Kanamycin sulfate ® is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, available in both oral and intravenous forms, and used to treat a wide variety of
infections. Kanamycin is isolated from Streptomyces kanamyceticus.[citation needed]
Pharmacology
Kanamycin works by affecting the 30S ribosomal subunit and causing a frameshift mutation or it prevents the translation of
RNA. This means that instead of a codon CAT (for example in
sequence CATG), a codon ATG is read by aminoacyl tRNA (aa-tRNA). Aminoacyl tRNA is consequently
carrying a different amino acid, because the anticodon
on the aa-tRNA is different. The protein needed cannot be synthesized: depending on the site and
severity of the frame shift, either a completely different protein is synthesized, or a protein similar to the one needed is
synthesized, but is folded incorrectly. A bacterium is destroyed because it cannot
produce any of its proteins correctly.[citation needed]
Because of over-usage of antibiotics many bacteria have developed a resistance
against kanamycin, and, consequently, it is not used much anymore.[citation needed]
Side effects
Common side effects include changes in hearing (either hearing loss or ringing in the ears), toxicity to kidneys, and allergic reactions to the drug.[citation needed]
Use in Research
Genes encoding kanamycin resistance are commonly used as selectable markers in molecular biology.[citation needed]
|
Antidiarrheals, intestinal anti-inflammatory/anti-infective agents (A07) |
| Intestinal anti-infectives |
Antibiotics
(Neomycin, Nystatin, Natamycin, Streptomycin, Polymyxin
B, Paromomycin, Amphotericin B,
Kanamycin, Vancomycin, Colistin, Rifaximin) - Sulfonamides (Phthalylsulfathiazole, Sulfaguanidine, Succinylsulfathiazole) - other (Miconazole, Broxyquinoline, Acetarsol,
Nifuroxazide, Nifurzide) |
| Intestinal adsorbents |
Charcoal -
Bismuth - Pectin - Kaolin -
Crospovidone - Attapulgite - Diosmectite |
| Antipropulsives |
Diphenoxylate -
Opium - Loperamide - Difenoxin
- Loperamide oxide |
| Intestinal anti-inflammatory agents |
corticosteroids acting locally
(Prednisolone, Hydrocortisone, Prednisone, Betamethasone, Tixocortol, Budesonide, Beclometasone) - antiallergic agents, excluding corticosteroids (Cromoglicic acid) - aminosalicylic acid and similar
agents (Sulfasalazine, Mesalazine,
Olsalazine, Balsalazide) |
| Antidiarrheal micro-organisms |
Saccharomyces
boulardii |
| Other antidiarrheals |
Albumin
tannate - Ceratonia - Racecadotril |
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