen by a 12-member board of trustees.

Hopkins also willed funds to local agencies for the purpose of educating young people and caring for dependent families. In line with his strong Quaker beliefs, he also earmarked $20,000 per year to fund the Colored Orphans Home, an orphanage for black Americans. He also clearly stipulated that blacks would not be excluded from medical care at his hospital.

Shortly after Hopkins' death in 1874, the required 12-member panels were assembled, and Johns Hopkins University and Johns Hopkins Medical Center were established. The hospital was erected in East Baltimore, on the site of the old Maryland Hospital; the university, established at the Hopkins' family seat at nearby Clifton, opened its doors in 1876. University of California president Daniel C. Gilman was made president of the new university, and he quickly recognized his task - as Stephen Bonsal wrote in Harper's New Monthly: "Appreciating … the spirit rather than the letter of the bequest which they were charged to execute, the president and trustees determined to give the people of Baltimore the life-giving bread of education rather than the stones and the hollow shell." In "unpretentious but adequate buildings," continued Bonsal, the instructors drawn to Johns Hopkins University "compared favorably with the faculties of Oxford, Heidelberg, and Paris." Recalling his own childhood and lack of educational opportunity, Hopkins arranged that free scholarships for deserving students from Virginia and Maryland be established.

An Unassuming Life

Hopkins was thrifty in his personal habits - he preferred to walk rather than be driven and never owned an overcoat - but there any similarity to Charles Dickens' character Scrooge ends. Rather than looking after his personal comfort, he amassed a great fortune and willingly spent it when a community need arose. When a financial panic in 1857 resulted in internal disputes, Hopkins underwrote the fledgling Baltimore & Ohio Railroad to keep it sound; its failure would have seriously curtailed trade in the city and the ongoing expansion of the rail line. During the Civil War he advanced $500,000 to the city to keep public services operating. During the financial panic of 1873, as businesses faced bankruptcy, he extended credit to many, often without the expectation of interest, and fronted $900,000 of B & O debt to keep the railroad solvent.

Although he was a well-known public figure, in private Hopkins let a simple, unassuming life. And he lived it in solitude. While he had fallen in love with his cousin, Elizabeth Hopkins, as a young man, Elizabeth's father, Gerard Hopkins, prohibited the two from wedding due to their blood relationship as first cousins. Elizabeth, like Johns Hopkins, never married; instead the pair remained good friends throughout their lives. While intending to travel the world, Hopkins was tied to Baltimore due to his many business interests; instead, he had to be content with connecting with distant places through his railroad and steamship interests and through books - a chronic insomniac, Hopkins became a voracious reader.

Hopkins died on December 24, 1873, at the age of 79. In the Baltimore Sun the following morning was a lengthy obituary which closed thus: "In the death of Johns Hopkins a career has been closed which affords a rare example of successful energy in individual accumulations, and of practical beneficence in devoting the gains thus acquired to the public." His contribution to the university that has become his greatest legacy was, by all accounts, the largest philanthropic bequest ever made to an American educational institution.

Books

Dictionary of American Biography, American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936.

Thom, Helen Hopkins, Johns Hopkins: A Silhouette, 1929.

Periodicals

Harper's New Monthly, February 1896.

Sun (Baltimore), December 25, 1873.

 
Columbia Encyclopedia: Johns Hopkins
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Hopkins, Johns, 1795-1873, American financier and philanthropist, founder of Johns Hopkins Univ., b. Anne Arundel co., Md. In 1819 he founded his own commission firm, later known as Hopkins Brothers, and also went into banking. He later had a large part in the growth of the Baltimore & Ohio RR, of which he became a director in 1847. His cognizance of Baltimore's lack of medical facilities in times of epidemic and his own scant education led him to bequeath, a few years before his death, $7 million for the founding of a free hospital and Johns Hopkins.

Bibliography

See biography by H. H. Thom (1929).

Wikipedia: Johns Hopkins
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This article is about the Quaker philanthropist. For the institutions named after him, see Johns Hopkins University and Johns Hopkins Hospital.
Johns Hopkins
Born May 19, 1795(1795-05-19)
Anne Arundel County, MD, U.S.
Died December 24, 1873 (aged 78)
Baltimore, MD, U.S.
Occupation Entrepreneur, Investor, Philanthropist, Abolitionist
Religious beliefs Society of Friends (Quakerism)

Johns Hopkins (May 19, 1795 – December 24, 1873) was a wealthy entrepreneur, philanthropist, and abolitionist of 19th century Baltimore, now most noted for his philanthropic creation of the institutions that bear his name, namely the Johns Hopkins Hospital, the Johns Hopkins University and its associated divisions, in particular the schools of nursing, medicine, and public health. A biography entitled Johns Hopkins: A Silhouette written by his cousin Helen Hopkins Thom was published in 1929 by the Johns Hopkins University Press, the oldest continuously running press in the United States.

Contents

Early life

On May 19, 1795, Johns Hopkins was born on Whitehall, a 500-acre (two km²) tobacco plantation with approximately 500 slaves located in Anne Arundel County, Maryland.[1] His first name, Johns, (not John) was a family name. (His great-grandmother, Margaret Johns, married Gerard Hopkins, and they named their son Johns Hopkins, whose name was then passed on to his grandson.) His parents were Samuel Hopkins (1759-1814), of Anne Arundel County, and Hannah Janney (1774-1864), of Loudon County, Virginia.

In 1807, the Hopkins family, who were members of the Society of Friends (Quakers), emancipated their slaves,[2] which meant that the formal education of Johns, then 12, had to be interrupted in order to help out on the plantation. Moreover, his help was needed because he was the second oldest of eleven children and as their local Friend's society had decided, the family had freed only the able-bodied slaves, and the less able-bodied slaves, who provided the labor they could, remained on the plantation. In 1812, at the age of 17, Hopkins left the plantation and went to Baltimore to work in the wholesale grocery business of his uncle, Gerard Hopkins. While living with his uncle's family, Johns and his cousin, Elizabeth, fell in love, but the prejudice against the marriage of first cousins was especially strong among Quakers. Neither Johns nor Elizabeth ever married.[3] Still, just as as he would continue to provide for his extended family through out his life and posthumously through his will, Hopkins bequeathed a home for her where she would continue to live until her death in 1889, almost fifteen years after the demise of Hopkins in 1873.

Business years

Hopkins' early experiences and successes in business came when he was put in charge of the store while his uncle was away during the War of 1812. After seven years with his uncle, Hopkins went into business together with Benjamin Moore, a fellow Quaker. The business partnership was later dissolved with Moore purporting Hopkins' penchant for capital accumulation as the cause for the divide.[3] After Moore's withdrawal, Hopkins partnered with three of his brothers and established Hopkins & Brothers. The company prospered by selling various wares in the Shenandoah Valley from Conestoga wagons, sometimes in exchange for corn whiskey, which was then sold in Baltimore as "Hopkins' Best". The bulk of Hopkins' fortune however was made by his judicious investments in a myriad of ventures, most notably the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O), of which he became a Director in 1847 and Chairman of the Finance Committee in 1855. He was also President of Merchants' Bank as well as director of a number of other organizations.[4] A charitable individual, Hopkins put up his own money more than once to not only aid Baltimore City during its times of financial crises but also to twice bail the railroad out of debt in 1857 and 1873.[5] In 1996, Johns Hopkins is ranked 69th in “The Wealthy 100: From Benjamin Franklin to Bill Gates - A Ranking of the Richest Americans, Past and Present, Citadel Press (1996) by Michael Klepper and Robert Gunther].[6]

Civil War

One of the first campaigns of the American Civil War was planned at Johns Hopkins' summer estate, Clifton, where he had also entertained a number of foreign dignitaries including King Edward VII.[7] Hopkins was a strong supporter of the the Union unlike most of Maryland's populace who sympathized with and often supported the South and/or the Confederacy.[8] During the Civil War, Clifton became a frequent meeting place for local Union sympathizers, and federal officials.

Hopkins' support of Abraham Lincoln also often put him at odds with some of Maryland's most prominent people, particularly Supreme Court Justice Taney of the Dred Scott case who continually opposed Lincoln's presidential decisions, such as his policies of limiting habeas corpus and stationing troops in Maryland. In 1862 Hopkins wrote a letter to Lincoln requesting the President not to heed the detractors' calls and continue to keep soldiers stationed in Maryland. Hopkins also pledged financial and logistic support to Lincoln, in particular the free use of the B&O railway system.[9][10]

Abolitionism

Johns Hopkins is described as being an abolitionist before the word "abolitionist" was even "invented", having been represented as such both prior to the Civil War period, as well as during the Civil War and Reconstruction Era.[11][12][13] There are several accounts that describe the abolitionist influence Hopkins was privy to as a 12 year old participant in his parents' emancipation of their family's slaves in 1807.[3] Prior to the Civil War Johns Hopkins worked closely with two of America's most famous abolitionists, Myrtilla Miner[14] and Henry Ward Beecher.[15] During the Civil War Johns Hopkins, being a staunch supporter of Abraham Lincoln and the Union, was instrumental in bringing fruition to Lincoln's emancipatory vision.[16][17]

After the Civil War and during the Reconstruction era, Johns Hopkins' stance on abolitionism infuriated many of the leading citizens and business persons in Baltimore.[18][19] During the American Reconstruction period to his death [20] his abolitionism was expressed in the documents founding the Johns Hopkins Institutions and reported in newspaper articles before, during, and after the founding of these institutions. Just as articles in newspapers and magazines, and books, expressed opposition to his support for Myrtilla's Miner's founding of school for African American females,[21] now the University of the District of Columbia before the Civil War, opposition and support was similarly expressed during Reconstruction, such as in 1867, the same year he filed papers incorporating the Johns Hopkins Institutions, when he attempted unsuccessfully to stop the convening of the Constitutional Convention where the Democratic Party came into power and where a new Constitution, the Constitution still in effect, was voted to replace the Constitution of the Radical Republicans previously in power.[22] Apparent also in the literature of the times was opposition, and support for, the various other ways he expressed opposition to the racial practices that were beginning to emerge, and re-emerge as well, in the city of Baltimore, the state of Maryland, the nation and in the posthumously constructed and founded institutions that would carry his name,[23] A Baltimore American journalist praised Johns Hopkins for founding three institutions, a university, a hospital and an orphan asylum for colored children, adding that Johns Hopkins was a "man (beyond his times) who knew no race" citing his provisions for both blacks and whites in the plans for his hospital. The reporter also pointed to similarities between Benjamin Franklin's and Johns Hopkins' views on hospital care and construction, such as their shared interest in free hospitals and the availability of emergency services without prejudice. This article, first published in 1870, also accompanied Hopkins' obituary in the Baltimore American as a tribute in 1873. Cited in many of the newspaper articles on him during his lifetime and immediately after his death were his provisions of scholarships for the poor, and quality health services for the underserved, the poor without regard to their age, sex and color, the colored children asylum and other orphanages, the mentally ill and convalescents.

Philanthropy

See also: History of the Johns Hopkins University

Living his entire adult life in Baltimore, Hopkins made many friends among the city's social elite, many of them members of the Society of Friends. One of these friends was George Peabody, who was also born in 1795 and who in 1857 founded the Peabody Institute in Baltimore. Other examples of public giving were evident in the city, as public buildings housing free libraries, schools and foundations sprang up along the city's widening streets. On the advice of Peabody, some believe, Hopkins determined to use his great wealth for the public good.

The Civil War had taken its toll on Baltimore, however, as did the yellow fever and cholera epidemics that repeatedly ravaged the nation's cities, killing 853 in Baltimore in the summer of 1832 alone. Hopkins was keenly aware of the city's need for medical facilities, particularly in light of the medical advances made during the war, and in 1870 he made a will setting aside seven million dollars - mostly in B & O stock - for the incorporation of a free hospital and affiliated medical and nurse's training colleges, as well as an orphanage for colored children and a university. Many board members were on both boards. The hospital and orphan asylum would each be overseen by the 12 member hospital board of trustees and the university by the twelve member university board of trustee. Johns Hopkins' bequest was used to found posthumously the Johns Hopkins Colored Children Orphan Asylum [24] first as he requested, in 1875, the Johns Hopkins University in 1876, the Johns Hopkins Press, the longest continuously operating academic press in America, in 1878, the Johns Hopkins Hospital and the Johns Hopkins School of Nursing in 1889, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 1893 and the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health in 1916.

Johns Hopkins' views on his bequests, and on the duties and responsibilities of the two board of trustees, especially the hospital board of trustees led by his friend and fellow Quaker Francis King, were formally stated primarily in four documents, the incorporation papers filed in 1867, his instruction letter to the hospital trustees dated March 12 1873, his will, which was quoted from extensively in his Baltimore Sun obituary,[25] and in his will's two codicils, one dated 1870 and the other dated 1873.[26] In these documents, Hopkins also made provisions for scholarships to be provided for poor youths in the states where Johns Hopkins had made his wealth, as well as assistance to orphanages other than the one for African American children, to members of his family, to those he employed, black and white, his cousin Elizabeth, and, again, to other institutions for the care and education of youths regardless of color and the care of the ill, including the mentally ill, and convalescents.

John Rudolph Niernsee, one of most famous architects of the time, designed the orphan asylum and helped to design the Johns Hopkins Hospital. The original site for the Johns Hopkins University had been chosen personally by Hopkins. According to his will, it was to be located at his summer estate, Clifton. However, a decision was made not to found the university there. The property, now owned by the city of Baltimore, is the site of a golf course and a park named Clifton Park. While the Johns Hopkins Colored Children Orphan Asylum was founded by the hospital trustees, the other institutions that carry the name of "Johns Hopkins" were founded under the administration of the first president of the Johns Hopkins University, Daniel Coit Gilman.

Colored Children Orphan Asylum

The first of these posthumously founded institutions, the Johns Hopkins Colored Children Orphan Asylum (JHCCOA)[27] was founded in 1875. The construction of the asylum, including its educational and living facilities, was praised by The Nation and the Baltimore American stating that the orphan asylum was a place where "nothing was wanting that could benefit science and humanity". As was done for other Johns Hopkins Institutions, it was planned after visits and correspondence with similar institutions in Europe and America. The Johns Hopkins Orphan Asylum opened with 24 boys and girls. Under Gilman and his successors, this orphanage was later changed to serve as an orphanage and training school for black female orphans principally as domestic workers, and next as an "orthopedic convalescent" home and school for "colored crippled" children and orphans. The asylum was eventually closed in 1924 nearly fifty years after it opened, and was never reopened.

Hospital, University, Press, and Schools of Nursing and Medicine

As per Hopkins March 1873 Instruction Letter, the School of Nursing was founded alongside the Hospital in 1889 by the hospital board of trustees in consultation with Florence Nightingale. Both the nursing school and the hospital were founded over a decade after the founding of the orphan asylum in 1875 and the university in 1876. Hopkins' instruction letter explicitly stated his vision for the hospital; first, to provide assistance to the poor of "all races', no matter the indigent patient's "age", "sex" or "color"; second, that wealthier patients would pay for services and thereby subsidize the care provided to the indigent; third, that the hospital would be the administrative unit for the orphan asylum for African American children which was to receive $25000 in annual support out of the hospital's half of the endowment; and fourth, that the hospital and orphan asylum should serve 400 patients and 400 children respectively.

By the end of the presidency of the first president of Johns Hopkins University,Daniel Coit Gilman Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins Press , Johns Hopkins Hospital and Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and Johns Hopkins Hospital Colored Children Orphan Asylum had been founded, the latter by the trustees, and the others in the order listed under the Gilman administration. "Sex" and "color" were major issues in the early history of the Johns Hopkins Institutions. The founding of the School of Nursing is usually linked to Johns Hopkins' statements in his March 1873 instruction letter to the trustees that " I desire you to establish, in connection with the hospital, a training school for female nurses. This provision will secure the services of women competent to care for tho sick in the hospital wards, and will enable you to benefit the whole community by supplying it with a class of trained and experienced nurses". Women's most well known success after the founding of the nursing school was their requirement that they be allowed to attend Johns Hopkins medical institutions after they provided funds that made possible the opening of the School of Medicine in 1893. The first women were enrolled in the Johns Hopkins University's undergraduate school in 1970. Kelly Miller, Frederick Scott, Robert Gamble and James Nabwangu became the first persons of African descent to attend the University's graduate school,undergraduate school, and medical schools, respectively. Those employees holding jobs in the service sector are those of African descent who have the longest and most continuous history at the Johns Hopkins Institutions.

Legacy

Johns Hopkins Monument
(at Johns Hopkins University)

Following Hopkins' death, the Baltimore Sun wrote a lengthy obituary which closed thus: "In the death of Johns Hopkins a career has been closed which affords a rare example of successful energy in individual accumulations, and of practical beneficence in devoting the gains thus acquired to the public." His contribution to the university that has become his greatest legacy was, by all accounts, the largest philanthropic bequest ever made to an American educational institution.

Johns Hopkins' Quaker faith and his early life experiences, in particular the 1807 emancipation, had a lasting influence through out his life and his posthumous legacy as a businessman, railroad man, banker, investor, ship owner,[28] philanthropist and a founder of several Institutions. From very early on, Johns Hopkins had looked upon his wealth as a trust to benefit future generations. He is said to have told his gardener that, "like the man in the parable, I have had many talents given to me and I feel they are in trust. I shall not bury them but give them to the lads who long for a wider education"; his philosophy quietly anticipated Andrew Carnegie's much publicized Gospel of Wealth by more than 25 years.[29] His philanthropy, banking and other business practices were founded neither on slavery nor on the separate but unequal racism of the post Civil War years of his life. In this vein, an integral part of his legacy, as a staunch advocate of abolitionism and the establishment of an asylum for disadvantaged and dis-enfranchised African-American youth, as well as his interest in the care of the elderly and the poor, no matter their age, sex, or color, has by and large been overlooked.

In 1973 Johns Hopkins was cited prominently in the Pulitzer Prize winning book The Americans: The Democratic Experience by Daniel Boorstin, former head of the Library of Congress. From November 14, 1975 to September 6, 1976 Hopkins portrait was displayed at the National Portrait Gallery in an exhibit on the democratization of America based on Boorstin's book. In 1989, the United States Postal Service issued a $1 postage stamp in Johns Hopkins' honor, as part of the Great Americans series.[30] In 1996, Johns Hopkins is ranked 69th in “The Wealthy 100: From Benjamin Franklin to Bill Gates - A Ranking of the Richest Americans, Past and Present, Citadel Press (1996) by Michael Klepper and Robert Gunther.[6]

References

  1. ^ "Johns Hopkins University - Sheridan Libraries article ''Mr. Johns Hopkins'' by Kathryn A. Jacob reproduced from the Johns Hopkins Magazine January 1974 issue (vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 13-17)". Library.jhu.edu. http://www.library.jhu.edu/collections/specialcollections/archives/jacob.html/. Retrieved 2009-10-04. 
  2. ^ "Johns Hopkins:A Silhouette, Helen Hopkins Thom, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1929 - the first and only book-length biography on Johns Hopkins. Used as source by Jacob cited above, Findalibrary". Worldcatlibraries.org. http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/top3mset/568921. Retrieved 2009-10-04. 
  3. ^ a b c "Johns Hopkins University - Sheridan Libraries article ''Mr. Johns Hopkins'' by Kathryn A. Jacob reproduced from the Johns Hopkins Magazine January 1974 issue (vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 13-17)". Library.jhu.edu. http://www.library.jhu.edu/collections/specialcollections/archives/jacob.html/. Retrieved 2009-10-04. 
  4. ^ "If He Could See Us Now: Mr. Johns Hopkins' Legacy Strong University, hospital benefactor turned 200 on May 19, 1995, Mike Field, Staff Writer, The Gazette, The Newspaper of the Johns Hopkins University". Jhu.edu. http://www.jhu.edu/~gazette/aprjun95/may2295/22johns.html. Retrieved 2009-10-04. 
  5. ^ Johns Hopkins, Maryland State Archives[dead link]
  6. ^ a b "“The Wealthy 100: From Benjamin Franklin to Bill Gates - A Ranking of the Richest Americans, Past and Present"". Adherents.com. http://www.adherents.com/people/100_business.html. Retrieved 2009-10-04. 
  7. ^ ""Mr. Johns Hopkins"". Library.jhu.edu. http://www.library.jhu.edu/collections/specialcollections/archives/jacob.html. Retrieved 2009-10-04. 
  8. ^ [1] Baltimore and the Nineteenth of April, 1861: A Study of the War is the memoir of George William Brown an ex-mayor of Baltimore city.
  9. ^ "Ibid". Lcweb2.loc.gov. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/AMALL:@field%28DOCID+@lit%28d1927200%29%29. Retrieved 2009-10-04. 
  10. ^ "Border Town, Style Magazine, 2005". Baltimorestyle.com. http://www.baltimorestyle.com/index.php/style/features_article/fe_border_ma05/. Retrieved 2009-10-04. 
  11. ^ [2]The Racial Record of Johns Hopkins University in the Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, No. 25, Autumn, 1999, pp. 42-43 in JSTOR
  12. ^ [3] See Jacob's 1974 article and Thom's 1929 biography].
  13. ^ If He Could See Us Now: Mr. Johns Hopkins' Legacy Strong University, hospital benefactor turned 200 on May 19, 1995, Mike Field, Staff Writer, The Gazette, The Newspaper of the Johns Hopkins University ]
  14. ^ "Myrtilla Miner, 2007 Encyclopædia Britannica". Britannica.com. http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/print?articleId=125877&fullArticle=true&tocId=9125877. Retrieved 2009-10-04. 
  15. ^ "Myrtilla Miner, 2007 Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History". Britannica.com. http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-9125877. Retrieved 2009-10-04. 
  16. ^ "See Johns Hopkins' letter to Lincoln in the holdings of the Library of Congress". Lcweb2.loc.gov. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/AMALL:@field%28DOCID+@lit%28d1927200%29%29. Retrieved 2009-10-04. 
  17. ^ "Ibid. Letter to Lincoln,holdings of the Library of Congress". Lcweb2.loc.gov. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/AMALL:@field%28DOCID+@lit%28d1927200%29%29. Retrieved 2009-10-04. 
  18. ^ Baltimore Sun articles which can be found online in the Maryland Archives, and William Starr Myer's book on "self-reconstruction" in Maryland,
  19. ^ [4] The Self-Reconstruction of Maryland, 1864-1867
  20. ^ [5] Documents cited in "Chronology", Johns Hopkins University's website. See also "The History of African Americans @ Johns Hopkins University",in particular its chronology and the paper by Danton Rodriguez, "The Racial Record of Johns Hopkins University in the Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, No. 25, Autumn, 1999, pp. 42-43 in [[JSTOR]
  21. ^ DeBow's Review, Volume 22 In a letter to the editor, one subscriber to DeBow's review wrote “It now seems that the Abolitionists not only propose to colonize Virginia from their own numbers, but that they are about to make the District of Columbia, in the midst of the slave region, and once under the jurisdiction of a slave State, the centre of an education movement, which shall embrace the free negroes of the whole North. A vast negro boarding school or college is proposed to be established in the City of Washington, the site for which has been purchased. The proposed edifice is designed to accommodate 150 scholars, and to furnish homes for the teachers and pupils from a distance. The enlarged school will include the higher branches in its system of instruction. There was a meeting lately…. he meeting decided to draw up and circulate a subscription paper, and counted upon receiving $10,000 for the purpose in Boston. The pastors of several churches in New York have pledged their churches in the sum of a thousand dollars each. Mr. Beecher will solicit subscriptions in most of the principal towns of Massachusetts…. The names of the Trustees ought to be mentioned particularly, as some of them are Southern men, and it might interest the South to know who they are”: a relative of Johns Hopkins, “Samuel M. Janney Loudoun county, Va.; Johns Hopkins Baltimore…;C. E. Stowe, Andover; H W Beecher, Brooklyn; together with an executive committee consisting of … M. Miner, Principal, and William H. Beecher, of Reading, Secretary ]
  22. ^ The Self-Reconstruction of Maryland, 1864-1867 by William Starr Myers, Ph.D., Preceptor in History, Princeton University, Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, Under the Direction of the Departments of History, Political Economy, and Political Science
  23. ^ [6] The History of African Americans @ Johns Hopkins University" See in particular its chronology and the paper by Danton Rodriguez and the chronology on Johns Hopkins University's website cited immediately above. Wolff in a recent article on Baltimore and education during Reconstruction stated that what he saw emerging, during Reconstruction was "slavery under a different name", the disenfranchisement and other practices proposed before the war being carried out after the Civil War.
  24. ^ [7] Johns Hopkins University's Website, The Institutional Records of The Johns Hopkins Hospital Colored Orphan Asylum
  25. ^ [8] Obituary, Baltimore Sun, December 25, 1873 in Johns Hopkins Gazette, Jan. 4, 1999,v. 28,no. 16
  26. ^ [9] The Chronicles of Baltimore: Being a Complete History of "Baltimore Town and Baltimore City from the Earliest Period to the Present Time published in 1874, John Thomas Scharf cited the 1873 instruction letter to the hospital trustees and a city council resolution thanking Johns Hopkins for his philanthropy. Thom's biography and New York and Maryland newspapers were sources that published parts or all of this letter.
  27. ^ [10] Johns Hopkins Dream for a Model of its Kind: The JHH Colored Orphans Asylum, abstract, 2000 Conference International Society for the History of Medicine By Dr. P. Reynolds
  28. ^ [11] “Merchants & Miners Transportation Co.”, [12] “Troopships of World War II”
  29. ^ "Mr. Johns Hopkins". Library.jhu.edu. http://www.library.jhu.edu/collections/specialcollections/archives/jacob.html. Retrieved 2009-10-04. 
  30. ^ Scott catalog # 2194A.

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