Juno

Juno

An artist's concept of Juno at Jupiter
Organization	NASA
Major contractors	Lockheed Martin Corporation
Mission type	Orbiter
Flyby of	Earth
Satellite of	Jupiter
Orbital insertion date	2016
Orbits	32
Launch date	August 2011
Launch vehicle	Atlas V 551
Mission duration	1 Earth year
Home page	http://juno.wisc.edu/
Power	Solar power
Orbital elements
Regime	Polar

Juno is a NASA New Frontiers mission to the planet Jupiter. It was originally proposed at a cost of approximately US$700 million (FY03) for a June 2009 launch. NASA budgetary restrictions resulted in Juno being re-scheduled to an August 2011 launch.^[1] The Atlas V rocket has been chosen to launch Juno in the Atlas V-551 configuration.

The spacecraft will be placed in a polar orbit to study the planet's composition, gravity field, magnetic field, and polar magnetosphere. Juno will also search for clues about how Jupiter formed, including whether the planet has a rocky core, the amount of water present within the deep atmosphere, and how the mass is distributed within the planet. Juno will also study Jupiter's deep winds, which can reach speeds of 600 km/h.

Mission summary

Juno's trajectory will use a gravity assist speed boost from Earth, accomplished through an Earth flyby two years after its 2011 launch. In 2016, the spacecraft will perform an orbit insertion burn to slow the spacecraft enough to allow capture into an 11-day polar orbit. Once Juno enters into its orbit, infrared and microwave instruments will begin to measure the thermal radiation emanating from deep within Jupiter's atmosphere. These observations will complement previous studies of the planet's composition by assessing the abundance and distribution of water, and therefore oxygen. While filling missing pieces of the puzzle of Jupiter's composition, this data also provides insight into the planet's origins. Juno will also investigate the convection that drives general circulation patterns in Jupiter's atmosphere. Meanwhile, other instruments aboard Juno will gather data about the planet's gravitational field and polar magnetosphere.^[2]

The Juno mission will conclude in 2018, after 32 orbits around Jupiter. Data analysis may continue beyond 2018.

Scientific objectives

The Juno spacecraft's suite of seven science instruments will determine:

• The ratio of oxygen to hydrogen, effectively measuring the abundance of water in Jupiter, which will help distinguish among prevailing theories linking the gas giant's formation to the solar system.
• Obtain a better estimate of Jupiter's core mass, which will also help distinguish among prevailing theories linking the gas giant's formation to the solar system.
• Precisely map Jupiter's gravity to assess the distribution of mass in Jupiter's interior, including properties of the planet's structure and dynamics.
• Precisely map Jupiter's magnetic field to assess the origin and structure of the field and how deep in Jupiter the magnetic field is created. This experiment also will help scientists understand the fundamental physics of dynamo theory.
• Map the variation in atmospheric composition, temperature, structure, cloud opacity and dynamics to depths far greater than 100 bars at all latitudes.
• Characterize and explore the three dimensional structure of Jupiter's polar magnetosphere and its auroras.^[3]

The team

Scott Bolton of the Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio, Texas is the Principal Investigator and is responsible for all aspects of the mission. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California manages the mission and Lockheed Martin Corporation is responsible for the spacecraft development. The mission is being carried out with the participation of several institutional partners.^[4]

Proposed scientific instruments

Zones, belts and vortices on Jupiter.

Image of Jupiter aurora in UV by the Hubble Space Telescope. Bright streaks and dots are caused by magnetic flux tubes connecting Jupiter to its largest moons: Io: bright streak on the far left . Ganymede: bright dot below center, Europa: dot on the right.

The Juno mission's science objectives will be achieved with a payload of eight instruments onboard the spacecraft:^[5]

• Microwave radiometer (MWR)
• Jovian Infrared Auroral Mapper (JIRAM)
• Fluxgate Magnetometer (FGM) and Advanced Stellar Compass (ASC)
• Jovian Auroral Distribution Experiment (JADE)
• Jovian Energetic Particle Detector Instrument (JEDI)
• Radio and Plasma Wave Sensor (WAVES)
• Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (UVS)
• JunoCam

Solar panels

Juno will be the first mission to Jupiter using solar panels instead of the radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) used by Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, the Voyager program, Cassini–Huygens, and the Galileo orbiter. Advances made in both solar cell technology and efficiency over the past several decades makes it economically feasible to use solar panels of practical size to provide power 5 Astronomical units from the Sun. In addition, RTGs are in short supply, limiting their availability for space missions. NASA plans several more projects involving RTGs,^[6] and the decision to use alternate technology on this mission is more practical and economical than political.

The Juno spacecraft uses three solar arrays symmetrically arranged around the spacecraft, which are stowed against the sides of the spacecraft for launch. Immediately after launch the arrays deploy. Two of the arrays have 4 panels each, and the third array has 3 panels with a magnetometer experiment in place of the fourth panel. The total area of the arrays is over 60 square metres (650 sq ft). This is enough to produce over 18 kilowatts (24 hp) while in Earth orbit, and just over 400 watts (0.54 hp) while on Jupiter orbit. The solar panels will remain in sunlight continuously from launch through end of mission, except for short periods during the operation of the main engine.

See also

Solar System portal

• Atmosphere of Jupiter
• Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9
• Moons of Jupiter
• Exploration of Jupiter
• Pioneer 10
• Pioneer 11
• Voyager 1
• Voyager 2
• Cassini probe
• New Horizons
• Galileo
• Ulysses (spacecraft)

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Juno

• Official web site
• Juno Mission Profile by NASA's Solar System Exploration
• NASA Selects New Frontiers Concept Study: Juno Mission to Jupiter at NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
• The Juno Mission to Jupiter at Space.com

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