Chose any non-zero integer k. Then 1/1 = k/k.

Chose any non-zero integer k. Then 1/1 = k/k.

Chose any non-zero integer k. Then 1/1 = k/k.

Chose any non-zero integer k. Then 1/1 = k/k.

Assuming the elements are integer type...

a[k] ^= a[k+1];

a[k+1] ^= a[k];

a[k] ^= a[k+1];

...but if they are not integer type...

temp = a[k];

a[k] = a[k+1];

a[k+1] = temp;

Factor them.

k2 = k x k

k2 - 1 = (k - 1)(k + 1)

k2 - 2k + 1 = (k - 1)(k - 1)

Combine the factors, eliminating duplicates.

k2(k + 1)(k - 1)(k - 1) = k5 - k4 - k3 + k2, the LCM

It is 1, since k^1 = k.

-k = -1*k, so the coefficient is minus 1