Katherine Mansfield

Britannica Concise Encyclopedia: Katherine Mansfield

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Katherine Mansfield (credit: BBC Hulton Picture Library)

(born Oct. 4, 1888, Wellington, N.Z. — died Jan. 9, 1923, Gurdjieff Institute, near Fontainebleau, France) New Zealand-born British writer. After moving to England at age 19, she secured her reputation with the story collection Bliss (1920). She reached the height of her powers in the collection The Garden Party (1922). Her delicate stories, which focus on psychological conflicts, are written in a distinctive prose style with poetic overtones that shows the influence of Anton Chekhov. Her last five years were shadowed by tuberculosis, of which she died at age 34.

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Short story writer Katherine Mansfield (1888-1923) is noted for her short stories with themes relating to women's lives and social hierarchies as well as her sense of wit and characterizations.

Katherine Mansfield has played an important role in the genre of the short story. The New Zealand-born writer, who spent much of her adulthood in Europe, "is a central figure in the development of the modern short story," noted Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism. "An early practitioner of stream-of-consciousness narration, she applied this technique to create stories based on the illumination of character rather than the contrivances of plot." Mansfield also attempted to free herself from the domination of her bourgeois family and the expectations for women of her class. As a young woman she often heeded her own determined whims, but later settled into a period of stability and literary creativity with her 1918 marriage to a fellow writer, editor, and literary critic. Together they moved in social circles that included some of the most acclaimed English-language writers of the early twentieth century.

Mansfield was born Kathleen Mansfield Beauchamp in Wellington, New Zealand, to a family of English descent in 1888. Her father, Harold Beauchamp, was a successful merchant who eventually became one of the English colony's most prominent citizens, rising to the position of chair of the Bank of New Zealand. She once described her mother as "constantly suspicious, constantly overbearingly tyrannous," and from an early age Mansfield seemed resentful toward her middle-class provincial family. As a writer, she later explored the theme of the hierarchy of class distinctions that restricted upbringings such as hers. As a teenager she was sent away to a finishing school in London that was a more intellectually rigorous institution than most girls of her class attended. There she became active in its magazine, for which she wrote several short stories, and established a lifelong friendship with classmate Ida Baker. When her schooling came to an end, Mansfield returned to her family's increasingly prosperous household in Wellington, but was determined to take leave again permanently. Enrolling in secretarial and bookkeeping courses, her parents allowed her to live abroad on her own, and in 1908 she returned to London. There she resided in a hostel for young, unmarried women pursuing artistic careers (she herself was an accomplished cellist) paid for by a stipend she received from her father until her death at age 34.

Courting Disaster Led to First Success

A long crush on musician Garnet Trowell eventually led to an unexpected pregnancy, and Mansfield suddenly married another man whom she had been seeing casually, George Bowden. She disappeared for a time, perhaps to serve as a chorus girl in the company of the light opera troupe that Trowell performed in, but her mother soon arrived from New Zealand and took her to a spa in southern Germany. "The most widely recommended cure for girls with Kathleen's difficult complaint was a course of cold baths and wholesome exercise," noted Antony Alpers in The Life of Katherine Mansfield. She suffered a miscarriage later that summer, but remained in Germany for several months. Out of her sojourn came her first collection of short stories, In a German Pension, first published in 1911. The volume was noted for its rather unflattering portrayal of Germans, and "the early appeal of the collection, most said, was to the anti-German sentiments felt by Britons in the years preceding the First World War," noted C. A. Hankin in Katherine Mansfield and Her Confessional Stories. In retrospect, the content of the stories "again and again [underline] her sense that sexual love for women is fraught with physical danger," as Mansfield was attracted to both men and women.

Moving back to London, in 1912 Mansfield met John Middleton Murry, the catalyst behind an acclaimed new English literary magazine out of Oxford called Rhythm. "Henceforth, she had a center to work from, and her early disastrous affairs, though they continued to provide a few themes for stories, sank below the horizon," observed Ian A. Gordon in British Writers. Mansfield instead began to mine her New Zealand upbringing for subject matter, and many of these were published in Rhythm and its successor, the Blue Review.

World War I Brought Tragedy

By 1914 Mansfield and Murry were living together, and the literary journals had ceased publication; for a time he was a reviewer of French books for the Times Literary Supplement. The next year, Mansfield's younger brother stopped by London for a rare visit before joining the British Army. His death later that year in World War I resolved Katherine to further explore their childhood in colonial New Zealand for her stories. It devastated her and she produced little work for a time, and her mental anguish was compounded by her own increasingly fragile physical health. Since arriving in England as a teenager she had been plagued by illness, and by 1916 she and Murry were living in the south of France to escape its damp and chilly climate.

During these years Mansfield and Murry were becoming well-acquainted with such literary and historical figures as D.H. Lawrence, Virginia Woolf, Lytton Strachey, and Bertrand Russell. Mansfield also began writing short stories for a journal called New Age. It was in the south of France that she penned her first major story, "The Aloe," which in a revised form was published first in 1918 as "Prelude." It "set the standard and established the pattern for all her later work," wrote Gordon in British Writers. "Prelude" chronicles the doings of the fictional Burnell family of New Zealand, whose structure and members resemble the Beauchamps of Wellington quite distinctly. There is Stanley, the aggressive tycoon, the harsh mother Linda, the unmarried maiden aunt Beryl, and daughter Kezia, who in some of her youngest incarnations caused Joanne Trautman Banks to assert in The English Short Story that Mansfield was "one of our greatest portrayers of children in short fiction."

Entered Period of Intense Creativity

In 1917 Mansfield was diagnosed with tuberculosis, and began spending even more time in the south of France. The following year she married Murry after finally winning a divorce from her first husband. This next period saw the publication of some of her most acclaimed works, including the collections Je ne parle pas francais and Bliss and Other Short Stories. Like much of her work, many of the stories feature women prominently, and often portray the few choices available to them outside of marriage. In Mansfield's era, to forsake a husband and children was almost like a death sentence.

"The success of these volumes established Mansfield as a major talent comparable to such contemporaries as Virginia Woolf and James Joyce," noted Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism. Now dividing her time between Switzerland, Paris, and the south of France, Mansfield wrote at a feverish pace, sometimes one story a day. They frequently appeared in publications such as the Athenaeum, the Nation, and the London Mercury. Much of what Mansfield wrote during 1920 and 1921 was published in the collection The Garden Party. Its title story may be her most well-known, and as in much of her fiction the tale is taken from an actual incident. The wealthy Burnell family in many of her stories is here called the Sheridans, as the story opens their sensitive daughter Laura is excited by the prospect of her family's impending afternoon fete. However, the Sheridans' idyllic afternoon is marred by the death of one of the workmen in the area just outside the Sheridan manse. The family he has left behind lives at the bottom of the hill from the lawn where the party will take place. Upset, Laura wishes to cancel the party, but the other Sheridans convince her otherwise. Later, she brings the party's leftover food to the destitute family, which Mansfield's older sister actually did when the incident happened to them in New Zealand in 1907. Grief, like the miserable fate mapped out for most women of her class, was a strong theme in much of her work. In "The Garden Party" and other stories like "The Fly" and "Six Years After," death and loss are predominant.

Mansfield also penned several pieces of literary criticism during her writing career and a final burst of short stories that appeared as The Dove's Nest, published the year she died. The work contains more of the fictional Burnells, and further explorations into the genre of the short story that "treat such universal concerns as family and love relationships and the everyday experiences of childhood, and are noted for their distinctive wit, psychological acuity, and perceptive characterizations," as Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism assessed. Mansfield spent much of the last two years of her life between Italy and France, eventually staying at a priory in Fontainebleau for a holistic-type cure for her tuberculosis. She sometimes lived apart from Murry for long stretches of time, but her longtime friend Ida Baker was often living nearby.

Some critics charge that Murry, while also serving as an editor of Mansfield's literary efforts, inhibited or excised some elements of her earlier work, most notably her preoccupation with a romantic attraction between women. Biographers assert that both Mansfield and Murry conducted affairs during their marriage, and that after her death of a lung hemorrhage in early 1923, her widower exploited her work, as "he profited from the publication of stories that Mansfield had rejected for publication, as well as notebook jottings, intermittent diaries, and letters," stated Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism.

Kathleen Mansfield

Born	October 14, 1888(1888-10-14) Wellington, New Zealand
Died	January 9, 1923 (aged 34) Fontainebleau, France
Pen name	Katherine Mansfield
Nationality	New Zealand
Literary movement	Modernism
Relative(s)	Elizabeth von Arnim (cousin)

Biography

“

The pleasure of reading is doubled when one lives with another who shares the same books. — Katherine Mansfield

”

Katherine Mansfield Birthplace in Thorndon, Wellington.

Early life

Mansfield was born Kathleen Mansfield Beauchamp, in 1888 into a socially prominent family in Wellington, New Zealand. The daughter of a banker and born to a middle-class colonial family, she was also a first cousin of author Countess Elizabeth von Arnim. Mansfield had two older sisters and a younger brother, born in 1894.^[1] Her father, Harold Beauchamp, went on to become the chairman of the Bank of New Zealand and was also knighted.^[2] The Mansfield family moved to Karori in 1893, where Mansfield would spend the happiest years of her childhood; she later used her memories of this time as an inspiration for the Prelude story.^[2]

Her first published stories appeared in the High School Reporter and the Wellington Girls' High School magazine (the family returned to Wellington proper in 1898),^[2] in 1898 and 1899.^[3] She became enamoured with a cellist, Arnold Trowell (Mansfield herself was an accomplished cellist, having received lessons from Trowell's father),^[2] in 1902, although the feelings were largely unreciprocated.^[4] Mansfield wrote, in her journals, of feeling alienated to some extent in New Zealand, and, in general terms, of how she became disillusioned due to the repression of the Māori people—who were often portrayed in a sympathetic or positive light in her later stories, such as How Pearl Button Was Kidnapped.^[1]

She moved to London in 1903, where she attended Queen's College, along with her two sisters. Mansfield recommenced playing the cello, an occupation that she believed, during her time at Queen's, she would take up professionally,^[4] but she also began contributing to the school newspaper, with such a dedication to it that she eventually became editor during this period.^[1]^[3] She was particularly interested in the works of the French Symbolists and Oscar Wilde,^[1] and she was appreciated amongst peers for her vivacious and charismatic approach to life and work.^[3] She met fellow writer Ida Baker (also known as Lesley Moore),^[1] a South African, at the college, and the pair became lifelong friends.^[2] Mansfield did not become involved in much political activity when she lived in London; for example, she did not actively support the suffragette movement in the UK (women in New Zealand had gained the right to vote in 1893).^[1]

Mansfield first began journeying into continental Europe from 1903–1906, mainly to Belgium and Germany. After finishing her schooling in England, Mansfield returned to her New Zealand home in 1906, only then beginning to write short stories. She had several works published in the Native Companion (Australia), which was her first paid writing work, and by this time she had her mind set on becoming a professional writer.^[3] It was also the first occasion on which she used the pseudonym 'K. Mansfield'.^[4] She rapidly wearied of the provincial New Zealand lifestyle, and of her family, during this time, and two years later headed again for London.^[1] Her father sent her an annual subsidy of £100 for the rest of her life.^[2] In later years, she would express both admiration and disdain for New Zealand in her journals, and she was never able to visit there again, partly due to her tuberculosis.^[1]

Mansfield had two lesbian relationships during this period, notable for their pre-eminence in her journal entries. Mansfield biographer Angela Smith has said that this is evidence of her "transgressive impetus", although Mansfield continued to have male lovers, and attempted to repress her feelings at certain times.^[1] Her first relationship was with Maata Mahupuku, a young Māori woman whom Mansfield had first met in Wellington, and then again in London. In June 1907 she wrote: "I want Maata—I want her as I have had her—terribly. This is unclean I know but true." The second relationship, with Edith Kathleen Bendall, took place from 1906 to 1908, and Mansfield also professed her adoration for her in her journals.^[5]

Return to London

Back in London in 1908, Mansfield quickly fell into the bohemian way of life lived by many artists and writers of that era (although she only published one story and one poem during her first 15 months there).^[3] Mansfield sought out the Trowell family for companionship, and whilst Arnold was involved with another woman, Mansfield embarked on a passionate affair with his brother, Garnet.^[4] By early 1909, she had become impregnated with his child, though Trowell's parents disapproved of the relationship, and the two broke up. She hastily entered into a marriage, with a singing teacher 11 years her elder,^[6] George Bowden, on March 2, but left him the same evening, having failed to consummate the marriage.^[4] After a brief reunion with Garnet, Mansfield's mother, Annie Beauchamp, arrived in 1909. She blamed the breakdown of the marriage on a lesbian relationship between Mansfield and Ida Baker, and she quickly had her daughter despatched to a spa town, Bad Wörishofen, in Bavaria, Germany. Mansfield had miscarried the child after attempting to lift a suitcase on top of a cupboard, although it is not known whether her mother knew of this miscarriage when she left shortly after arriving in Germany (Mansfield was subsequently cut out of her mother's will).^[4]

Mansfield's time in Bavaria was to have a significant effect on her literary outlook. She was introduced to the works of Anton Chekhov, a writer who proved to have greater influence upon her writing in the short-term than Wilde, on whom she had been fixated during her earlier years. She returned to London in January 1910, and had over a dozen works published in A.R. Orage's The New Age, a socialist magazine and highly-regarded intellectual publication. She became a friend and lover of Beatrice Hastings, who herself lived with Orage.^[7] Her experiences of Germany formed the foundation of her first published collection, In a German Pension,^[4] in 1911, a work that was lauded by a number of critics (and enjoyed for its unfavourable portrayal of Germans) but that she later described as "immature".^[3] The most successful story from this work was Frau Brechenmacher Attends a Wedding.^[4]

Meeting Murry

Although discouraged by the volume's relative lack of success, Mansfield submitted a lightweight story to a new avant-garde magazine called Rhythm. The piece was rejected by the magazine's editor, John Middleton Murry, who requested something darker. Mansfield responded with The Woman at the Store a tale of murder and mental illness.^[1] Mansfield was inspired in her writing by Fauvism, a contemporary art movement of the period, as well as Chekhov, although neither literary style would have a profound effect on her writing in the long-term (Fauvist literature has been described as 'savage').^[1]^[4]

Mansfield and Murray had begun, in 1911, a relationship that would culminate in their marriage in 1918. They led a troubled life during this time. In October 1912, the publisher of Rhythm, Stephen Swift, absconded to Europe, and left Murry responsible for the debts the magazine had accumulated. Mansfield pledged her father's allowance towards the magazine, but it discontinued, being reorganized as Blue Review in 1913, before folding again after three issues.^[4] Mansfield and Murry moved to a village in Buckinghamshire in 1913, in an attempt to alleviate Mansfield of her ill health (she was suffering from, amongst other things, an as yet undiagnosed gonorrhoea). Later that year, they moved to Paris, with the hope that the change of setting would make writing for both of them easier. However, Mansfield only wrote one story during her time there (Something Childish But Very Natural) before Murry was recalled to London to declare bankruptcy.^[4] Mansfield also left Murry twice from 1911–13, before returning.^[8] Mansfield had an affair in 1914, when she embarked on a brief relationship with French writer Francis Carco; her visiting him, in Paris in February 1915,^[4] was retold in one of her short stories, An Indiscreet Journey.^[1]

Mansfield's life and work were changed forever by the death of her brother, a soldier fighting in World War I, in 1915. She was shocked and traumatized by the experience, so much so that her work began to take refuge in the nostalgic reminiscences of their childhood in New Zealand.^[9] In a poem, describing a dream she had shortly after his death, she wrote

By the remembered stream my brother stands
Waiting for me with berries in his hands...
'These are my body. Sister, take and eat.'^[1]

Despite this turbulence in Mansfield's life, she entered into her most productive period of writing in early 1916, and her relationship with Murry also improved.^[1] The couple had befriended D. H. Lawrence and his wife, Frieda von Richthofen, in 1913, and maintained a strong relationship with them up until a falling out in 1916. However, Mansfield began to broaden her literary acquaintances for the remainder of the year, encountering Virginia Woolf, T. S. Eliot, Lytton Strachey, and Bertrand Russell through social gatherings and introductions from others.^[1]

At the beginning of 1917, Mansfield and Murry separated,^[1] although he continued to visit her at her new apartment.^[4] Ida Baker, whom Mansfield often called, with mixture of affection and disdain, her "wife", moved in with her shortly afterwards.^[6] Mansfield entered into her most prolific period of writing post-1916, which began with several stories, including Mr Reginald Peacock's Day and A Dill Pickle being published in The New Age. Woolf and her husband, Leonard, who had recently set up Hogarth Press, approached her for a story, and Mansfield presented Prelude, a story she had begun writing in 1915 as The Aloe. The story is centred around a family of New Zealanders moving home, with little external plot. Although it failed to reach a wider audience, and was little noticed and criticized upon its release in 1918, it later became one of Mansfield's most celebrated works.^[4]

In December 1917, Mansfield became ill, and was diagnosed with tuberculosis. Rejecting the idea of a sanatorium on the basis that it would cut her off from writing,^[3] she took the only available option, which was to move abroad during the English winter.^[4] She moved to Bandol, France, but stayed at a half-deserted and cold hotel, where she became depressed. However, she continued to produce stories, including Je ne parle pas français, one of her darker works (believed to have been inspired by Fyodor Dostoevsky's Notes from the Underground, it is a deeply personal work that casts Murry in negative light). Bliss, the story which would lend its name to her second collection of stories in 1920, was also published in 1918. Her health continued to deteriorate though, and she had her first lung haemorrhage in March.^[4]

By April, Mansfield's divorce of Bowden was finalized, and she and Murry married, although they split two weeks later.^[4] They rejoined, and in March 1919, Murry became editor of Athenaeum, a prestigious weekly journal. Mansfield wrote over 100 reviews for the magazine, and they were published as a collection, posthumously, in Novels and Novelists by Murry. For the winter of 1918–19, she and Baker stayed in a villa in San Remo, Italy. Their relationship came under strain during this period, and after writing to Murry to express her feelings of depression, he stayed over Christmas.^[4] Although her relationship with Murry became increasingly distant after 1918,^[4] and the two often lived apart,^[8] this intervention of his was able to spur her on, and she wrote The Man Without a Temperament, the story of an ill wife and her long suffering husband. Biographer Joanna Woods has said that this work signalled a turning point for Mansfield, when she was able to display a "new objectivity that gives the story a universal dimension".^[4]

"Miss Brill," the bittersweet story of a fragile woman living an ephemeral life of observation and simple pleasures in Paris, established Mansfield as one of the preeminent writers of the Modernist period, upon its publication in 1920's Bliss. The title story from that collection, "Bliss," which involved a similar character facing her husband's infidelity, also found critical acclaim. She followed with the equally praised collection, The Garden Party, published in 1922.

Final years

Mansfield spent her last years seeking increasingly unorthodox cures for her tuberculosis. In February 1922, she consulted the Russian physician Ivan Manoukhin. His "revolutionary" treatment, which consisted of bombarding her spleen with X-rays, caused Mansfield to develop heat flashes and numbness in her legs.

The Dictionary of National Biography reports that she now came to feel that her attitude to life had been unduly rebellious, and she sought, during the days that remained to her, to renew and compose her spiritual life. In October 1922, Mansfield moved to Georges Gurdjieff's Institute for the Harmonious Development of Man in Fontainebleau, France, where she was under the care of Olgivanna Lazovitch Hinzenburg (later, Mrs. Frank Lloyd Wright). Mansfield suffered a fatal pulmonary haemorrhage in January 1923, after running up a flight of stairs to show Murry how well she was.^[10] She died on January 9 and was buried in a cemetery in the Fontainebleau District in the town of Avon.

Mansfield proved to be a prolific writer in the final years of her life, and much of her prose and poetry remained unpublished at her death. Murry took on the task of editing and publishing her works.

His efforts resulted in two additional volumes of short stories in 1923 (The Dove's Nest) and in 1924 (Something Childish), the publication of her Poems, The Aloe, as well as a collection of critical writings (Novels and Novelists) and a number of editions of Mansfield's previously unpublished letters and journals.

Legacy

Katherine Mansfield is widely considered one of the best short story writers of her period. A number of her works, including "Miss Brill", "Prelude", "The Garden Party", "The Doll's House", and later works such as "The Fly", are frequently collected in short story anthologies. Mansfield also proved ahead of her time in her adoration of Russian playwright and short story writer Anton Chekhov, and incorporated some of his themes and techniques into her writing.

Mount Roskill Grammar School in Auckland, Rangiora High School in North Canterbury, Tauranga Girls' College in Tauranga, Westlake Girls' High School in Auckland, Macleans College in Auckland, Wellington Girls' College in Wellington, Westlake Girls' High School in Auckland, Southland Girls' High School in Invercargill and Rangitoto College in Auckland have a house named after her. Karori Normal School in Wellington has a stone monument dedicated to her with a plaque commemorating her work and her time at the school.

A street in Menton, France, where she lived and wrote, is named after her and a Fellowship is offered annually to enable a New Zealand writer to work at her former home, the Villa Isola Bella. New Zealand's pre-eminent short story competition is also named in her honour.

Works

Collections

In a German Pension (1911), ISBN 1-86941-014-9
The Garden Party: and Other Stories (1922), ISBN 1-86941-016-5
The Doves' Nest: and Other Stories (1923), ISBN 1-86941-017-3
Bliss: and Other Stories (1923)
The Montana Stories (1923) (Republished in 2001 by Persephone Books)
Poems (1923), ISBN 0-19-558199-7
Something Childish (1924), ISBN 1-86941-018-1, first published in the U.S. as The Little Girl
The Journal of Katherine Mansfield (1927, 1954), ISBN 0-88001-023-1
The Letters of Katherine Mansfield (2 vols., 1928-29)
The Aloe (1930), ISBN 0-86068-520-9
Novels and Novelists (1930), ISBN 0-403-02290-8
The Short Stories of Katherine Mansfield (1937)
The Scrapbook of Katherine Mansfield (1939)
The Collected Stories of Katherine Mansfield (1945, 1974), ISBN 0-14-118368-3
Letters to John Middleton Murry, 1913-1922 (1951), ISBN 0-86068-945-X
The Urewera Notebook (1978), ISBN 0-19-558034-6
The Critical Writings of Katherine Mansfield (1987), ISBN 0-312-17514-0
The Collected Letters of Katherine Mansfield (4 vols., 1984-96)
- Vol. 1, 1903-17, ISBN 0-19-812613-1
- Vol. 2, 1918-19, ISBN 0-19-812614-X
- Vol. 3, 1919-20, ISBN 0-19-812615-8
- Vol. 4, 1920-21, ISBN 0-19-818532-4
The Katherine Mansfield Notebooks (2 vols., 1997), ISBN 0-8166-4236-2

Short stories

"The Woman At The Store" (1912)
"How Pearl Button Was Kidnapped" (1912)
"Millie" (1913)
"Something Childish But Very Natural" (1914)
"The Little Governess" (1915)
"Pictures" (1917)
"Feuille d'Album" (1917)
"A Dill Pickle" (1917)
"Je ne parle pas français" (1917)
"Prelude" (1918)
"An Indiscreet Journey" (1920)
"Bliss" (1920)
"Miss Brill" (1920)
"Psychology" (1920)
"Sun and Moon" (1920)
"The Wind Blows" (1920)
"Mr Reginald Peacock's Day" (1920)
"Marriage à la Mode" (1921)
"The Voyage" (1921)
"Her First Ball" (1921)
"Mr and Mrs Dove" (1921)
"Life of Ma Parker" (1921)
"The Daughters of the Late Colonel" (1921)
"The Stranger" (1921)
"The Man Without a Temperament" (1921)
"At The Bay" (1922)
"The Fly" (1922)
"The Garden Party" (1922)
"A Cup of Tea" (1922)
"The Doll's House" (1922)
"A Married Man's Story" (1923)
"The Canary"" (1923)
"The Singing Lesson"
"An Ideal Family"

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Katherine Mansfield (2002). Selected Stories. Oxford World's Classics. ISBN 9780192839862.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Katherine Mansfield:1888 - 1923 - A Biography". Katharinemansfield.com. http://www.katherinemansfield.com/mansfield/. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Mansfield: Her Writing". Katharinemansfield.com. http://www.katherinemansfield.com/mansfield/her_write.asp. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t Joanna Woods (2007). "Katherine Mansfield, 1888-1923". Kōtare 2007, Special Issue — Essays in New Zealand Literary Biography — Series One: ‘Women Prose Writers to World War I’. Victoria University of Wellington. http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-Whi071Kota-t1-g1-t8.html. Retrieved 2008-10-13.
^ Alison J. Laurie. "Queering Katherine" (PDF). Victoria University of Wellington. http://socsci.flinders.edu.au/wmst/awsa2001/pdf/papers/Laurie.pdf. Retrieved 2008-10-23.
^ ^a ^b Ali Smith (2007-04-07). "So many afterlives from one short life". The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2007/04/07/bokatherine.xml. Retrieved 2008-10-13.
^ "As mad and bad as it gets", Frank Witford, The Sunday Times, July 30, 2006
^ ^a ^b Kathleen Jones. "Katherine’s relationship with John Middleton Murry". http://www.katherinemansfield.net/life/briefbio2.htm. Retrieved 2008-10-22.
^ "Katherine Mansfield". Britishempire.co.uk. http://www.britishempire.co.uk/biography/mansfield.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-25.
^ Susan Kavaler-Adler (1996). The Creative Mystique: From Red Shoes Frenzy to Love and Creativity. pp. 113. ISBN 0415914124. http://books.google.com/books?id=OP_bJDyvBnoC&pg=PT126&lpg=PT126&dq=%22katherine+mansfield%22+stairs+murry&source=web&ots=lvc5Oqts0R&sig=dC2mYDmOQUv0jVqujB9-qYO9vGQ.

External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Katherine Mansfield

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Archival material relating to Katherine Mansfield listed at the UK National Register of Archives

Short stories by Katherine Mansfield

Frau Brechenmacher Attends a Wedding · The Woman At The Store · How Pearl Button Was Kidnapped · Millie · Something Childish But Very Natural · The Little Governess · Revelations · The Escape · An Indiscreet Journey · The Wind Blows · Prelude · Mr Reginald Peacock's Day · Feuille d'Album · A Dill Pickle · Je ne parle pas français · Sun and Moon · Bliss · Psychology · Pictures · The Man Without a Temperament · The Stranger · Miss Brill · The Daughters of the Late Colonel · Life of Ma Parker · The Young Girl · Mr and Mrs Dove · Her First Ball · The Singing Lesson · Bank Holiday · An Ideal Family · The Lady's Maid · Marriage à la Mode · At The Bay · The Voyage · A Married Man's Story · The Garden Party · The Doll's House · The Fly · A Cup of Tea · The Canary

Persondata
NAME	Mansfield, Katherine
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Murray, Katherine Mansfield; Beauchamp, Katherine Mansfield
SHORT DESCRIPTION	Author
DATE OF BIRTH	14 October 1888
PLACE OF BIRTH	Wellington New Zealand.
DATE OF DEATH	9 January 1923)
PLACE OF DEATH	Institute for the Harmonious Development of Man, Fontainebleau, France

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