Kirshenbaum
Kirshenbaum, sometimes called ASCII-IPA or erkIPA, is a system used to represent the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) in
The system uses almost all lower-case letters to represent the directly corresponding IPA character, but unlike X-SAMPA has the notable exception of the letter 'r'. Examples where the two systems have a different mapping between characters and sounds are:—
| Sound | IPA | X-SAMPA | Kirshenbaum |
|---|---|---|---|
| alveolar trill | r | r | r<trl> |
| alveolar approximant | ɹ | r\ | r |
| near-open front unrounded vowel | æ | { | & |
| open back rounded vowel | ɒ | Q | A. |
| open-mid central unrounded vowel | ɜ | 3 | V" |
| primary stress | ˈ | " | ' |
| secondary stress | ˌ | % | , |
Kirshenbaum charts of consonants and vowels
This chart is based on information provided in the Kirshenbaum specification.[1], [2] It may also be helpful to compare it to the SAMPA chart or X-SAMPA chart.
Consonant chart
| Kirshenbaum chart of consonants (the paired signs are voiceless/voiced consonants) |
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| Bilabials | Labiodentals | Dentals | Alveolars | Retroflexes | Palato-alveolars | Palatals | Velars | Uvulars | Labiovelars | Pharyngeals | Glottals | Alveolar laterals | |
| Nasals | m | M | n[ | n | n. | n^ | N | n" | n<lbv> | ||||
| Stops | p b | t[ d[ | t d | t. d. | c J | k g | q G | t<lbv> d<lbv> | ? | ||||
| Fricatives | P B | f v | T D | s z | s. z. | S Z | C C<vcd> | x Q | X g" | w<vls> w | H H<vcd> | h<?> | s<lat> z<lat> |
| Approximants | r<lbd> | r[ | r | r. | j | j<vel> | g" | w | h | ||||
| Laterals | l[ | l | l. | l^ | L | ||||||||
| Trills | b<trl> | r<trl> | r" | ||||||||||
| Flaps | * | *. | *<lat> | ||||||||||
| Ejectives | p` | t[` | t` | c` | k` | q` | |||||||
| Implosives | b` | d` | d` | J` | g` | G` | |||||||
| Clicks | p! | t! | c! | c! | k! | l! | |||||||
Consonant modifiers and diacritics
Modifiers and diacritics follow the symbol they modify.
| Modifier/diacritic | Meaning |
| ! | Click |
| " | Uvular |
| - | Syllabic |
| . | Retroflex |
| ; | Palatalized |
| [ | Dental |
| ^ | Palatal |
| ` | Voiced: Implosive Unvoiced: Ejective |
| ~ | Velarized |
| <?> | Murmured |
| <H> | Pharyngealized |
| <h> | Aspirated |
| <j> | Palatalized |
| <o> | Unexploded |
| <r> | Rhoticized |
| <w> | Labialized |
Vowel chart
| Kirshenbaum simplified chart of vowels (the paired signs are unrounded/rounded vowels; symbols in parentheses designate vowels that exist in some spoken languages, but do not have IPA signs) |
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| Front | Central | Back | Rhotic | |
| Close | i y | i" u" | u- u | |
| Near-close | I I. | (U-) U | ||
| Close-mid | e Y | @<umd> @. | o- o | R<umd> |
| Mid | @ | R | ||
| Open-mid | E W | V" O" | V O | |
| Near-open | & | &" | (no symbols) | |
| Open | a a. | (a" A".) | A A. | |
Vowel modifiers and diacritics
Modifiers and diacritics follow the symbol they modify.
| Modifier/diacritic | Meaning |
| ~ | Nasalized |
| : | Long |
| - | Unrounded |
| . | Rounded |
| " | Centralized |
| <?> | Murmured |
| <r> | Rhoticized |
Stress is indicated by ' for primary stress, and , for secondary stress, placed before the stressed syllable.
See also
- International Phonetic Alphabet
- SAMPA
- X-SAMPA
- International Phonetic Alphabet for English
- IPA chart for English
External links
This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)
