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Khar·kiv (kär'kĭv', KHär'kēw')  or Khar·kov
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A city of northeast Ukraine east of Kiev. Founded in 1656, it was an important 17th-century frontier headquarters of Ukrainian Cossacks who were loyal to the Russian czars. Today it is a major industrial center and transportation hub. Population: 1,460,000.
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Founded in 1656 as a military strongpoint to defend Moscow's southern border, it became an important frontier headquarters of the Ukrainian Cossacks. They kept the city loyal to the czar during the Cossack uprisings of the late 17th cent., and, as a result, Kharkiv received more autonomy than most other Ukrainian cities. Developing as an intellectual and commercial center, Kharkiv became the site of large annual trade fairs, which were held from the second half of the 18th cent. until the Russian Revolution. Russia's annexation of the Crimea in 1783 and colonization of the steppes further stimulated Kharkiv's economic growth. The coal and metallurgical industries developed after the 1860s, and railroads were built in the late 19th cent. Kharkiv also became an important center of the 19th-century Ukrainian national and literary movements. The city became the capital of Ukraine in 1919 but was superseded by Kiev in 1934.
Kharkiv's landmarks include the cathedral of the Protectoress (1686), the cathedral of the Assumption (1771), and a bell tower that was built to celebrate Napoleon's defeat in 1812. The university dates from 1805, and there are numerous scientific research institutes. Heavy fighting raged in Kharkiv during World War II. The city was rebuilt with large avenues and many apartment blocks.
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| Dialing Code: The telephone dialing code for: Kharkov, Ukraine |
The country code is: 380
The city code is: 572
| Wikipedia: Kharkiv |
| Kharkiv (Kharkov) Харків (Харьков) |
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| Coordinates: 49°55′0″N 36°19′0″E / 49.91667°N 36.31667°ECoordinates: 49°55′0″N 36°19′0″E / 49.91667°N 36.31667°E | |||
| Country |  Ukraine |
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|---|---|---|---|
| Oblast | Kharkiv Oblast | ||
| Raion | Kharkivskyi Raion | ||
| Founded | 1654 | ||
| City rights | 1552-1654 | ||
| Government | |||
| - Mayor | Mykhailo Dobkin | ||
| Area | |||
| - Total | 310 km2 (119.7 sq mi) | ||
| Elevation | 152 m (499 ft) | ||
| Population (2007) | |||
| - Total | 1,461,000 | ||
| - Density | 4,500/km2 (11,654.9/sq mi) | ||
| Time zone | EET (UTC+2) | ||
| - Summer (DST) | EEST (UTC+3) | ||
| Postal code | 61001—61499 | ||
| Licence plate | ХА, 21 (old) | ||
| Sister cities | Belgorod, Bologna, Cincinnati, Kaunas, Lille, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Nuremberg, Poznań, St. Petersburg, Tianjin, Rize, Kutaisi, Varna | ||
| Website | http://www.city.kharkov.ua | ||
Kharkiv (Ukrainian: Харків, pronounced [ˈxɑrkiw]),[1] also spelled Kharkov (from Russian: Харьков) is the second largest city in Ukraine. It was the first capital of Soviet Ukraine, now the administrative center of the Kharkiv Oblast (province), as well as the administrative centre of the surrounding Kharkivskyi Raion (district) within the oblast. The city is located in the northeast of the country. As of 2006, its population is 1,461,300.[2]
Kharkiv is a major cultural, scientific, educational, transport and industrial centre of Ukraine. Its industry specializes mostly in machinery. There are hundreds of industrial companies in the city. Among them are world famous giants like the Morozov Design Bureau and the Malyshev Tank Factory, leaders in tank production since the 1930s; Hartron (aerospace and nuclear electronics); and the Turboatom turbines producer.
There is an underground rapid-transit system (metro) with about 35 km (22 mi) of track and 28 stations. A well-known landmark of Kharkiv is the Freedom Square (Maidan Svobody formally known as Dzerzhinsky Square), which is currently the third largest city square in Europe, and the 7th largest square in the world.
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Kharkiv is located in the northeastern region of Ukraine at around 49°55′0″N 36°19′0″E / 49.91667°N 36.31667°E. Historically, Kharkiv lies in the Sloboda Ukraine region (Slobozhanshchyna also known as Slobidshchyna), in which it is considered the main city. The city rests at the confluence of the Kharkiv, Lopan, and Udy rivers, where they flow into the Siversky Donets watershed.
Kharkiv's climate is moderate continental: cold and snowy winters, and hot summers. The seasonal average temperatures are not too cold in winter, not too hot in summer: −6.9 °C (20 °F) in January, and 20.3 °C (68.5 °F) in July. The average rainfall totals 513 mm (20 in) per year, with the most in June and July.
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ave. high °C (°F) | -5 (23) | -2 (27) | 2 (37) | 13 (56) | 21 (71) | 25 (77) | 27 (81) | 26 (79) | 20 (68) | 12 (55) | 3 (39) | -1 (30) | 12 (54) |
| Ave. low °C (°F) | -9 (15) | -8 (17 | -3 (26) | 4 (40) | 10 (50) | 13 (56) | 15 (59) | 14 (58) | 9 (49) | 3 (39) | 0 (31) | -3 (25) | 3 (39) |
| Source: Weatherbase[3] | |||||||||||||
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Archeological evidence discovered in the area of present-day Kharkiv indicates that a local population has existed in that area since the 2nd millennium BC. Cultural artifacts date back to the Bronze Age, as well as those of later Scythian and Sarmatian settlers. There is also evidence that the Chernyakhov culture flourished in the area from the 2nd to the 6th century.
Founded in the middle of 17th century by a Ukrainian cossack called Kharko, the city has had a university since 1805. During the early years of the Soviet Union, Bolsheviks established Kharkiv as the capital of the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic (from 1917–1934) in opposition to the Ukrainian Peoples Republic with its capital of Kiev.
In the 1920s a 150 metres tall wooden radio tower was built in Kharkiv. It was destroyed in World War II.
In the early 1930s, a politically inspired genocidal famine known as the Holodomor drove many people off the land into the cities, and to Kharkiv in particular, in search of food. Many people died and were secretly buried in mass graves in the city's cemeteries. During April and May 1940 about 3,800 Polish prisoners of Starobelsk camp were murdered in the Kharkiv NKVD building, later secretly buried on the grounds of an NKVD pansionat in Pyatykhatky forest (part of the Katyn massacre).[4] The site also contains the numerous bodies of Ukrainian cultural workers who were arrested and shot in the 1937-38 Stalinist purges.
During World War II, Kharkiv was the site of several military engagements. The city was captured by Nazi Germany and its military allies on 24 October 1941; there was disastrous Red Army offensive that failed to capture the city in May 1942;[5][6] the city was successfully retaken by the Soviets on 16 February 1943, captured for a second time by the Germans on 16 March 1943 and then finally liberated on 23 August 1943. Seventy percent of the city was destroyed and tens of thousands of the inhabitants were killed. Kharkiv, the third largest city in the Soviet Union, was the most populous city in the Soviet Union captured by Nazis, since in the years preceding World War II, Kiev was by population the smaller of the two.
Between December 1941 and January 1942, an estimated 30,000 people (mostly Jewish) were killed by the Germans. They were laid to rest in a large mass grave that located at Dobytsky Yar.
During World War II, four battles took place for control of the city:
Before the occupation, Kharkiv's tank industries were evacuated to the Urals with all their equipment, and became the heart of Red Army's tank programs (particularly, producing the legendary T-34 tank earlier designed in Kharkiv). These enterprises were returned after the war, and continue to produce some of the world's best tanks.
Kharkiv was the third largest scientific-industrial center in the former USSR (after Moscow and Leningrad).
While Kharkiv is the administrative center of the Kharkiv Oblast (province), the city affairs are managed by the Kharkiv City Municipality. Kharkiv is a city of oblast subordinance.
The territory of Kharkiv is divided into 9 administrative raions (districts):
| Historical populations | ||
|---|---|---|
| Census | Pop. | %± |
| 1660 | ~1,000[7] | |
| 1788 | 10,742 (not children)[8] | |
| 1850 | 41,861[9] | |
| 1861 | 50,301[9] | |
| 1901 | 198,273[9] | |
| 1916 | 352,300[10] | |
| 1917 | 382,000[11] | |
| 1920 | 285,000 (Civil War)[10] | |
| 1926 | 417,000[10] | +20.85% |
| 1939 | 833,000[12] | +1.99% |
| 1.05.1941 | 902,312 (before World War II))[10] | |
| 09.1941 | ~1,400,000-1,450,000[13] | |
| 12.1941 | 456,639 (occupation, not children)[10][14] | |
| 23.08.1943 | ~170,000-220,000 (Liberation)[15] | |
| 1959 | 930,000[9] | +5.60% |
| 1962 | 1,000,000[9] | |
| 1.06.1976 | 1,384,000[9] | |
| 03.1982 | 1,500,000[8] | |
| 1989 | 1,593,970 | +1.67% |
| 1999 | 1,510,200 | -0.94% |
| 2001 | 1,470,900[16] | -0.97% |
According to the 1989 Soviet Union Census, the population of the city was 1,593,970. In 1991, the population decreased to 1,510,200, including 1,494,200 permanent city residents.[17] Kharkiv is currently the second-largest city in Ukraine after the capital, Kiev.[2]
The nationality structure of Kharkiv as of the 1989 census is: Ukrainians – 50.38%, Russians – 43.63%, Jews – 3%, Belarusians – 0.75%, and all others (more than 25 minorities) – 2.24%.[17]
The nationality structure of Kharkiv as of the 2001 census is: Ukrainians – 70.7%, Russians – 25.6%, Jews – 0.4%, Belarusians – 0.5%.[18]
Although all city signage is in Ukrainian and all educational establishments teach in Ukrainian[citation needed], the language spoken in Kharkiv's city core is primarily Russian a legacy of many years of intensive Russification from the Soviet-era. This however is slowly changing[citation needed].
During the Soviet era Kharkiv was the capital of industrial production in Ukraine and one of the largest centres of industry and commerce in the USSR. After the collapse of the Soviet Union the largely defence-systems-oriented industrial production of the city decreased significantly. In the early 2000s the industry started to recover and adapt to market economy needs. Now there are more than 380 industrial enterprises concentrated in the city, which have a total number of 150,000 employees. The enterprises form machine-building, electrotechnical, instrument-making, and energy clusters.
State-owned industrial giants, such as Turboatom[19] and Elektrotyazhmash[20] occupy 17% of the heavy power equipment construction (e.g., turbines) market worldwide. Multipurpose aircraft are produced by the Antonov aircraft manufacturing plant. The Malyshev factory produces not only armoured fighting vehicles, but also harvesters. Hartron[21] is the leading designer of space and commercial control systems in Ukraine and the former CIS.
Kharkiv is one of the most prolific centers of higher education and research of Eastern Europe. The city has 13 national universities and numerous professional, technical and private higher education institutions, offering its students a wide range of disciplines. Kharkiv National University (12,000 students), National Technical University “KhPI” (10,000 students), Kharkiv National Aerospace University "KhAI" are the leading universities in Ukraine. A total number of 150,000 students attend the universities and other institutions of higher education in Kharkiv. About 9,000 foreign students from 96 countries study in the city. More than 17,000 faculty and research stuff are employed in the institutions of higher education in Kharkiv.
The city has a high concentration of research institutions, which are independent or loosely connected with the universities. Among them are three national science centers: Kharkіv Institute of Physics and Technology,[22] Institute of Metrology,[23] Institute for Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine and 20 national research institutions of the National Academy of Science of Ukraine, such as Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering.[24] A total number of 26,000 scientists are working in research and development. A number of world renowned scientific schools appeared in Kharkiv such as the theoretical physics school and the mathematical school.
In addition to the libraries affiliated with the various universities and research institutions, the Kharkiv State Scientific V. Korolenko-library[25] is a major research library. Kharkiv has 212 (secondary education) schools, including 10 lyceums and 20 gymnasiums.
Of the many attractions of the Kharkiv city are the: Derzhprom building, Memorial Complex, Freedom Square, Taras Shevchenko Monument, Mirror Stream, Dormition Cathedral, Militia Museum, Intercession Cathedral, T. Shevchenko Gardens, funicular, Annunciation Cathedral, Children's narrow-gauge railroad and many more.
Kharkiv is Ukraine's second largest city and as in the whole country sports are taken seriously. The most popular sport is football. The city has two clubs playing in the Ukrainian Premier League, one in the Persha Liha and one in Druha Liha B.
Kharkiv is currently twinned with:[26]
Moscow, Russia (according to Moscow-city web site) St.Petersburg, Russia
Brno, Czech Republic (since 2008)
Donetsk, Ukraine
Bologna, Italy
Lille, France [27]
Nürnberg, Germany
Poznań, Poland [28]
Cincinnati, United States
Tianjin, China
Bangalore, India
Rize, Turkey
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The city of Kharkiv is one of the largest transportation centers in Ukraine, which is connected to numerous cities of the world by air, rail and road traffic. The city has many transportation methods, including: public transport, taxis, railways, and air traffic.
Being an important transportation center of Ukraine, Kharkiv itself contains many different transportation methods. Kharkiv's Metro is the city's rapid transit system, operating since 1975, it includes three different lines with 28 stations in total.[29] The Kharkiv buses carry about 12 million passengers annually, trolleybuses, tramways (which celebrated 100 years of service in 2006), and marshrutkas (private minibuses).
The first railway connection of Kharkiv was opened in 1869. The first train to arrive in Kharkiv came from the north on 22 May 1869, and on 6 June 1869, traffic was opened on the Kursk–Kharkiv–Azov line. Kharkiv's passenger railway station was reconstructed and expanded in 1901, to be later destroyed in the Second World War. A new railway station was built in 1952.
Various railway transportation methods available in the city are the: inter-city railway trains, and elektrichkas (regional electric trains).
Kharkiv is served by an international airport which used to have about 200 flights a day, almost all of them being passenger flights. The Kharkiv Osnova International Airport was only recently granted international status. The airport itself is not large and is situated within the city boundaries, south from the city centre. Flights to Kiev and Moscow are scheduled daily. There are regular flights to Vienna and Istanbul, and several other destinations. Charter flights are also available. The former largest carrier of the Kharkiv Airport — Aeromost-Kharkiv — is not serving any regular destinations as of 2007. The Kharkiv North Airport is a factory airfield and was a major production facility for Antonov aircraft company.
(in Polish) © 1998-2008 Urząd Miasta Poznania. http://www.poznan.pl/mim/public/publikacje/pages.html?co=list&id=19&ch=20&instance=1017&lang=pl. Retrieved on 2008-11-29.
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