| Tutankhamun |
| Tutankhaten, Tutankhamon,[1] possibly Nibhurrereya (as referenced in the Amarna letters) |
Preceded by:
Smenkhkare? or
Neferneferuaten? |
Pharaoh of Egypt
18th Dynasty |
Succeeded by:
Ay |
|
|
| Reign |
1333 BC – 1324 BC |
| Praenomen |
Nebkheperure
Lord of the forms of Re |
| Nomen |
Tutankhaten
Living Image of the Aten
Tutankhamun Hekaiunushema
Living Image of Amun,
ruler of Upper Heliopolis |
Horus
name |
Kanakht Tutmesut
The strong bull, pleasing of birth |
Nebty
name |
Neferhepusegerehtawy
One of perfect laws,
who pacifies the two lands[2]
Wer-Ah-Amun
Great of the palace of Amun
Neb-r-Djer
Lord of all |
Golden
Horus |
Wetjeskhausehetepnetjeru
Who wears crowns and pleases the gods
Heqa-maat-sehetep-netjeru
Ruler of Truth, who pleases the gods
Wetjes-khau-itef-Re
Who wears the crowns of his father, Re
Wetjes-khau-Tjestawy-Im
Who wears crowns, and binds the two lands therein |
| Consort(s) |
Ankhesenamen |
| Burial |
KV62 |
Nebkheperure Tutankhamun (alternately spelled with Tutenkh-, -amen, -amon), Egyptian twt-ˁnḫ-ı͗mn; *tuwt-ʕankh-yamān, was a Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty (ruled 1333 BC – 1324 BC
in the conventional chronology), during the period of Egyptian history known as the
New Kingdom. His original name, Tutankhaten, meant "Living Image of Aten", while Tutankhamun meant "Living Image of Amun". He is possibly also the
Nibhurrereya of the Amarna letters. He was likely the eighteenth dynasty king
'Rathotis', who according to Manetho, an ancient historian, had reigned for nine years—a figure
which conforms exactly with Flavius Josephus' generally accurate version of Manetho's
Epitome.[3]
Significance
In historical terms, Tutankhamun is of only moderate significance, and most of his modern popularity stems from the fact that
his tomb in the Valley of the Kings was discovered almost completely intact.
However, he also is significant as a figure among those who managed the beginning of the transition from the heretical
Atenism of his predecessors Akhenaten and perhaps
Smenkhkare back to the familiar Egyptian
religion. As Tutankhamun began his reign at age nine, his vizier and eventual successor Ay was
probably making most of the important political decisions during Tutankhamun's reign. Nonetheless, Tutankhamun is, in modern
times, one of the most famous of the pharaohs, and the only one to have a nickname in popular culture ("King Tut"). The
1922 discovery by Howard Carter of Tutankhamun's nearly intact
tomb (subsequently designated KV62) received worldwide press coverage
and sparked a renewed public interest in ancient Egypt, for which Tutankhamun remains the
popular face.
Parentage
Tutankhamun's parentage is uncertain. An inscription calls him a king's son, but it is not clear which king was meant. Most
scholars think that he was probably a son either of Amenhotep III (although probably not
by his Great Royal Wife Tiye), or more likely a son of
Amenhotep III's son Akhenaten around 1342 BC. However, Professor James Allen argues that
Tutankhamun was more likely to be a son of the short-lived king Smenkhkare rather than Akhenaten. Allen argues that Akhenaten
consciously chose a female co-regent named Neferneferuaten as his successor rather than
Tutankhamun which would have been unlikely if the latter had been his son.[4] Tutankhamun was married to Ankhesenpaaten (possibly his
sister), and after the re-establishment of the traditional Egyptian religion the couple changed the –aten ending of their
names to the –amun ending, becoming Ankhesenamun and Tutankhamun. They are known to have had two children, both stillborn
girls—whose mummies were discovered in his tomb. The "boy king" died at the age of nineteen by reasons still disputed. Some
believe that he was murdered by his advisors, but it is also possible that he died from injuries suffered in an accident or while
at war. He was buried in the Valley of the Kings, in a small tomb today known as
KV62, that was not intended for a king.
The first theory was that he was a son of Amenhotep III and Queen Tiye. This theory seems unlikely since Tiye would have been more than fifty years old at the time of Tutankhamun's
birth. Another theory is that Tutankhamun was the son of Smenkhkare and Meritaten. This is possible, but not plausible. Smenkhkare came on the scene when Akhenaten entered year 14 of
his reign and it is thought that during this time Meritaten married Smenkhkare. So, if Smenkhkare is the father of Tutankhamun,
he would have needed at least a three year reign, because if it had been shorter, Tutankhamun would have been barely seven when
he came to the throne. However, if there had been lengthy co-regency between Amenhotep III and Akhenaten, Amenhotep definitely
could be Tutankhamun's father.
The current theory is that he was the son of Akhenaten and his minor wife Kiya. Queen Kiya's
title was "Greatly Beloved Wife of Akhenaten" so it is possible that she could have borne him an heir. Supporting this theory,
images on the tomb wall in the tomb of Akhenaten show that a royal fan bearer standing next to Kiya's death bed, fanning what is
either a princess or more likely a wet nurse holding a baby, which would indicate that the wet nurse was holding the
boy-king-to-be.
Reign
cartouches of his birth and throne names are displayed between rampant
Sekhmet lioness warrior images (perhaps with his head) crushing enemies from several ethnicites, while
Nekhbet flies protectively above
During Tutankhamun's reign, Akhenaten's Amarna revolution (Atenism) was being reversed. Akhenaten had attempted to supplant the traditional priesthood and deities with a god who was until then considered minor, Aten. In Year 3 of
Tutankhamun's reign (1331 BC), when he was still a boy of about eleven and probably under the influence of two older advisors
(Akhenaten's vizier Ay and perhaps Nefertiti), the ban on the old pantheon of deities and their temples was lifted, the traditional privileges were restored
to their priesthoods, and the capital was moved back to Thebes. The young pharaoh adopted
the name Tutankhamun, changing it from his birth name Tutankhaten. Because of his age at the time these decisions were made, it
is generally thought that most if not all the responsibility for them falls on his advisors. Also, King Tutankhamun restored all
of the traditional deities and restored order to the chaos that his relative had caused. Many temples devoted to Amun-Ra were built. Tutankhamun's wooden box depicts him going to war against Hittites and Nubians suggesting that
he may have gone to war in the last few years of his reign, and perhaps even died from injuries suffered in the campaign.
Events after his death
A now-famous letter to the Hittite king Suppiluliuma
I from a widowed queen of Egypt, asking for one of his sons as a husband, has been attributed to Ankhesenamun (among others). The royal lineage of Egypt was carried by its women. Marriage to a woman of
the royal line was essential for a male pharaoh, even if he came from outside the lineage. Suspicious of this good fortune,
Suppiluliumas I first sent a messenger to make inquiries about the truth of the young queen's story. After receiving reports that
the situation was as related to Suppiluliuma I, he sent his son, Zannanza, accepting her offer.
However, Zannanza got no further than the border before he was killed, according to the Hittite archives. If Ankhesenamun were
the queen in question, and his death a strategic murder, it was probably at the orders of either Horemheb or Ay, who both had the opportunity and the motive to kill him.
Name
Tutankhamun's
nomen (left) or birth name and
praenomen or throne name.
Under Atenism, Tutankhamun was named Tutankhaten, which in Egyptian hieroglyphs is:
Technically, this name is transliterated as twt-ˁnḫ-ỉtn.
At the reintroduction of the old pantheon, his name was changed. It is transliterated as twt-ˁnḫ-ỉmn ḥq3-ỉwnw-šmˁ, and often
realized as Tutankhamun Hekaiunushema, meaning "Living image of Amun, ruler of Upper
Heliopolis". On his ascension to the throne, Tutankhamun took a praenomen.
This is translated as nb-ḫprw-rˁ, and realized as Nebkheperure, meaning "Lord of the forms of Re". The name Nibhurrereya in the Amarna letters may be a variation of
this praenomen.
Cause of death
The golden mask of the "boy king"
For a long time the cause of Tutankhamun's death was unknown, and it is still the root of much speculation. How old was the
king when he died? Did he suffer from any physical abnormalities? Had he been murdered? Some of these questions were finally
answered in early 2005 when the results of a set of CT
scans on the mummy were released, but many still remain to be solved.
The body originally was inspected by Howard Carter’s team in the early
1920s, although they were primarily interested in recovering the jewellery and amulets from the body. To remove these objects
from the body, which often were stuck fast by the hardened embalming resins used, Carter's team cut up the mummy into various
pieces: the arms and legs were detached, the torso cut in half and the head was severed. Hot knives were used to remove it from
the golden mask to which it was cemented by resin.
Since the body was placed back in its sarcophagus in 1926, the mummy has subsequently been X-rayed three times: first in 1968
by a group from the University of Liverpool, then in 1978 by a group from the
University of Michigan, and finally in 2005 a team of Egyptian scientists led by
Secretary General of the Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities,
Dr. Zahi Hawass, who conducted a CT scan on the
mummy.
X-rays of his mummy, which were taken previously, in 1968, had
revealed a dense spot at the lower back of the skull. This had been interpreted as a
subdural hematoma, which would have been caused by a blow. Such an injury could have
been the result of an accident, but it also had been suggested that the young pharaoh was murdered. If this were the case, there are a number of theories as to who was responsible. One popular candidate
was his immediate successor Ay and other candidates included his wife and chariot-driver.
Interestingly, there seem to be signs of calcification within the supposed
injury, which if true, meant Tutankhamun lived for a fairly extensive period of time (on the order of several months) after the
injury was inflicted.[5]
Much confusion had been caused by a small loose sliver of bone within the upper cranial cavity, which was discovered from the
same X-ray analysis. Some people have suggested this visible bone fragment for the supposed head injury. In fact, since
Tutankhamun's brain was removed post mortem in the mummification process, and considerable
quantities of now-hardened resin introduced into the skull on at
least two separate occasions after that, had the fragment resulted from an injury while he was alive, some scholars, including
the 2005 CT scan team, say it almost certainly would not still be loose in the
cranial cavity. But other scientists suggested, that the loose sliver of bone was loosened by the embalmers during
mummification, but that it had been broken before. A blow to the back of the head (from a fall or
an actual blow), is said to have caused the brain to move forward, hitting the front of the skull, breaking small pieces of the
bone right above the eyes.[6]
Discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb
-
Tutankhamun seems to have faded from public consciousness in Ancient Egypt within a short time after his death, and he
remained virtually unknown until the early twentieth century. His tomb was robbed at least twice in antiquity, but based on the
items taken (including perishable oils and perfumes) and the evidence of restoration of the tomb after the intrusions, it seems
clear that these robberies took place within several months at most of the initial burial. Subsequently, the location of the tomb
was lost because it had come to be buried by stone chips from subsequent tombs, either dumped there or washed there by floods. In
the years that followed, some huts for workers were built over the tomb entrance, clearly not knowing what lay beneath. When at
the end of the twentieth dynasty the Valley of the Kings burials were systematically dismantled, the burial of Tutankhamun was
overlooked, presumably because knowledge of it had been lost and even his name may have been forgotten.
For many years, rumors of a "Curse of the Pharaohs" (probably fueled by
newspapers seeking sales at the time of the discovery) persisted, emphasizing the early death of some of those who had first
entered the tomb. However, a recent study of journals and death records indicates no statistical difference between the age of death of those who entered the tomb and those on the expedition who
did not. Indeed, most lived past seventy.
Ancient Egyptian senet games similar to the one
displayed at the right, were found in the tomb.[7]
Some of the treasures in Tutankhamun's tomb are noted for their apparent departure from traditional depictions of the boy
king. Certain cartouches where a king's name should appear have been altered, as if to reuse the property of a previous
pharaoh—as often occurred. However, this instance may simply be the product of "updating" the artifacts to reflect the shift from
Tutankhaten to Tutankhamun. Other differences are less easy to explain, such as the older, more angular facial
features of the middle coffin and canopic coffinettes. The most widely accepted theory for these latter variations is that the
items were originally intended for Smenkhkare, who may or may not be the mysterious
KV55 mummy. Said mummy, according to craniological examinations, bears a striking first-order (father-to-son, brother-to-brother)
relationship to Tutankhamun.[8]
Tutankhamun in popular culture
-
If Tutankhamun is the world's best known pharaoh, it is partly because his tomb is among the best preserved, and his image and
associated artifacts the most-exhibited. He also has entered popular culture—he has, for example, been commemorated in the
whimsical song "King Tut" by the American comedian Steve Martin. He was also the
namesake of one of Batman's arch enemies in the 1960s American television series "Batman" with Adam West.
In 1939, The Three Stooges spoofed the discovery of King Tutankhamun with their short film
We Want Our Mummy.
In 1939, slapstick comedy trio the Three Stooges filmed We Want Our Mummy, in which they explored the tomb of the
midget King Rutentuten (and his Queen, Hotsy Totsy). A decade later, they were crooked used
chariot salesmen in Mummy's Dummies, in which
they ultimately assist a different King Rootentootin (Vernon Dent) with a toothache.
As a side effect, the interest in this tomb and its alleged "curse" led to horror movies
featuring a vengeful mummy. As Jon Manchip White writes, in his forward to the 1977 edition of
Carter's The Discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamun, "The pharaoh who in life was one of the least esteemed of Egypt's kings
has become in death the most renowned."
Tutankhamun's appearance and controversy
A rendering of Tutankhamun on the cover of
National Geographic in
2005 - considered controversial by some because it exhibits hazel eyes and a mid-range of skin tones
- See also: Racial characteristics of ancient
Egyptians
In 2005, three teams of scientists (Egyptian, French, and American), in partnership with the National Geographic Society, developed a new facial likeness of Tutankhamun. The Egyptian
team worked from 1,700 three-dimensional CT scans
of the pharaoh's skull. The French and American teams worked plastic moulds created from these—but the Americans were never told
who the subject of the reconstruction was.[9] All
three teams created silicone busts of their interpretation of what the young monarch looked
like.
Skin tone
Although modern technology can reconstruct Tutankhamun's facial structure with a high degree of accuracy based on CT data from
his mummy,[10] correctly determining his skin tone is
impossible. The problem is not a lack of skill on the part of Ancient Egyptians. Egyptian artisans distinguished quite accurately
among different ethnicities, as can be seen clearly in the image, above at "Reign", where the enemies being vanquished are
displayed under the rampant lioness with Tutankhamun's head. Sometimes they depicted their subjects in totally unreal colors, the
purposes for which aren't completely understood. The colours may have had ritual significance. Thus no absolute consensus on King
Tut's skin tone is possible.
Terry Garcia, National Geographic's executive vice president for mission programs, said, in response to some protesters
of the King Tut reconstruction—
- The big variable is skin tone. North Africans, we know today, had a range of skin tones, from light to dark. In this case, we
selected a medium skin tone, and we say, quite up front, 'This is midrange.' We will never know for sure what his exact skin tone
was or the colour of his eyes with 100% certainty. … Maybe in the future, people will come to a different
conclusion.[11]
2005 research and findings
On March 8, 2005, Egyptian
archaeologist Zahi Hawass revealed the results of a CT
scan performed on the pharaoh's mummy. The scan uncovered no evidence of a blow to the back of the head and no evidence
suggesting foul play. There was a hole in the head, but it appeared to have been drilled,
presumably by embalmers. A fracture to Tutankhamun's left thighbone was interpreted as
evidence that the pharaoh badly broke his leg before he died and his leg became severely infected; however, members of the
Egyptian-led research team recognized, as a less likely possibility, that the fracture was caused by the embalmers. Altogether
1,700 images were produced of Tutankhamun's mummy during the 15-minute CT scan.
Much was learned about the young king's life. His age at death was estimated at nineteen years, based on physical developments
that set upper and lower limits to his age. The king had been in general good health and there were no signs of any major
infectious disease or malnutrition during his childhood. He was slight of build, and was roughly 170 cm (5 ft
7 in) tall. He had large front incisor teeth and the overbite characteristic of the Thutmosid royal line to which he belonged. He also had a pronounced
dolichocephalic (elongated) skull, although it was within normal bounds and highly
unlikely to have been pathological. Given the fact that many of the royal depictions of Akhenaten (possibly his father, certainly a relative), often is featured with such an elongated head, it is
likely an exaggeration of a family trait, rather than a distinct abnormality. The research also showed that the pharaoh had
cleft palate.[12] A slight bend to his spine also was found, but the scientists agreed that there was no associated
evidence to suggest that it was pathological in nature, and that it was much more likely to have been caused during the embalming
process. This ended speculation based on the previous X-rays that Tutankhamun had suffered from scoliosis. (However, it was subsequently noted by Dr. Zahi Hawass that
the mummy found in KV55, provisionally identified as Tutankhamun's father, exhibited several
similarities to that of Tutankhamun—a cleft palate, a dolichocephalic skull and slight scoliosis.)[13]
Painting of Tutankhamun at war, perhaps the injury that led to his death resulted from a crash of such a chariot
The 2005 conclusion by a team of Egyptian scientists, based on the CT scan findings, confirmed that Tutankhamun died of
gangrene after breaking his leg. After consultations with Italian and Swiss experts, the Egyptian scientists found that the fracture in
Tutankhamun's left leg most likely occurred only days before his death, which had then become gangrenous and led directly to his
death. The fracture was not sustained during the mummification process or as a result of some damage to the mummy as claimed by
Howard Carter. The Egyptian scientists also have found no evidence that he
had been struck on the head and no other indication that he was murdered, as had been speculated previously. Further
investigation of the fracture led to the conclusion that it was severe, most likely caused by a fall from some height—possibly a
chariot riding accident due to the absence of pelvis injuries—and may have been fatal within
hours[1].
Despite the relatively poor condition of the mummy, the Egyptian team found evidence that great care had been given to the
body of Tutankhamun during the embalming process. They found five distinct embalming materials, which were applied to the body at
various stages of the mummification process. This counters previous assertions that the king’s body had been prepared carelessly
and in a hurry. In November 2006, at the annual meeting of the Radiological Society of North America, Egyptian radiologists stated that that CT
images and scans of the king's mummy revealed Tutankhamun's height to be 180 centimetres or 5 feet 11 inches tall, a
revision upward from the earlier estimates.[2]
Gallery depicting close relations to Tutankhamun
A wooden statue head of Queen Tiye, thought to be Tutankhamun's Grandmother, part of the Ägyptisches Museum Berlin collection
|
Fragmentary statue of Akhenaten, perhaps Tutankhamun's father, on display at the Cairo
Museum
|
Plaster face of a young Amarna-era woman, thought to represent Queen Kiya, the likely mother of Tutankhamun, on display at the
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City
|
Canopic jar depicting an Amarna-era Queen, usually identified as being Queen Kiya, on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City
|
The iconic image of Queen Nefertiti, perhaps the step-mother of Tutankhamen, part of the Ägyptisches Museum Berlin collection
|
|
Fragmentary statue thought to represent Ankhesenamun, sister and wife to Tutankhamun, on display at the Brooklyn Museum
|
Statue of an unnamed Amarna-era princess, a likely a sister (or step-sister) to Tutankhamun, part of the Ägyptisches Museum Berlin collection
|
It is important to note that the first reconstruction by the English, Australian, and American scientists depicted North
African phenotypes, which were common during that time.
- Currently on display in the UK at the Science Museum:
First
Reconstruction
- Reconstruction of Tutankhamun's step-mother Nefertiti:
Nefertiti
Exhibitions
The splendors of Tutankhamun's tomb are among the most traveled artifacts in the world. They have been to many countries, but
probably the best-known exhibition tour was the Treasures of Tutankhamun tour, which ran from 1972-1979. This exhibition
was first shown in London at the British Museum from 30 March until 30 September 1972.
More than 1.6 million visitors came to see the exhibition, some queueing for up to eight hours and it was the most popular
exhibition ever in the Museum. The exhibition moved on to many other countries, including the USA, USSR, Japan, France, Canada,
and West Germany. The exhibition in the United States was organized by the Metropolitan Museum of Art and ran from from 17 November, 1976 through 15 April, 1979. It was
attended by more than eight million people in the United States.
An excerpt from the site of the American National Gallery of Art:
- "...55 objects from the tomb of Tutankhamun included the boy-king's solid gold funeral mask, a gilded wood figure of the
goddess Selket, lamps, jars, jewelry, furniture, and other objects for the afterlife. This exhibition established the term
'blockbuster.' A combination of the age-old fascination with ancient Egypt, the legendary allure of gold and precious stones, and
the funeral trappings of the boy-king created an immense popular response. Visitors waited up to 8 hours before the building
opened to view the exhibition. At times the line completely encircled the West Building."[1]
In 2005, hoping to inspire a whole new generation of museum visitors, Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities, in partnership
with Arts and Exhibitions International and the National Geographic Society, launched a new tour of Tutankhamun's treasures, this
time called "Tutankhamun and the Golden Age of the Pharaohs." It was expected to draw more than three million people.[2]
The exhibition started in Los Angeles, California, then moved to
Fort Lauderdale, Florida, and Chicago. The fourth location is Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and the fifth will be London[3] before finally
returning to Egypt in August 2008.
Some attendees of the current exhibition have been disappointed in the show, and have accused the exhibitors of using false or
misleading advertising regarding its contents. The exhibition is marketed around Tutankhamun, but more than half of the artifacts
are from the reigns of Tutankhamun's immediate predecessors in the eighteenth dynasty, such as Hatshepsut, whose trade policies greatly increased the wealth of that dynasty and enabled the lavish wealth
of Tutankhamun's burial artifacts.
Also, the advertising for the exhibition features an image in gold of the face of Tutankhamun, strongly reminiscent of his
famous death mask, which is not among the objects in the exhibit. In reality, the image is a close-up photograph of a 40 cm
(16") canopic vessel that held the king's liver. The item is labeled in most of the
advertising as a "canopic coffinette" or "miniature coffin", but attendees have complained about feeling misled.[4][5][6]
In fiction
Tutankhamun/Tutankhaten appears in P. C. Doherty's trilogy of Ancient Egyptian novels,
An Evil Spirit Out of the West (2003), The Season of the Hyaena (2005) and The Year of the Cobra (2005).
Tutankhamun is also the major character in a series of historical novels by the American author Lynda Robinson.
The historical novel Tutankhamun-Speak my Name (2005) ISBN 1-41206325-6 by Anthony Holmes is the comprehensive (678
page) story of the life of the young king from his birth to Kiye, the concubine of Akhenaten, until his death 6,666 days later
and beyond into the afterlife of his KA in the tomb eventually discovered by Howard Carter.
Tutankhamun appears as a 10-year-old mummy in the Discovery Kids show Tutenstein.
King Tut, as played by Victor Buono, was a
villain on the Batman TV series aired in 1966-1968. Mild-mannered Egyptologist
William Omaha McElroy, after suffering a concussion, came to believe he was the reincarnation of Tutankhamun. His response to
this knowledge was to embark upon a crime spree that required him to fight against the "Caped Crusaders", Batman and Robin.
2007 discoveries in Tutankhamun's tomb
On September 24, 2007, it was announced that a team of Egyptian archaeologists led by
Zahi Hawass, discovered eight baskets of 3,000 year old
doum fruit in the treasury of Tutankhamun's tomb.[7] Doum comes from a type of palm tree native to
the Nile Valley. The doum fruit are traditionally offered at funerals.
Twenty clay pots bearing Tutankhamun's official seal were also discovered. According to Dr Hawass, the containers probably
contain provisions that were destined to travel with the pharaoh to the afterlife. He said the containers will be opened soon.
The objects discovered in the tomb were originally discovered, but not opened or removed from the tomb, by Howard Carter.[8]
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
References
Further reading
- Howard Carter, Arthur C. Mace, The Discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamen. Courier Dover Publications, June 1, 1977, ISBN 0-486-23500-9 The
semi-popular account of the discover and opening of the tomb written by the archaeologist responsible
- C. Nicholas Reeves, The Complete Tutankhamun: The King, the Tomb, the Royal Treasure. London: Thames & Hudson,
November 1, 1990, ISBN 0-500-05058-9 (hardcover)/ISBN 0-500-27810-5 (paperback) Fully covers the complete contents of his
tomb
- T. G. H. James, Tutankhamun. New York: Friedman/Fairfax, September 1, 2000, ISBN 1-58663-032-6 (hardcover) A
large-format volume by the former Keeper of Egyptian Antiquities at the British Museum,
filled with colour illustrations of the funerary furnishings of Tutankhamun, and related objects
- Christiane Desroches-Noblecourt, Sarwat Okasha (Preface), Tutankhamen: Life and Death of a Pharaoh. New York: New York
Graphic Society, 1963, ISBN 0-8212-0151-4 (1976 reprint, hardcover) /ISBN 0-14-011665-6 (1990 reprint, paperback)
- Thomas Hoving, The search for Tutankhamun: The untold story of adventure and intrigue surrounding the greatest modern
archeological find. New York: Simon & Schuster, October 15, 1978, ISBN 0-671-24305-5 (hardcover)/I
