Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra (baptized 3 June 1743 – 26 March 1794) was a Spanish naval officer born in Lima, Peru. Sailing from the Spanish Naval Department base at San Blas, in what now is the Mexican state of Nayarit, from 1774 to 1788 this South American navigator explored the Northwest Coast of North America as far north as Alaska.
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Career
Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra joined the Spanish Naval Academy in Cádiz at 19, and four years later, in 1767 was commissioned as an officer of the rank Frigate Ensign (Alférez de Fragata'). In 1773 he was promoted to Ship Ensign (Alférez de Navío), and in 1774 to Ship Lieutenant.
The 1775 expedition
In 1775 under the command of Lieutenant Bruno de Heceta, the Spanish explored the Pacific Northwest. This followed the first Spanish expedition by Juan Pérez in 1774, who had failed to claim the Northwest Coast for Spain. The expedition consisted of two ships: the Santiago, commanded by Hezeta himself, and the schooner Sonora (La Señora), commanded by his second in command, Lieutenant Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra. Bodega y Quadra was given the lesser position of second officer on the Sonora despite the fact that he outranked the others. Bodega y Quadra had all the training and qualifications necessary to be considered for a senior officer position, but as a non-Spaniard he was subject to the class prejudice common to Spain and the colonial Americas during that time. So he was passed over for promotions.
The Spaniards were given orders to explore the coast and to go ashore so that the newly discovered territories would be recognized as Spanish lands. Most important for the expedition was the identification of Russian settlements. The ships left San Blas on 16 March 1775. Illnesses (scurvy), storms, poor sailing capacities of the Sonora, and other incidents slowed their progress. On 14 July 1775, they reached the vicinity of Point Grenville, and moored at what is now known as Destruction Island in the state of Washington. The Indians had been friendly until that point so some sailors were sent ashore to get water, when they were suddenly massacred by some 300 Indians attacking from the woods, all this happening under the horrified gaze of their companions who had remained on board the ships. Bodega y Quadra had them open fire, but his ship was too far away.
Shaken by this disaster, Hezeta decided to return to Mexico, but Bodega y Quadra refused to follow him without having completed the essential mission, which was to locate the Russians. He continued northward on the Sonora and got as far as what is now close to Sitka, Alaska, reaching 59° north latitude on August 15, 1775.[1] Failing to find any Russians, he returned southward. When returning he made sure that he landed once to claim the coast for Spain. This expedition made it clear to the Spanish that the Russians did not have a large presence in the Pacific Northwest.
The 1779 expedition
On February 11, 1779 the corvettes Princesa and Favorita, under the command of Lieutenant Ignacio de Arteaga and his second in command, Lieutenant Bodega y Quadra, left San Blas again. Their mission was to explore the northwest coast, and not to intervene with the assumed English navigators there. They charted every bay and inlet in search of the Northwest Passage, going north to 58°30′ before turning back from Alaska due to bad weather. They completed the complex process begun earlier of claiming the Pacific Northwest for Spain.
In 1780 Bodega y Quadra was promoted to Frigate Captain, and in 1785 to Ship Captain, at which time he returned to Spain for a few years.
Nootka Sound
Quadra was called as an expert witness in the aftermath of the Nootka Crisis[2]. In 1789, he was sent to Mexico, assumed command of the Spanish Northwest, based at San Blas, and sent out several new expeditions of exploration.
In 1791 he was appointed Spanish commissioner to negotiate and administer the implementation of the Nootka Conventions. At Nootka Sound, he welcomed British Captain George Vancouver in August 1792[3]. The two commanders swiftly established friendly relations, including joint explorations and the sharing of supplies and information. Vancouver provided the services of his surgeon, Archibald Menzies, to help Quadra with increasingly serious headaches. During their meetings Bodega y Quadra asked Vancouver to name "some port or Island after us both". Since Vancouver had determined that the land upon which Nootka stood was a great island, he proposed that they name it Quadra's and Vancouver's Island: "would name some port or island after us both in commemoration of our meeting and friendly intercourse that on that occasion had taken place (Vancouver had previously feted Quadra on his ship);....and conceiving no place more eligible than the place of our meeting, I have therefore named this land...The Island of Quadra and Vancouver." It was thus entered upon the explorer's charts, but this name was soon shortened to Vancouver Island.
However, the two commanders were unable to reconcile the conflicts in the instructions from their respective governments. At issue was whether the Spanish were to hand over only the small plot of land actually built upon by the adventurer John Meares, or the entire West Coast, or something in between. It is scarcely contested that Meares had exaggerated the extent of his discoveries. However, Bodega y Quadra in particular was handicapped by uncertainties as to how far his superiors' wished to maintain Spanish sovereignty in a part of the world that had limited strategic value. The two agreed to refer the points at issue back to their respective governments in Madrid and London; Quadra arranged passage for Vancouver's envoy through Mexico. Eventually, Spain and Great Britain signed an agreement on January 11, 1794[4], in which they agreed to abandon the region (the third Nootka Convention).
A fatal seizure cut short Quadra's career while he was in Mexico City.
Bodega y Quadra
Names used in the literature:
- Juan Francisco Bodega y Quadra
- Juan Francisco de Bodega y Quadra
- Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra
- Juan Fran[cis]co de la Bodega y Quadra
- Juan de la Bodega y Cuadra
Places named after:
- Bodega Bay in northern California.
- Vancouver Island was frequently referred to as "Vancouver's and Quadra's Island" on many 19th century maps.
- Quadra Island, an island in British Columbia, Canada. Quadra Island was named after him in 1903
- Quadra Street, an arterial road in Victoria, British Columbia, and neighbouring Saanich.
- Boca de Bodega (Mouth of Bodega) is the entrance around Wadleigh Island. It was named by Francisco Antonio Mourelle on May 24, 1779.[5]
- Quadra, São Paulo, a Brazilian municipality also named for the explorer
- HMCS Quadra, a Royal Canadian Sea Cadet Summer Training Centre in Comox, BC
Places he named:
- He named the Point that we know as Point Grenville, “Punta de los Martires” (Point of the Martyrs).
- Canoa Point (Canoe Point) was named by Bodega/Mourelle in 1775/79. It is a point of land on the northeastern shore of Prince of Wales Island jutting into Trocadero Bay at 133°1′25″ W.[5]
- Discovered and named Bucareli Sound in Alaska. Named hundreds of places in the Bucareli Sound area.
- Unlucky Island (La Desgraciada), a name given by Bodega/Mourelle to an island located at 133°3′15″ W.[5]
- Ladrones Islands were named Islas de Ladrones (Thieves) by Bodega/Mourelle in 1779. These five islands are located at 55°23′ N and 133°5′ W.[5]
- Cañas Island (Reeds) is an island in Trocadero Bay. Bodega/Mourelle named it Ysla de Cañas.[5]
Notes and references
- ^ Sanchez, Antonio (14 April 2004). Spanish Exploration: Hezeta (Heceta) and Bodega y Quadra Expedition of 1775 to Formally Claim the Pacific Northwest for Spain. HistoryLink.org. http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=5688. Retrieved 14 September 2009.
- ^ Naish, John (1996). The Interwoven Lives of George Vancouver, Archibald Menzies, Joseph Whidbey and Peter Puget: The Vancouver Voyage of 1791-1795. The Edward Mellen Press, Ltd.. ISBN 0-7734-8857-X.
- ^ Wing, Robert and Newell, Gordon (1979). Peter Puget: Lieutenant on the Vancouver Expedition, fighting British naval officer, the man for whom Puget Sound was named. Gray Beard Publishing. ISBN 0-933686-00-5.
- ^ "The Evacuation of Nootka". Canadian Military Heritage. Government of Canada. http://www.cmhg.gc.ca/cmh/en/page_346.asp?flash=1. Retrieved 14 September 2009.
- ^ a b c d e ExploreNorth.com Spanish Place Names on the Face of Alaska. Retrieved 29 March 2005
General references
- History of Southern Oregon: Pacific Coast -- by A. G. Walling 1884
- Vancouver Island History
- Canadian Military Heritage
- Spanish Exploration: Hezeta (Heceta) and Bodega y Quadra Expedition of 1775 to Formally Claim the Pacific Northwest for Spain
- BC Bookworld on Bodega y Quadra, with a bibliography.
Further reading
- Derek Hayes (1999). Historical Atlas of the Pacific Northwest: Maps of Exploration and Discovery : British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, Alaska, Yukon. Sasquatch Books. ISBN 1-57061-215-3
- Michael E. Thurman (1967). The Naval Department of San Blas: New Spain's Bastion for Alta California and Nootka, 1769-1798. The Arthur H. Clark Company.
External links
- Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
- HistoryLink: Spanish Exploration (1775), with maps and references.
- HistoryLink: Spanish Exploration (1779)
- Pathfinders and passageways: The exploration of Canada: THE SPANISH Explore the West Coast
- Spanish exploration, long article with a good bibliography.
- Book Review: At the Far Reaches of Empire: The Life of Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra, Oregon Historical Quaterly
- American memory, a map from Bodega y Quadra.
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