July 31

July 31 is the 212th day of the year (213th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 153 days remaining until the end of the year.

Events

• 30 BC – Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian's forces, but most of his army subsequently deserts, leading to his suicide.
• 781 – The oldest recorded eruption of Mt. Fuji (Traditional Japanese date: July 6, 781).
• 904 – Thessalonica falls to the Arabs, who destroy the city.
• 1009 – Pope Sergius IV becomes the 142nd pope, succeeding Pope John XVIII.
• 1423 – Hundred Years' War: Battle of Cravant – the French army is defeated at Cravant on the banks of the river Yonne.
• 1451 – Jacques Cœur is arrested by order of Charles VII of France.
• 1492 – The Jews are expelled from Spain when the Alhambra Decree takes effect.
• 1498 – On his third voyage to the Western Hemisphere, Christopher Columbus becomes the first European to discover the island of Trinidad.
• 1588 – The Spanish Armada is spotted off the coast of England.
• 1655 – Russo-Polish War (1654-1667): the Russian army enters the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vilnius, which it holds for six years.
• 1658 – Aurangzeb is proclaimed Moghul emperor of India.
• 1667 – Second Anglo-Dutch War: Treaty of Breda ends the conflict.
• 1703 – Daniel Defoe is placed in a pillory for the crime of seditious libel after publishing a politically satirical pamphlet, but is pelted with flowers.
• 1741 – Charles Albert of Bavaria invades Upper Austria and Bohemia.
• 1777 – The U.S. Second Continental Congress passes a resolution that the services of Marquis de Lafayette "be accepted, and that, in consideration of his zeal, illustrious family and connexions, he have the rank and commission of major-general of the United States."
• 1790 – First U.S. patent is issued to inventor Samuel Hopkins for a potash process.
• 1856 – Christchurch, New Zealand is chartered as a city.
• 1865 – The first narrow gauge mainline railway in the world opens at Grandchester, Australia.
• 1895 – The Basque Nationalist Party (Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea-Partido Nacionalista Vasco) is founded by Basque nationalist leader Sabino Arana.
• 1913 – The Balkan States signs an armistice at Bucharest.
• 1919 – German national assembly adopts the Weimar constitution, which comes into force on August 14.
• 1930 – The radio mystery program The Shadow is aired for the first time.
• 1932 – The NSDAP wins more than 38% of the vote in German elections.
• 1936 – The International Olympic Committee announces that the 1940 Summer Olympics will be held in Tokyo. However, the games are given back to the IOC after the Second Sino-Japanese War breaks out, and are eventually cancelled altogether because of World War II.
• 1938 – Bulgaria signs a non-aggression pact with Greece and other states of Balkan Antanti (Turkey, Romania, Yugoslavia).
• 1938 – Archaeologists discover engraved gold and silver plates from King Darius in Persepolis.
• 1940 – A doodlebug train in Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio collides with a multi-car freight train heading in the opposite direction, killing 43 people.
• 1941 – Holocaust: under instructions from Adolf Hitler, Nazi official Hermann Göring, orders SS General Reinhard Heydrich to "submit to me as soon as possible a general plan of the administrative material and financial measures necessary for carrying out the desired final solution of the Jewish question."
• 1945 – Pierre Laval, the fugitive former leader of Vichy France, surrenders to Allied soldiers in Austria.
• 1945 – John K. Giles attempts to escape from Alcatraz prison.
• 1948 – At Idlewild Field in New York, New York International Airport (later renamed John F. Kennedy International Airport) is dedicated.
• 1951 – Japan Airlines is established.
• 1954 – First ascent of K2, by an Italian expedition led by Ardito Desio.
• 1959 – The Basque separatist organisation ETA is founded.
• 1961 – At Fenway Park in Boston, Massachusetts, the first All-Star Game tie in major league baseball history occurs when the game is stopped in the 9th inning because of rain.
• 1964 – Ranger program: Ranger 7 sends back the first close-up photographs of the moon, with images 1,000 times clearer than anything ever seen from earth-bound telescopes.
• 1970 – Black Tot Day: The last day of the officially sanctioned rum ration in the Royal Navy.
• 1971 – Apollo program: Apollo 15 astronauts become the first to ride in a lunar rover.
• 1972 – Northeast Airlines flies its last flight before being integrated into Delta Air Lines the next day.
• 1972 – Operation Motorman: British troops move into the no-go areas of Belfast and Derry, Northern Ireland. End of Free Derry.
• 1972 – Three car bombs are detonated in Claudy, Northern Ireland, killing nine in what is believed to be a Provisional Irish Republican Army attack.
• 1973 – A Delta Air Lines jetliner crashes while landing in fog at Logan Airport, Boston, Massachusetts killing 89.
• 1976 – Viking program: Viking 1 – NASA releases the famous Face on Mars photo.
• 1981 – General Omar Torrijos of Panama dies in a plane crash.
• 1981 – 42-day strike of Major League Baseball ends in the United States.
• 1987 – A rare, class F4 tornado rips through Edmonton, Alberta, killing 27 people and causing $330 million in damage.
• 1988 – 32 people are killed and 1,674 injured when a bridge at the Sultan Abdul Halim ferry terminal collapses in Butterworth, Malaysia.
• 1991 – The Medininkai Massacre in Lithuania. Soviet OMON attacks Lithuanian customs post in Medininkai, killing 7 officers and severely wounding one other.
• 1992 – A Thai Airways Airbus A300-310 crashes into a mountain north of Kathmandu, Nepal killing 113.
• 1999 – Discovery Program: Lunar Prospector – NASA intentionally crashes the spacecraft into the Moon, thus ending its mission to detect frozen water on the moon's surface.
• 2006 – Fidel Castro hands over power temporarily to brother Raúl Castro.
• 2007 – Operation Banner, the presence of the British Army in Northern Ireland, and the longest-running British Army operation ever, comes to an end.

Births

• 1143 – Emperor Nijo of Japan (d. 1165)
• 1396 – Philip III, Duke of Burgundy (d. 1467)
• 1527 – Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1576)
• 1598 – Alessandro Algardi, Italian sculptor and architect (d. 1654)
• 1702 – Jean Denis Attiret, French Jesuit missionary and painter (d. 1768)
• 1704 – Gabriel Cramer, Swiss mathematician (d. 1752)
• 1718 – John Canton, English physicist (d. 1772)
• 1724 – Noël François de Wailly, French lexicographer (d. 1801)
• 1737 – Princess Augusta of Great Britain (d. 1813)
• 1777 – Pedro Ignacio de Castro Barros, Argentine statesman and priest (d. 1849)
• 1803 – John Ericsson, Swedish inventor and engineer (d. 1889)
• 1816 – George Henry Thomas, American general (d. 1870)
• 1825 – William S. Clark, American senator and scholar (d. 1886)
• 1835 – Henri Brisson, French statesman (d. 1912)
• 1835 – Paul du Chaillu, French explorer (d. 1903)
• 1837 – William Quantrill, American Civil War rebel guerrilla leader (d. 1865)
• 1843 – Peter Rosegger, Austrian poet (d. 1918)
• 1858 – Richard Dixon Oldham, British geologist (d. 1936)
• 1860 – Mary Vaux Walcott, American artist and naturalist (d. 1940)
• 1867 – Sebastian S. Kresge, American merchant and philanthropist (d. 1966)
• 1880 – Munshi Premchand, Indian Author (d. 1936)
• 1883 – Fred Quimby, American film producer (d. 1965)
• 1884 – Carl Friedrich Goerdeler, German politician (d. 1945)
• 1886 – Salvatore Maranzano, Sicilian-born American organized crime figure (d. 1931)
• 1887 – Hans Freyer, German sociologist (d. 1969)
• 1892 – Joseph Charbonneau, French-Canadian Roman Catholic archbishop (d. 1959)
• 1894 – Fred Keenor, Welsh footballer (d. 1972)
• 1901 – Jean Dubuffet, French painter and sculptor (d. 1985)
• 1904 – Brett Halliday, American writer (d. 1977)
• 1909 – Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn, Austrian writer and polyglot (d. 1999)
• 1911 – George Liberace, American musician (d. 1983)
• 1912 – Bill Brown, Australian cricketer (d. 2008)
• 1912 – Milton Friedman, American economist, Nobel laureate (d. 2006)
• 1912 – Irv Kupcinet, American newspaper columnist (d. 2003)
• 1913 – Bryan Hextall, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1984)
• 1914 – Louis de Funès, French actor and comedian (d. 1983)
• 1916 – Billy Hitchcock, American baseball player and official (d. 2006)
• 1916 – Bill Todman, American game show producer (d. 1979)
• 1916 – Sibte Hassan, Pakistani activist
• 1918 – Paul D. Boyer, American chemist, Nobel Prize Laureate
• 1918 – Hank Jones, American pianist
• 1919 – Curt Gowdy, American sports announcer (d. 2006)
• 1919 – Primo Levi, Italian author and chemist (d. 1987)
• 1920 – James Esdras Faust, American religious leader (d. 2007)
• 1921 – Peter Benenson, British founder of Amnesty International (d. 2005)
• 1921 – Donald Malarkey, American World War II hero
• 1921 – Whitney Young, American civil rights activist (d. 1971)
• 1922 – Hank Bauer, American baseball player and manager (d. 2007)
• 1923 – Ahmet Ertegün, Turkish-born record company executive (d. 2006)
• 1923 – Jimmy Evert, American tennis coach and father of Chris Evert
• 1926 – Hilary Putnam, American philosopher
• 1929 – Don Murray, American actor
• 1929 – José Santamaria, Uruguayan footballer
• 1929 – Lynne Reid Banks, British author
• 1930 – Oleg Popov, Russian clown
• 1931 – Kenny Burrell, American guitarist
• 1931 – Nick Bollettieri, American tennis coach
• 1931 – Ivan Rebroff, German singer (d. 2008)
• 1932 – Ted Cassidy, American actor (d. 1979)
• 1932 – John Searle, American philosopher
• 1933 – Cees Nooteboom, Dutch writer
• 1935 – Yvon Deschamps, French-Canadian author and humorist
• 1935 – Geoffrey Lewis, American actor
• 1936 – Vic Davalillo, Venezuelan baseball player
• 1939 – France Nuyen, French actress
• 1940 – Carol J. Clover, American academic
• 1941 – Amarsinh Chaudhary, Indian politician (d. 2004)
• 1943 – William Bennett, 3^rd United States Secretary of Education
• 1943 – Susan Flannery, American actress
• 1943 – Lobo, American singer and songwriter
• 1943 – Sab Shimono, Japanese-American actor
• 1944 – Geraldine Chaplin, American actress
• 1944 – Jonathan Dimbleby, British journalist and television presenter
• 1944 – Robert C. Merton, American mathematician
• 1945 – Gary Lewis, American vocalist (Gary Lewis & the Playboys)
• 1945 – William Weld, 68^th Governor of Massachusetts
• 1946 – Bob Welch, American musician
• 1946 – Karen Zerby, American religious leader
• 1950 – Lane Davies, American actor
• 1950 – Steve Miller, American writer
• 1951 – Evonne Goolagong, Australian tennis player
• 1951 – Barry Van Dyke, American actor
• 1952 – Chris Ahrens, American ice hockey player
• 1952 – Alan Autry, American football player and politician
• 1952 – Helmuts Balderis, Latvian hockey player
• 1952 – João Barreiros, Portuguese writer
• 1953 – Ted Baillieu, Australian politician
• 1953 – James Read, American actor
• 1953 – Jimmy Cook, former South African cricketer
• 1954 – Derek Smith, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1955 – Jakie Quartz, French singer
• 1956 – Michael Biehn, American actor
• 1956 – Deval Patrick, American politician
• 1956 – Bill Callahan, American football coach
• 1957 – Daniel Ash, British musician (Bauhaus)
• 1957 – Leon Durham, American baseball player
• 1957 – Dirk Blocker, American actor
• 1958 – Bill Berry, American musician (R.E.M.)
• 1958 – Mark Cuban, American businessman and basketball team owner
• 1959 – Stanley Jordan, American jazz guitarist
• 1960 – Dale Hunter, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1962 – John Chiang, American politician
• 1962 – Kevin Greene, American football player
• 1962 – Wesley Snipes, American actor
• 1963 – Brian Skrudland, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1963 – Norman Cook, British musician (The Housemartins, Freak Power, Beats International, Fatboy Slim)
• 1964 – Jim Corr, Irish singer and musician (The Corrs)
• 1965 – Scott Brooks, American basketball player
• 1965 – John Laurinaitis, American professional wrestler
• 1965 – J. K. Rowling, British writer
• 1965 – Julian Richards, British film director
• 1966 – Dean Cain, American actor
• 1967 – Minako Honda, Japanese singer and musical actress (d. 2005)
• 1967 – Mitsuo Iwata, Japanese seiyū
• 1967 – Tim Wright (musician), Composer
• 1968 – Saeed-Al-Saffar, Former UAE cricketer
• 1969 – David Cash, American professional wrestler
• 1969 – Loren Dean, American actor
• 1969 – Kenneth D. Schisler, American politician
• 1970 – Ahmad Akbarpour, Iranian writer
• 1970 – Dave Wedge, American journalist
• 1971 – Gus Frerotte, American football player
• 1971 – John Lowery, American guitarist
• 1973 – Nathan Brown, Australian rugby league player
• 1973 – Fabulous Flournoy American basketball player and coach Newcastle Eagles
• 1974 – Emilia Fox, English actress
• 1974 – Jonathan Ogden, American football player
• 1975 – Randy Flores, American baseball player
• 1975 – Simon Hirst, British radio DJ
• 1975 – Mike Lincoln, American baseball player
• 1975 – Poesy Liang, Founder of Helping Angels
• 1975 – Allan von Schenkel, American musician
• 1975 – Andrew Hall, Former South African cricketer
• 1976 – Joshua Cain, American musician (Motion City Soundtrack)
• 1976 – Paulo Wanchope, Costa Rican footballer
• 1977 – Tim Couch, American football player
• 1978 – Will Champion, English musician (Coldplay)
• 1978 – Zeta Makripoulia, Greek actress, model and TV presenter
• 1978 – Justin Wilson, English racing driver
• 1979 – J. J. Furmaniak, American baseball player
• 1979 – Per Krøldrup, Danish footballer
• 1979 – Jade Kwan, Hong Kong singer
• 1979 – Carlos Marchena, Spanish footballer
• 1979 – B. J. Novak, American actor
• 1980 – Mils Muliaina, New Zealand rugby union player
• 1980 – Mikko Hirvonen, Finnish Rally Driver
• 1980 – Harry Potter, Wizard
• 1981 – Eric Lively, American actor
• 1981 – J.Son Dinant, American comedian
• 1981 – Ira Losco, Maltese singer
• 1981 – Matthew Sanders, American singer (Avenged Sevenfold)
• 1982 – Blessing Mahwire, Zimbabwean cricketer
• 1982 – DeMarcus Ware, American football player for the Dallas Cowboys
• 1986 – Evgeni Malkin, Russian ice hockey player
• 1987 – Michael Bradley, American footballer
• 1987 – Brittany Byrnes, Australian Actress
• 1988 – Krystal Meyers, American Christian singer/songwriter/musician
• 1989 – Victoria Azarenka, Belarusian tennis player
• 1990 – Olga Galchenko, Russian juggler
• 1992 – Curtis James, American runner

Deaths

• 855 – Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Muslim Jurisprudent (b. 780)
• 1396 – William Courtenay, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1342)
• 1508 – Na'od, Emperor of Ethiopia (b. 1494)
• 1556 – Ignatius Loyola, Spanish priest and founder of the Jesuits (b. 1491)
• 1653 – Thomas Dudley, Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony (b. 1576)
• 1726 – Nicolaus II Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician (b. 1695)
• 1750 – King John V of Portugal (b. 1689)
• 1784 – Denis Diderot, French philosopher and encylopedist (b. 1713)
• 1864 – Louis Hachette, French publisher (b. 1800)
• 1875 – Andrew Johnson, 17th President of the United States (b. 1808)
• 1886 – Franz Liszt, Hungarian composer (b. 1811)
• 1914 – Jean Jaurès, French politician (d. 1859)
• 1917 – Francis Ledwidge, Irish poet (b. 1881)
• 1917 – Hedd Wyn, Welsh poet (b. 1887)
• 1943 – Hedley Verity, English Test cricketer (b. 1905)
• 1944 – Antoine de Saint-Exupery, French pilot and writer (b. 1900)
• 1953 – Robert Taft, U.S. Senator from Ohio and Presidential candidate (b. 1889)
• 1954 – Onofre Marimón, Argentine racing driver (b. 1923)
• 1963 – Sir Robert Chapman, British soldier and politician (b. 1880)
• 1964 – Jim Reeves, American singer (b. 1923)
• 1966 – Bud Powell, American jazz pianist (b. 1924)
• 1970 – Walter Briggs, Jr., American sports executive (b. 1912)
• 1972 – Paul-Henri Spaak, Prime Minister of Belgium (b. 1899)
• 1980 – Pascual Jordan, German physicist (b. 1902)
• 1980 – Mohd. Rafi, Indian playback singer (b. 1924)
• 1986 – Chiune Sugihara, Japanese diplomat (b. 1900)
• 1986 – Teddy Wilson, American jazz pianist (b. 1912)
• 1988 – Trinidad Silva, American actor (b. 1950)
• 1990 – Albert Leduc, French Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1902)
• 1993 – King Baudouin I of Belgium (b. 1930)
• 1996 – Seagram Miller, American rapper (b. 1970)
• 2001 – Poul Anderson, American author (b. 1926)
• 2001 – Francisco da Costa Gomes, 16^th President of Portugal (b. 1914)
• 2001 – Friedrich Franz, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (b. 1910)
• 2003 – Guido Crepax, Italian comics artist (b. 1933)
• 2004 – Virginia Grey, American actress (b. 1917)
• 2004 – Laura Betti, Italian actress (b. 1927)
• 2005 – Wim Duisenberg, Dutch banker (b. 1935)
• 2006 – Paul Eells, American sportscaster (b. 1935)
• 2009 – Sir Bobby Robson, English professional football player and manager (b. 1933)

Holidays and observances

• Hari Pahlawan – Malaysian warrior's day.
• Ka Hae Hawai‘i – Hawaiian Flag Day.
• End of the Trinity term (sitting of the High Court of Justice of England).
• Saint Germanus (died 448), bishop of Auxerre, confessor [Bruges; Paris]
• Saint Ignatius of Loyola, founder of the Jesuits

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: July 31

• BBC: On This Day
• The New York Times: On This Day
• On This Day in Canada