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Johns Hopkins University
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US History Encyclopedia:
Johns Hopkins University
Johns Hopkins University, a private, non-sectarian institution of higher learning, opened on 22 February 1876 in Baltimore, Maryland, as the country's first research-based, graduate-level university. Funded by the Baltimore Quaker merchant Johns Hopkins with a bequest of $7 million—the largest philanthropic gift given to that date in the United States—the university was modeled after the great European universities. It was the first to combine the liberal arts, the classics, and scientific research. Known since its inception for innovative programs, many consider Johns Hopkins to be the first modern American research university. It revolutionized higher education, medical training and practice, and, not least, provided an unlikely arena in the battle for women's equality.
The university, which has eight academic divisions, first opened in modest classrooms in downtown Baltimore, but soon moved north to Baltimore's more spacious Homewood section, where the main campus is still located. The university's first president, Daniel Coit Gilman, launched what many at the time considered to be an audacious and unprecedented academic experiment to merge teaching and research. He dismissed the idea that the two were mutually exclusive: "The best teachers are usually those who are free, competent, and willing to make original researches in the library and the laboratory," he stated. To implement his educational plan, Gilman recruited internationally known luminaries such as the biologist Henry Newell Martin; the Greek scholar Basil Gildersleeve; the classicist Charles D. Morris; the economist Richard T. Ely; and the chemist Ira Remsen, who became the second president of the university in 1901.
The Johns Hopkins Hospital in East Baltimore opened to much fanfare in 1889. The university's research-based pedagogy soon attracted world-renowned faculty members who became giants in the emerging field of academic medicine, including William Osler, William Halsted, Howard Kelly, and William Welch.
In the age of scientific discovery and bacteriology, the opening of the country's first research-based hospital was propitious. John Shaw Billings, a surgeon and the country's leading expert on hospital construction, designed the pioneering hospital, the first in the country to offer, among a host of innovations, central heating. With its well-equipped laboratories and rooms, patients benefited from the new "bench-to-bedside" transfer of research from laboratory to patient. Faculty became clinician-physicians. The hospital's charter, reflecting the Quaker philosophy of its founder, mandated hospital care for the "sick and indigent" of Baltimore.
The founder of the university had always hoped to establish a modern medical school, sorely needed in the late nineteenth century, when medical education was in its infancy. At the time, there were few academic standards and even fewer known medical cures. A student could study for a few months at a proprietary medical school or apprentice with a physician. But the university faced a major hurdle. Soon after the completion of the hospital, the remaining endowment earmarked to start the medical school sank with the misfortunes of the 1880s stock market. In 1889, President Gilman put forth a national plea for a "man of large means" to endow the proposed medical school. The search for a benefactor took four years. The person who stepped up to the plate was Mary Elizabeth Garrett, the thirty-eight-year-old daughter of John Work Garrett, a Hopkins trustee and president of the powerful Baltimore and Ohio Railroad from 1858 until his death in 1884.
Despite Gilman's stated intention to make the university a place to "to develop character and to make men," it soon became a battleground for women's rights. Mary Garrett headed the national Women's Medical School Fund, founded in 1890 to raise money to make the proposed Hopkins medical school coeducational. The fund's roster included the country's wealthiest and most prominent grande dames and activists. They organized into fifteen chapters across the country and eventually raised $100,000. Garrett contributed $354,000, one of the largest amounts given by a woman in the nineteenth century, for the balance needed to open the medical school. She insisted on several unprecedented conditions, notably that women were to be admitted "on the same terms as men," and that the new medical students have a baccalaureate degree with a background in science and language.
One commentator at the time called the Hopkins victory the "crowning achievement for American feminism in the nineteenth century." In the fall of 1893, three women medical students took their place with fifteen male students. Hopkins became the nation's first coeducational, graduate-level medical school and the prototype for academic medicine. The Hopkins medical school ushered in a heightened era of medical standards, which emphasized bedside learning, research projects, and laboratory training. The new medical school produced some of the most outstanding scientists and physicians in the United States during the twentieth century.
Hopkins is known for a range of other groundbreaking programs. The Johns Hopkins University Press, founded in 1878, is the oldest American university press in continuous operation. In 1909, the university was among the first in the country to start adult continuing education programs and by the end of the century offered classes in numerous sites around Maryland and the District of Columbia. In the mid-twentieth century, the university began to focus on international programs. Since 1950, the
Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies in Washington, D.C., has been a division of Hopkins. In addition to the nation's capital, the school has campuses at Nanjing, China, and Bologna, Italy. In 1977, the university acquired the famed Peabody Institute in Baltimore, a leading professional school of music, founded in 1857.
In 2001, Hopkins enrolled 18,000 students and employed more than 25,000 full-time, part-time, and temporary employees, making it one of the top five employers in Maryland. In 1999, it ranked first in federal research and development funds, receiving $770.5 million, given primarily to the Applied Physics Laboratory. The School of Medicine is the largest recipient of National Institutes of Health grants and Hopkins consistently is named among the top universities and medical centers in the world. Its endowment tops $1.8 billion, making it the twenty-third wealthiest university in the United States.
Bibliography
Chronicle of Higher Education, Almanac Issue, 2001–2002.
Harvey, A. McGehee, et al. A Model of Its Kind. Vol. 1, A Centennial History of Medicine at Johns Hopkins. Vol. 2, A Pictorial History of Medicine at Johns Hopkins. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989.
Schmidt, John C. Johns Hopkins: Portrait of a University. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.
Warren, Mame. Johns Hopkins: Knowledge for the World, 1876–2001. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000.
Columbia Encyclopedia:
Johns Hopkins University,
mainly at Baltimore, Md. Johns Hopkins in 1867 had a group of his associates incorporated as the trustees of a university and a hospital, endowing each with $3.5 million. Daniel C. Gilman became the first president in 1875, modeled the new school after European universities rather than American colleges, and emphasized graduate research rather than collegiate instruction. When it opened in 1876, Johns Hopkins was considered an experiment, but it was an immediate success. It was extremely influential, and the organizers of such schools as Clark Univ. and the Univ. of Chicago took many of their ideas from the plan of Johns Hopkins. The first American university press was opened at Johns Hopkins in 1878. In 1889, Johns Hopkins Hospital was completed, and in 1893 the famous medical school opened.
Today the university includes undergraduate and graduate schools of arts and sciences and schools of engineering, music, medicine, nursing, public health, and continuing studies. The School of Advanced International Studies, at Washington, D.C., has foreign study centers at Bologna, Italy, and Nanjing, China. Research facilities include the Space Telescope Science Institute, used for NASA's Space Telescope Project; the Pew Undergraduate Physics Research Laboratory; and the Chesapeake Bay Institute for oceanographic research at Annapolis, Md. Johns Hopkins has a noted library system that houses a number of important manuscript collections and documents.
Bibliography
See history by J. C. French (1946).
Education Encyclopedia:
Johns Hopkins University
Johns Hopkins University was founded in 1876 by educational pioneers who abandoned the traditional roles of the American college and forged a new era of modern research universities by focusing on the expansion of knowledge, graduate education, and support of faculty research.
Early Years
In 1873 Johns Hopkins, a childless bachelor, bequeathed $7 million to fund a hospital and university in Baltimore, Maryland. At that time this fortune, generated primarily from the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, was the largest philanthropic gift in the history of the United States. Flush with funds, the new board searched the nation for appropriate models of higher education. Finding none to their liking, they opted for an entirely new model. It was to be a truly national school dedicated to the discovery of knowledge. It owed its inspiration not to America's higher educational system but to modernized Germany. By following the Germanic university example, the board animated a new spirit and structure, which moved higher education in the United States away from a focus on either revealed or applied knowledge to a concentration on the scientific discovery of new knowledge. This made Johns Hopkins the genesis of the modern research university.
The Gilman Period
Johns Hopkins was intended to be national in scope, so it could serve as a balm for a country divided over the sectional strife of the Civil War. As such, the university's official commemoration took on great significance: 1876 was the nation's centennial year and February 22 was George Washington's birthday. Notwithstanding the care taken in selecting this date, the institution's viability depended directly on the board's choice for the first president. They chose wisely. Daniel Coit Gilman, lured away from the presidency of the University of California, helped create Johns Hopkins University and lead American higher education in new directions. In word and sometimes deed, Gilman held to some traditional goals of the denominational college but, nevertheless, he created the first American campus focused on the faculty and their research. To Gilman, Johns Hopkins existed not for the sake of God, the state, the community, the board, the parents, or even the students, but for knowledge. Therefore, faculty who expanded knowledge were rewarded.
Connected with the new university's focus was its concentration on graduate education and the fusion of advanced scholarship with such professional schools as medicine and engineering. It was the national pacesetter in doctoral programs and was the host for numerous scholarly journals and associations. Having a faculty-oriented perspective, the university did not want its professors bogged down in remedial education, but rather wanted to attract serious, prepared students who could genuinely participate in the discovery of new knowledge. Though the opposite is often mistakenly believed, Johns Hopkins has always provided undergraduate education, although Gilman had to be persuaded to include it and other early presidents attempted to eliminate the program. However, whether undergraduate or graduate, Johns Hopkins concentrates on providing research opportunities for all of its students. And its strong ties with John Hopkins Hospital, a teaching and research hospital, attract students from around the nation interested in biomedical engineering and medicine.
Modern Times
The legacy of adroit leadership begun by Gilman has continued. Among the many able presidents, Milton S. Eisenhower, brother of Dwight Eisenhower, led Johns Hopkins during the 1950s and 1960s when the university's income tripled, endowment doubled, ambitious building projects were undertaken, and strong ties with Washington, DC, were developed. Because of his contributions, Eisenhower was one of two men named president emeritus. Steven Muller, who served as president from 1972 until 1990, is the only other one awarded this title - and along with Gilman is one of two to be named president of both the Johns Hopkins hospital and the university.
Though privately endowed, Johns Hopkins University embodies what Clark Kerr called the "federal grant university," as it often tops the nation in federal research and development expenditures. Johns Hopkins University also illustrates the skewed priorities of federal grants, as the school's humanities programs cannot hope to attract research funding commensurate with that attracted by medicine, public health, engineering, and physics. Despite this imbalance, the institution remains committed to professional instruction in conjunction with academic disciplines within a true university setting. The Georgian-style Homewood campus provides an academic atmosphere that allows students to participate in extracurricular activities. In intercollegiate athletics, Johns Hopkins is famous for lacrosse and houses the National Lacrosse Hall of Fame and Museum, a fitting location because the Blue Jays have won thirty-seven national championships. At the same time, its medical school and hospital remain in their historic setting in downtown Baltimore's harbor area. The university's educational presence in Baltimore is supplemented by its economic role as the city's single largest employer. Clearly, the Johns Hopkins University continues to fulfill its mission as a national university and as an academic pioneer.
Bibliography
Hawkins, Hugh. 1960. Pioneer: A History of the Johns Hopkins University, 1874 - 1889. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Rudolph, Frederick. 1962. The American College and University: A History. New York: Random House.
Schmidt, John C. 1986. Johns Hopkins: Portrait of a University. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University.
— JASON R. EDWARDS, ERIC MOYEN, JOHN R. THELIN
Wikipedia:
Johns Hopkins University
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The Johns Hopkins University |
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|---|---|
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| Motto | Veritas vos liberabit (The truth shall make you free) |
| Established | 1876 |
| Type | Private |
| Academic term | Semester |
| Endowment | US $2.8 billion [1] |
| President | William R. Brody |
| Undergraduates | 4,417 |
| Postgraduates | 1,608 |
| Location |  Baltimore, MD, USA |
| Campus | Urban, 140 acres (0.57 km²) |
| Colors | Gold and Sable (Academic) |
| Mascot | Blue Jay  |
| Athletics | NCAA Division III
Centennial Conference Division I Lacrosse |
| Nobel laureates | 32[2] |
| Website | www.jhu.edu |
| Image:JHUlogo.png | |
The Johns Hopkins University, founded in 1876, is a private institution of higher learning located in Baltimore, Maryland, United States.
Johns Hopkins offers its main undergraduate and graduate programs at the Homewood campus in Baltimore and maintains full-time campuses in greater Maryland, Washington, D.C., Italy, and China. Johns Hopkins was the first university in the United States to emphasize research applying the German university model developed by Alexander von Humboldt and Friedrich Schleiermacher.
General information
The Johns Hopkins University is named for Johns Hopkins, who left $7 million in his
1867 incorporation papers and 1873 will for the foundation of the university and Johns
Hopkins Hospital. At the time, this was the largest philanthropic bequest in
The university opened on February 22 1876, with the stated goal of "The encouragement of research... and the advancement of individual scholars, who by their excellence will advance the sciences they pursue, and the society where they dwell."[4] The university's first president was Daniel Coit Gilman. Its motto in Latin is Veritas vos liberabit – "The truth shall make you free." The undergraduate student population at Hopkins was all male until 1970 although many graduate programs were integrated earlier.
Johns Hopkins was the first American research university,[5] and the first American university to teach through seminars, instead of solely through
lectures.[6] The university was the first in America to
offer an undergraduate major (as opposed to a purely liberal arts
Research
The opportunity to be involved in important research is one of the distinguishing characteristics of an undergraduate education at Johns Hopkins. About 80 percent of the university's undergraduates engage in some form of independent research during their four years, most often alongside top researchers in their fields.[9] Johns Hopkins receives more federal research grants than any other university in the United States.[10] The university is affiliated with 32 Nobel laureates. It boasts a wide spectrum in terms of its academic strengths, particularly in art history, biological and natural sciences, biomedical engineering, creative writing, English, history, economics, international studies, medicine, neuroscience, political theory, public health, public policy, and the Romance languages.
Johns Hopkins is one of fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities (AAU) and a member of the Consortium on Financing Higher Education (COFHE).
The Johns Hopkins University performed $1.44 billion in science, medical and engineering research in fiscal year 2005, making it the leading U.S. academic institution in total R&D spending for the 27th year in a row, according to a new National Science Foundation ranking.[11] The university also ranked first on the NSF's separate list of federally funded research and development, spending $1.277 billion in FY2005 on research supported by such agencies as the National Institutes of Health, NASA, the NSF and the Department of Defense.[12] In FY2002, Johns Hopkins became the first university to cross the $1 billion threshold on either list, recording $1.14 billion in total research and $1.023 billion in federally sponsored research that year.
Origin of the name
The peculiar first name of philanthropist Johns Hopkins is the surname of his great-grandmother, Margaret Johns, who married Gerard Hopkins. They named their son Johns Hopkins, and his name was passed on to his grandson, the university's founder (1795-1873).
Milton Eisenhower, a president of JHU, was once invited to speak to a convention in Pittsburgh. Making a common mistake, the emcee introduced him as "President of John Hopkins." Eisenhower retorted that he was "glad to be here in Pittburgh."[13]
In a commencement address to the undergraduate Class of 2001, university president William R. Brody had the following to say about the name:[14]: "In 1888, just 12 years after the university was founded, Mark Twain wrote about this university in a letter to a friend. He said:
-
- A few months ago I was told that the Johns Hopkins University had given me a degree. I naturally supposed this constituted me a Member of the Faculty, and so I started in to help as I could there. I told them I believed they were perfectly competent to run a college as far as the higher branches of education are concerned, but what they needed was a little help here and there from a practical commercial man. I said the public is sensitive to little things, and they wouldn't have full confidence in a college that didn't know how to spell the name 'John'.
- More than a century later, we continue to bestow our diplomas only upon individuals of outstanding capabilities and great talent. And we continue to spell Johns with an 's'."
Divisions of the Johns Hopkins University
- Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts and Sciences
- Whiting School of Engineering
- Carey Business School
- Johns Hopkins School of Education
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
- Johns Hopkins School of Nursing
- Bloomberg School of Public Health
- Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies
- Peabody Institute
- Applied Physics Laboratory
Other Hopkins Campuses
- Bayview Medical Center
- Bologna Center
- Charles S. Singleton Center at the Villa Spelman
- Downtown Center in Baltimore
- Johns Hopkins Singapore
- Hopkins-Nanjing Center for Chinese and American Studies
- Washington, D.C. Area Campuses
Rankings
Johns Hopkins is particularly regarded for its hospital and schools of medicine, public health, and international studies. The Johns Hopkins Hospital was ranked as the top hospital in the United States for the seventeenth year in a row by the U.S. News and World Report annual ranking of American hospitals.[15] For medical research, U.S. News ranked the School of Medicine second nationally and School of Public Health first nationally for 2007,[16] and, in an August 2005 study,[17] the School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) was ranked as the top master's program in international relations.
At the collegiate level, in its annual National Universities ranking U.S. News placed The Johns Hopkins University 14th (tied with Brown University and Northwestern University) for 2008,[18] up from 16th in 2007. Hopkins ranked 8th in that publication's peer assessment category this year, and is also one of a select group of universities to have ever been top 10 in the nation overall.[19]
Meanwhile, comprehensively, the 2007 Academic Ranking of World Universities, popularized by The Economist and produced by Shanghai Jiao Tong University’s Institute of Higher Education, ranked Johns Hopkins 19th amongst universities globally in terms of quality of scientific research leading towards numerous awards.[20] Further, in the annual rankings by the The Times Higher Education Supplement, based on a subjective peer review by scholars, Hopkins placed 13th nationally and 23rd internationally[1]. Finally, in its 2006 evaluation of universities on the dual basis of distinction in research and international diversity, Newsweek ranked the Johns Hopkins University 24th worldwide [21].
Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts & Sciences
Located at the university’s Homewood campus at the Charles Village neighborhood in northern Baltimore, the Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts and Sciences is one of nine divisions of the Johns Hopkins University. Directly descended from the original Johns Hopkins University, which was founded as the nation’s first research university in 1876, the Krieger School is the core institution of the university and offers undergraduate and graduate programs.[22] With over 60 undergraduate majors and minors and over 40 full-time and part-time graduate programs, the Krieger School’s educational offerings also summer programs available to high school students, undergraduate students from any college or university, and a post-baccalaureate pre-medical program.[23] Among these academic programs, the Krieger School’s Astronomy, Biology, Creative Writing, English, German, History, and History of Art departments are among the top-ranked in the nation.[24] In addition, not only are faculty members expected to spend as much time researching as teaching, but also, there are numerous research opportunities for both undergraduate and graduate students, ranging from the university-sponsored Woodrow Wilson Undergraduate Research Program to the nationwide Fulbright Hays Program for graduate students.[25] The most recent enrollment figures available number that the Krieger School has 2,790 undergraduate students, 32 post-baccalaureate students, 924 full-time graduate students, and 1,379 part-time graduate students.[26]
Humanities
Hopkins students find areas of study in the humanities at Hopkins that either were not available in secondary school or were encountered only at an elementary or introductory level. Courses are offered in philosophy, classical Latin and Greek, history of art, creative writing, comparative literature, Near Eastern studies, film and media studies, and history of science and technology, as well as in the more familiar areas of English and American literature, history, and modern foreign languages. A departmental major allows the student to study a specific discipline in depth and generally leads to advanced study beyond the baccalaureate degree. Students should plan on a fairly broad program in the humanities for the first two years. As their interests begin to focus on some specialty, students normally devote the last two years to intensive study in their major or concentration. The humanities faculty is made up of eminent scholars, helpful both as teachers and advisers. Advanced courses are usually small, permitting the development of good teacher-student relationships.
Natural Sciences
For the student considering a career in the sciences, Johns Hopkins has much to offer at the undergraduate level. The
departments of Biology, Biophysics,
Research has always played an important role in the development of scientific ideas and in technological advancement. Most of the faculty members in the natural sciences are actively engaged in research, most often with graduate students. Undergraduates are also encouraged to undertake research under the direction of faculty members. While many of the programs and activities of the science departments are geared to preparation for graduate studies, the breadth and flexibility of the basic programs assure the student of an able preparation for any career in the sciences or related fields as an undergraduate.
Social & Behavioral Sciences
The Hopkins student interested in the social or behavioral sciences will find a variety of programs available in
The Krieger School's degree-granting departments, programs, and centers include:
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Notably, the French department was recognized as a "Center of Excellence" in the study of French culture and language by the government of France, one of only six in the United States. The Writing Seminars department, a program in creative writing, was ranked second-best in the nation by U.S. News & World Report.
G.W.C. Whiting School of Engineering
Engineering at Johns Hopkins was originally created in 1913 as an educational program that included exposure to liberal arts and scientific inquiry.[27] In 1919, the engineering department became a separate school, known as the School of Engineering. By 1937, over 1,000 students had graduated with engineering degrees. By 1946 the school had six departments.
In 1961, the School of Engineering changed its name to the School of Engineering Sciences and, in 1979, was renamed the G.W.C. Whiting School of Engineering. The school's named benefactor is George William Carlyle Whiting, co-founder of the Whiting-Turner Contracting Company.
The Whiting School contains nine departments:
- Applied Mathematics & Statistics [26]
- Biomedical Engineering [27], ranked best in the nation by U.S. News
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering [28]
- Computer Science [29]
- Electrical and Computer Engineering [30]
- Civil Engineering [31]
- Geography and Environmental Engineering [32]
- Materials Science & Engineering [33]
- Mechanical Engineering [34]
Notably, the Department of Biomedical Engineering is recognized as one of the best in the country. Also, the Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering was ranked as one of the top 5 programs nationally by US News and World Report [35] in recent years(2005 No.3, 2006 No.2).
Professional schools
In addition to the graduate programs at the Homewood campus, Johns Hopkins has several internationally respected graduate professional schools:
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, is headquartered at the university's Medical Institutions campus in East Baltimore with Johns Hopkins Hospital.
- The Bloomberg School of Public Health, founded in 1916, is the first and largest public health school in the world.
- The Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, based in Washington, DC, near Dupont Circle, is devoted to international studies, particularly international relations, diplomacy, and economics. (It is familiarly known as "SAIS", pronounced like the second syllable of precise). SAIS has full-time international campuses in Bologna, Italy and Nanjing, China. Founded in 1943, the School became a part of the university in 1950. SAIS was ranked in a recent survey as the nation's top master's degree program in international relations.[17]
- The Peabody Institute, founded in 1857, is the oldest continuously active music conservatory in the United States. Located in Baltimore's Mount Vernon neighborhood, it became a division of Johns Hopkins in 1977. The Conservatory retains its own student body and grants its own degrees in musicology, though both Hopkins and Peabody students may take courses at both institutions.
- The Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, founded in 1889, is home to the nation's first Peace Corps Fellows Program in nursing.
- Founded in 1909, the School of Professional Studies in Business and Education ("SPSBE") served the educational needs of working adults through flexible programming that allows serious students to complete degrees while maintaining careers. The school evolved from a teacher’s college within the Johns Hopkins University to one of eight major schools in the university. On January 1, 2007, the School of Professional Studies in Business and Education (SPSBE) separated into two new schools — the Johns Hopkins University Carey Business School and the Johns Hopkins University School of Education.[28]
The university also offers education abroad through centers in Germany, Singapore, and Italy. The university operates the Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) in Laurel, Maryland, which specializes in research for the U.S. Department of Defense, NASA and other Government agencies. The Space Telescope Science Institute is located on the Homewood campus and controls, analyzes, and collects data from the Hubble Space Telescope. The recently opened Information Security Institute [29] is the newest addition to the graduate programs affiliated with Johns Hopkins. The Institute is the "university's focal point for research and education in information security, assurance and privacy." JHUISI is the only Institute in the Whiting School with an academic degree program, offering the Master of Science in Security Informatics (MSSI).
Homewood campus
The original main university campus was in downtown Baltimore City. However, this location did not permit room for growth and the trustees began to look for a place to move. Eventually, they would relocate to the estate of Charles Carroll of Carrollton and Homewood House, a wedding gift from Charles to his son Charles Jr.
The park-like main campus of Johns Hopkins, Homewood, is set on 140 acres (0.57 km²) in the northern part of Baltimore. The architecture was modeled after the Georgian-inspired Federalist style of Homewood House. Most newer buildings resemble this style, being built of red brick with white marble trim, but lack the details. Homewood House was later used for administrative offices but now is preserved as a museum.
As a part of the donation, Hopkins was required to donate part of the land for art. As a result, the Baltimore Museum of Art, which is not part of the university, is situated next to the University's campus, just southeast of Shriver Hall.
The Decker Gardens, bordered by the Greenhouse, Nichols House and the Johns Hopkins Club, were originally known as the Botanical Gardens and were used by members of the Department of Biology to grow plants for research. By the early 1950s, the gardens no longer served an educational purpose, and in 1958, when Nichols House was built as the president's residence, they were completely re-landscaped with aesthetic criteria in mind. In 1976, the gardens were done over again, and named for trustee Alonzo G. Decker, Jr. and members of his family in appreciation for their generosity to Hopkins.
The statue in the middle of the pool, the Sea Urchin, was sculpted by Edward Berge. It stood in Mount Vernon Place, near the Washington Monument, for 34 years before being replaced by a 7'10" copy, which fit in better with its monumental surroundings. Frank R. Huber, the man who left the city the money to make the copy, asked that the original be given to Paul M. Higinbotham, who donated it to the university. North of the campus, also on Charles Street, we find the Evergreen House, one Hopkins' museums.
Students & Admissions
| Johns Hopkins University Facts | |
|---|---|
| Class of 2011 Applicants | 14,848 |
| Class of 2011 Students | 1,216 |
| Class of 2011 Accepted | 24% |
| Middle 50% SAT | 2010-2290 |
| Middle 50% ACT | 30-34 |
| Undergraduates | 4,478 |
| Student:Faculty Ratio | 10:1 |
| Majors Available | 49 |
| Minors Available | 39 |
| Faculty with Terminal Degrees | 92% |
| Classes taught by Faculty | 96% |
A total of 14,848 high school seniors applied for regular admission to the Johns Hopkins Class of 2011, an increase of 7 percent over the total for the Class of 2010 and of 30 percent over the Class of 2009.[31] Regular decision admission was offered to 3,145 students; those who enroll will join the 443 who were admitted early. The target class size is 1,205, with 800 enrolled in Arts and Sciences and 405 in Engineering.[32] The highest number of acceptances went out to, in order, applicants from New York, California, Maryland, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. The total of admits includes 325 who identified themselves as African-American, 302 Hispanic and 21 Native American.[33]
Students residing in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, the U.S. territories of Guam and Puerto Rico, and 57 countries were offered admission this year. The total number of non-U.S. citizens admitted was 189.[34] Once again, Baltimore students are well-represented in the admitted class, with 31 students selected for the Baltimore Scholars Program. The admittance rate was a strikingly low 24 percent. Just two years ago, the rate was 35 percent.[35]
Johns Hopkins accepted 27 percent of 13,869 applicants for entrance into the fall 2006 freshman class. Undergraduate students matriculate from all 50 states and more than 50 countries. Within six years of graduation, 85 percent of Hopkins students earn graduate degrees, the highest percentage in the nation.
The number of applicants has increased by 156 percent from 2002, one of the largest increases in the U.S. [citation needed] In 2006 the pool of admitted students closely resembled that of 2005. The average SAT score remained constant at 1440, while average high school GPA has increased by only 0.02 points, to 3.85.[36] Approximately 48 percent of undergraduates receive financial aid at Johns Hopkins University. The average need-based financial aid package for freshmen totals $29,472 for the Class of 2010. Further, the total grants and scholarships awarded to students in 2004-2005 was $41,570,000. [37]
There are multiple scholarships available for students including, but not limited to the Baltimore Scholars Program, Bloomberg Scholarship, Hodson-Gilliam Success Scholarship, Hodson Trust Scholarship, ROTC (Army) Scholarship, Trustee Scholarship, Charles R. Westgate Scholarship, and the Woodrow Wilson Undergraduate Research Fellowship.[38]
Student life
The blueprints for a new programming board called The Hopkins Organization for Programming ("The HOP") were drawn on up during the summer and fall of 2006.
Johns Hopkins currently supports 12 fraternities and four sororities sponsored by the Inter-Fraternity Council and Panhellenic society, including the fraternities Sigma Chi, Sigma Phi Epsilon ("SigEp"), Sigma Alpha Epsilon ("S.A.E."), Delta Sigma Pi, Lambda Phi Epsilon, Beta Theta Pi, Alpha Delta Phi ("Wawa"), Alpha Epsilon Pi, Phi Kappa Psi ("Phi Psi"), Phi Gamma Delta ("Fiji"), and Pi Kappa Alpha ("Pike"), and the sororities Alpha Phi, Kappa Alpha Theta, Kappa Kappa Gamma, and Phi Mu. Approximately 1/5 of male undergraduates and 1/5 of female undergraduates belong to the Greek system. Most of the fraternities maintain houses off campus; the sororities tend not to do so. As at many American universities, it is a widely believed rumor that the sororities are not permitted to have houses because of a state "Brothel Law" prohibiting the cohabitation of more than eight women. The Johns Hopkins News-Letter even reported the existence of such a law in 2001.[39] Snopes.com reports that such laws do not exist.[40]
In addition Charles Village, the region of North Baltimore surrounding the
university, has undergone several restoration projects, and the university has gradually bought the property around the school
for additional student housing and dormitories. The Charles Village Project, scheduled for completion in 2008, will bring new commercial spaces to the
neighborhood. The project includes Charles Commons, a new, modern residence hall that includes a
Hopkins has also invested heavily in improving campus life for its students with creation in 2001 of an arts complex, the Mattin Center; and a three-story sports facility, the O'Connor Recreation Center. The large on-campus dining facilities at Homewood were renovated in the summer of 2006, and the caterer was switched from Sodexho to Aramark.
Hopkins has also advertised the "Collegetown" atmosphere it shares with neighboring institutions, including Loyola College, UMBC, Goucher College, and Towson University, as well as the proximity of downtown Baltimore's Inner Harbor.
Student publications
Hopkins has many publications that are produced entirely by students. The Johns Hopkins News-Letter, founded in 1896, is the oldest continuously published college newspaper in the nation, and is published weekly.[36] The Hopkins Donkey is a political newspaper with a Democratic perspective on international, national and state-wide political topics. The Carrollton Record is a political newspaper with an American conservative perspective on campus and city-wide politics.[37] Zeniada and j.mag are literary magazines. Frame of Reference is an annual magazine that focuses on film and film culture.[38]. The New Diplomat is the multi-disciplinary international relations journal. Foundations is the undergraduate history journal. Américas is the Latin American Studies journal. Argot is the undergraduate anthropology journal.[39]
The Black & Blue Jay is among the nation's oldest humor magazines. It was founded in 1920.[43] According to The Johns Hopkins News-Letter, it was the magazine's name which led the News-Letter to first use the moniker Blue Jays to refer to a Hopkins athletic team in 1923.[44] While the magazine enjoyed popularity among students, it received repeated opposition from the university administration, reportedly for its vulgar sense of humor. In October 1934, Dean Edward R. Berry removed financial support for the magazine; without funding, the magazine continued under the name The Blue Jay until Berry threatened to expel the editors in 1939. The magazine had a revival in 1984, and has published intermittently since then.[45]
Medical institutions campus
This urban campus is in the East Baltimore neighborhood and is home to the School of Medicine, the Bloomberg School of Public Health, and the School of Nursing. It comprises several city blocks spreading from the original Johns Hopkins Hospital building and its trademark dome. The School of Medicine of the Johns Hopkins University is associated with clinical practice at Johns Hopkins Hospital.
Library system
The Johns Hopkins University Library system houses more than 3.6 million volumes.[46] It includes ten main divisions: the Sheridan Libraries at Homewood, the Medical Institutions Libraries, the School of Nursing Library, Abraham M. Lilienfeld Library at the Bloomberg School, the Peabody Institute Library, the Carey Business School and School of Education libraries, the School of Advanced International Studies Libraries (Sydney R. and Elsa W. Mason Library and Bologna Center Library), the R.E. Gibson Library at the Applied Physics Laboratory Library and other minor satellite locations, as well as the archives.
The Milton S. Eisenhower Library (called "MSE" by students), located on the Homewood campus, is the main library. It houses over 2.6 million volumes and over 20,000 journal subscriptions. The Eisenhower Library is a member of the university's Sheridan Libraries encompassing collections at the Albert D. Hutzler Reading Room (called "The Hut" by students) in Gilman Hall, the John Work Garrett Library at Evergreen House, and the George Peabody Library at Mount Vernon Place. Together these collections provide the major research library resources for the university, serving Johns Hopkins academic programs worldwide. The library was named for Milton S. Eisenhower, former president of the university and brother of former U.S. president Dwight D. Eisenhower.
Only two of the MSE library's six stories are above ground; the rest are beneath, though architects designed the building so that every level has windows and natural light. The design accords with a bit of traditional campus lore which says no structure on campus can be taller than Gilman Hall, the oldest academic building. There is no written rule regarding building height, however, and the library's design was chosen for architectural and aesthetic reasons when it was finally built in the 1960s.
The Peabody Institute Library was begun with the June 16, 1852 donation from George Peabody. George Peabody was born in South Danvers (now Peabody) in 1795 and by the year of 1851 had risen in the business world to become an investment banker in London. Danvers Mechanic Institute's decision to name George Peabody as an honorary member. Proud of their native son, the Danvers Mechanic Institute named George Peabody an honorary member on January 5, 1852. This subscription based institute, located in South Danvers , was both library and lyceum. Though the committee selected to inform Peabody of this honor waited until after Danvers was informed of the donation, it is possible his awareness of this institution influenced Peabody in deciding the type of institution he wished to create.
The 'Green Campus' at Hopkins
The Johns Hopkins University was named in 2007 as a university making significant commitments to sustainability[citation needed]. As a major formal step towards sustainability, the University hired its first Manager of Energy and Environmental Stewardship in the spring of 2006[citation needed]. Soon after, the University launched a Sustainability Initiative to coordinate sustainability activities and to develop new programs that will help to reduce the University’s environmental impact[citation needed]. The Sustainable Development Institute gave Johns Hopkins a C+ for their environmental efforts. [47]
Climate Change & Energy
The new Manager of Energy and Environmental Stewardship began work in spring 2006 to upgrade inefficient appliances and lighting on campus. Energy retrofits in certain buildings have resulted in energy conservation of over 50 percent.[48] Carbon emissions are currently being inventoried and electric vehicles are used for some campus transportation needs. Another portion of transportation needs on the main campus are being met by a partnership with Flexcar, which has four vehicles stationed on-site. The University intends to secure a percentage of green electricity by working with wind power developers and with a local dairy farm that converts food and farm wastes into green electricity through anaerobic digestion. Plans are being developed to install solar thermal panels on the recreation center to provide heating and hot water needs.[48]
Food & Recycling
Johns Hopkins recently switched its dining services providers from Sodexho to Aramark, citing improved environmental services as an influential reason for the change. Dining services managers prioritize the purchasing of locally sourced produce and seafood, and organic food is being integrated into the menu.[48] In addition, the smaller cafés around campus sell exclusively organic, shade-grown coffees. There is currently a small pilot composting program on the undergraduate campus.[48]
Green Buildings
The University is currently pursuing LEED certification for several new and existing buildings and typically considers the feasibility of LEED programs for all new projects that involve upgrades of existing buildings or new construction. For minor renovations, the University uses LEED principals as guideposts.[48] Retrofits include a green roof deck, experimentation with waterless urinals and low-flow shower heads, and upgraded fluorescent lighting that has reduced lighting load on one campus by over 40 percent. Similar lighting retrofits are underway at all other campuses. In 2004, one campus completed a water conservation retrofit that annually saves over eight million gallons of water.[48]
Campus developments
The Johns Hopkins University, working with Collegetown Development Alliance, a joint venture team comprised of Struever Brothers, Eccles & Rouse and Capstone Development recently teamed up to develop a mixed use project featuring student housing, a central dining facility and a major campus bookstore.
The site, called Charles Commons and completed in September 2006, is located at 33rd Street between Charles and St. Paul Streets. The approximate 350,000 sq. ft development includes housing for approximately 618 students, with supporting amenity spaces; a central dining facility and specialty dining area with seating capacity of approximately 330; an approximately 29,000 sq. ft. bookstore run by Barnes and Noble College Division which includes the traditional offerings of a college bookstore (textbooks, school supplies, dorm product, etc.) as well as a cafe that serves Starbucks coffee, an extensive assortment of general books, and convenience products.
The Decker Quadrangle development comprehends the last large building site on the contiguous Homewood campus of the Johns Hopkins University, making it the most important project on campus since the development of the two original quadrangles. In this first phase, the project will include a visitors and admissions center, a computational sciences building, and an underground parking structure, creating a new quadrangle, south of Garland Hall, named in honor of Alonso G. and Virginia G. Decker. Importantly, the project will establish a new public entrance for the campus and recognize the potential for future growth of campus activities sited across Wyman Park Drive.
Recently, the university announced a $73 million renovation of Gilman Hall, the academic centerpiece of the Homewood Campus. The renovation will include updating all classrooms in the building, as well as a full replacement of the infrastructure of the building. Gilman hall, superficially renovated in the 1980s will now include a movie theater and a large atrium, with a glass roof. The atrium will have a sky-walk from the entrance of the building to the Hutzler Undergraduate Reading Room and will contain the university's premier archaeological collection. The project is slated for completion for the 2010-2011 academic year.[49]
Athletics
Athletic teams at Johns Hopkins are called the Blue Jays. The university's athletic colors are Columbia blue and black. (Sable and gold are used for academic robes.) Hopkins celebrates Homecoming in the spring to coincide with the height of the lacrosse season. Outside of the Men's and Women's Division I lacrosse teams, Hopkins participates in the NCAA's Division III and the Centennial Conference.
The school's most prominent sports team is its Division I men's lacrosse team, which has won 44 national titles - nine NCAA Division I (2007, 2005, 1987, 1985, 1984, 1980, 1979, 1978, 1974), 29 USILA, and six ILA titles. Hopkins' primary national lacrosse rivals are Princeton University, Syracuse University, and the University of Virginia; its primary intrastate rivals are Loyola College, Towson University, the United States Naval Academy, and the University of Maryland. Maryland is considered their most prominent rival in college lacrosse, the schools having met 103 times, with two of those meetings being in playoffs.
The women's lacrosse team is also building into a top ten-level team, ranking number 8 in the 2007 IWLCA Poll for Division I. The team's only losses in 2007 were to Princeton University, Georgetown University, the University of Maryland, the University of Pennsylvania, Vanderbilt University, Duke University, and Northwestern University (regular season and conference playoff).
The Lacrosse Museum and National Hall of Fame, governed by US Lacrosse, is located on the Homewood campus and is adjacent to Homewood Field. Past Johns Hopkins lacrosse teams have represented the United States in international competition. At the 1928 Amsterdam and 1932 Los Angeles Summer Olympics lacrosse demonstration events Hopkins played for the US and team members received Olympic Medals. Hopkins is the only US college team to have members awarded Olympic Gold Medals. They have also gone to Melbourne, Australia to win the 1974 World Lacrosse Championship.
Hopkins is also a powerhouse in Division III Athletics. The 2006-2007 saw Hopkins winning the Centennial Conference titles in Baseball, Men's and Women's Soccer, Men's and Women's Tennis and Men's Basketball. Hopkins also has an acclaimed fencing team, which has ranked in the top three of Division III teams in the past few years and in 2007 defeated University of North Carolina, a Division I team, for the first time. The Swimming team also has ranked in the top two of Division III for the last 10 years. The Water Polo team has been number one in Division III for several of the past years, playing a full schedule against Division I opponents. Hopkins