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| Kongu Nadu (கொங்குநாடு) | |
| — geographical/historical area — | |
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| Coordinates | 11°0′45″N 78°9′36″E / 11.0125°N 78.16°ECoordinates: 11°0′45″N 78°9′36″E / 11.0125°N 78.16°E |
| Country | India |
| State | Tamil Nadu |
| Largest city | Coimbatore |
| Civic agency | Government of Tamil Nadu |
| Population • Density |
15,700,000 (approx.)[1] (2001[update]) • 607 /km2 (1,572 /sq mi) |
| Literacy | 62.61%% |
| Time zone | IST (UTC+05:30) |
| Area | 377 square kilometres (146 sq mi) |
Kongu Nadu (Tamil: கொங்குநாடு) is a region comprising the western part of the Tamil Nadu India. The region is bounded on the west and north-west by the Karnataka state, on the west by the Kerala state, on the east by Tondai Nadu, on the south-east by Chola Nadu and on the south by Madurai regions of Tamilakam.
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Contents
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Etymology
There is no definite origin for the word Kongu, several scholars have given their views. The name Kongu Nadu is believed to have been gained from 'Kongadesam', "Konga" a derivant of the term "Ganga", meaning 'land of the Gangas' see Western Ganga Dynasty.[2] Kangayam is the old capial of Kongu Nadu, (Sanskrit: Ganga+eyam = Gangeyam : seat of the Western Ganga Dynasty. Kongu means in Sangam Tamil 'border'.[3] A more appropriate meaning is honey or nectar of flowers as the Kongu country had vast stretches of forests. According to V. Ramamurthy, in his 'History of Kongu: Volume 1' says, "It [Kongu] was believed to be rich in honey or nectar of flowers."[4]
Geography
The geographical extent of Kongu Nadu is roughly confined to the territories of the ancient Tamilakam.[citation needed]
It was the origin and seat of the Sangam period Cheras.[5][6] Chera is also referred to as Kongan many times. His mountains are the Kolli Malais and his seat Karuvur on the banks of Anporunai.
The geographical region is called Kongunadu in Tamil, which is derived from Kangu (கங்கு) meaning 'border' (Komaralingam copperplates) and Kanganadu (கங்கநாடு, lit.: the land of the Ganga people).Kangeyam(Sanskrit: Ganga+eyam = Gangeyam : seat of the Western Ganga Dynasty). This region was located within Kaveri catchment basin. 17th century poet Valasundara Kavirayar refers to the borders of Kongunadu in his work Kongumandalasatakam.[7]
Economy of the Kongu region
The Kongu region mainly in the following fields/industries.
- Agriculture - the whole of Kongu Nadu
- Textiles - Coimbatore, Tirupur, Erode, Karur, Perundurai, Kangeyam, Salem
- White silk - Gobichettipalayam - first automated Silk reeling unit in India.
- Poultry - Namakkal
- Education - Coimbatore, Erode, Gobichettipalayam, Tiruchengode, Namakkal, Salem.
- Automobiles - Coimbatore, Sankaridurg, Namakkal, Erode, Tiruchengode, Salem, Karur
- Paper - Karur, Pallipalayam
- Milk and Edible oil - Erode, Kangeyam (second largest market in India), Dharmapuri, Salem
- Turmeric - Erode (largest market in South India), Gobichettipalayam.
- Pump and Wet grinder - Coimbatore
- Sago - Salem
- Steel - Salem
- Tamarind - Dharmapuri
- Vegetables - Oddanchatram, Dharmapuri
Kongu Nadu has the highest urban proportion in the State and contributes 2/3 of the Tamilnadu's State revenue.[8]
Kongu Nadu Cuisine
The Kongu Nadu cuisine is basically a collection of exotic recipes being created by the people residing in the Kongu region. The cuisine is quite extensive for a simple reason that the region is very vast. Some of the aspects that make Kongu Nadu cuisine very special are:
- The recipes have their own nativity and style.
- Unlike other cuisines, Kongu Nadu cuisine does not involve marination of any raw material. As a result the food has a different taste and unique texture.
- Addition of roasted groundnut paste in curries and Khormas creates a very different flavour
- Turmeric is always added into curries as freshly grated and ground after roasting. This gives the product a deep yellow color and an aromatic substance
- Kongu Nadu cuisine is not very oily, which is not the case with other cuisines
- The cuisine is healthy and nutritious owing to use of considerable amount of pulses
- The recipes had no sort of standardization and the recipes found their origin based on the specialty of that particular city of Kongunadu.
- This is evident from the following instances:
- Use of copra (dry coconut) due to the abundance of coconut trees in the region.
- Pickles happens to form an important part in the food
- The traditional Kongu people were mostly vegetarians for religious reason.[9] The word for a slaughterhouse is Kacāppu kaṭai (Tamil: கசாப்பு கடை), where kacāppu was borrowed from Urdu: کسائ kasāy "butcher", because Muslims were the first to butcher for commercial purposes.[10] Beef is taboo; cows are considered divine.
- Sweets like Teluvu Halwa,Teluvu Payasam, Elanir Halwa, and Elanir Payasam formed part of the regular food in Kongu Nadu."Vaalai" is a type of sweet made with the basic ingredients rice, karupatti (Palm Jaggery) and cloves again thanks to abundance of coconut and palm trees.[11][12][13]
History
The present day Kongu Nadu is made up of various regions viz., Coimbatore, Erode, Salem, Tirupur, Kangeyam, Ooty, Gobichettipalayam, Pollachi, Udumalai, Palani, Dharapuram, Karur, Namakkal, Thiruchengode, Dharmapuri, Krishnagiri and parts of Tiruchy and Dindigul.[14]
Kongunadu was blessed with enormous wealth, a pleasant climate and distinct features. Kongunadu was ruled over by The Chera, Chola, Pandya, Hoysala, Muslim rulers, Nayakars and finally the British.
Archaeological sites
Kodumanal and Perur, villages on the banks of the Noyyal River in the Coimbatore district, were situated on the ancient trade route between Karur and the west coast, across the Palghat gap on the Western Ghats. Both sites have yielded remains belonging to the Sangam age. Roman coins were also found on these sites indicating that trade flourished between Romans and the kings of these regions.
A sword bit and a dagger piece found at the site were put to metallographic test. The study revealed that the sword bit contained a spheroidal graphite phase and forgewelding of high carbon cutting edge on low carbon dagger bit. A thin layer was found coating the cutting edge and probably used to protect it from rust.[15]
Kodumanal was popular for the gem-cutting industry and manufacture of jewels. Sites bearing natural reserves of semi-precious stones such as beryls, sapphire and quartz are located in the vicinity of Kodumanal. Beads of sapphire, beryl, agate, carnelian, amethyst, lapis lazulli, jasper, garnet, soapstone and quartz were unearthed from here. The samples were in different manufacturing stages – finished, semi-finished, drilled and undrilled, polished and unpolished and in the form of raw material. Chips and stone slabs, one with a few grooved beads, clearly demonstrate that these were manufactured locally at Kodumanal[16]
Tamil-Brahmi writings are also found in coins, seals and rings of the Sangam age. Many of them have been picked up from the Amaravathi river bed near Karur. A smaller number of inscribed objects have been picked up from the beds of other rivers like South Pennar and Vaigai.[17]
"The advent of the early historical period in south India is generally dated to the 3 rd century BCE. As mentioned earlier.recent archelogical data from the site of Kodumanal suggests the possibiliaty of earlier beginnings, at least the 4th century BCE."[18]
A musical inscription in Tamil Brahimi was found in a cave in the Arachalur region, dating from the Fourth Century A.D. Iravatham Mahadevan writes that these are syllables used in dance.[19][20]
See also
Sources
- Dr. Nagaswamy Roman Karur [1]
- Tiruppur Kumaran (Chennimalai-Erode)
- Kongudesarajakkal, Government manuscript Library, Chennai
- Dheeran Chinnamalai by Pulavar Dr. Rasu.
References
- ^ Census of India, 2001. Census Data Online, Population.
- ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=gxsrz7DAPxIC&pg=PA33&lpg=PA33&dq=kongadesa+rajakkal&source=bl&ots=qZ448ot7XR&sig=6i-WsvmMbmt-2U4sA-xceL_TACA&hl=en&ei=uYSlTfK4LY3prQeQhvzyCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false
- ^ Madras Presidency, Manual of standing information for the Madras Presidency, (1863), pp.20
- ^ V. Ramamurthu, History of Kongu: Volume 1, (1986), pp.19
- ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=FnB3k8fx5oEC&pg=PA156&dq=coimbatore+salem+chera+sovereign&hl=en&ei=GTOgTcriOonxrQfO0aj-Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=coimbatore%20salem%20chera%20sovereign&f=false
- ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=FnB3k8fx5oEC&pg=PA230&dq=chera+nerumangalam&hl=en&ei=bTOgTY-hJcyHrAfig9n0Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=chera%20nerumangalam&f=false
- ^ "கோவை - 2010 [Coimbatore-2010]" (in Tamil). World Classical Tamil Conference 2010. http://www.ulakathamizhchemmozhi.org/content/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88-2010.
- ^ "Kongu Nadu Desham Website Info : Significance of Kongu Nadu"
- ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=ffTmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA330&dq=madras+canara+mysore+vaylalar+animal+flesh&hl=en&ei=r4GlTczqNIHzrQf5w4HuCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false
- ^ http://www.urduword.com/search.php?English=butcher
- ^ "Kongu Food Info : Kongunadu Cuisine". http://kongufood.blogspot.com/.
- ^ "Kongu Food Info by Times : Kongunadu Cuisine by TOI". The Times Of India. 26 March 2011. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food/food-reviews/Taste-some-cuisine-from-Kongunadu/articleshow/6067619.cms.
- ^ kongu : 17 Recipes
- ^ http://kongunadumaps.blogspot.com/
- ^ Sasisekaran, B.; Raghunatha Rao, B. (1999). "I 999". Indian Journal of History of Science 34 (4). http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b66_263.pdf.
- ^ Rajan, K.; Athiyaman, N. (2004). "Traditional Gemstone Cutting Technology of Kongu Region in Tamil Nadu". Indian Journal of History of Science 39 (4): 385–414. http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/2000c951-385.pdf.
- ^ Rami Reddy, V.; Chandrasekhar Reddy, B.K. (2004). "Morphometric Status of Human Skeletal Remains From Kodumanal, Periyar District, Tamil Nadu". Anthropologist 6 (4): 104–112. http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/T-Anth/Anth-06-0-000-000-2004-Web/Anth-06-2-091-157-2004-Abst-PDF/Anth-06-2-105-112-2004-Reddy-V-R/Anth-06-2-105-112-2004-Reddy-V-R.pdf.
- ^ Upinder Singh (2009). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the to the 12th Century. Addison Wesley Pub Co Inc. ISBN 978-8131711200. http://books.google.co.in/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA385&lpg=PA385&dq=pugalur+inscription&source=bl&ots=xccx5UeRkF&sig=wjzCoeMKoI0RY7cViRBPnWhEF-o&hl=ta&ei=fthyTKHjCojKcbus3MIN&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CCwQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=kodu&f=false.
- ^ Rao, Subha J. (1 October 2005). "Writing on the rock". The Hindu (Chennai, India). http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/10/01/stories/2005100101370300.htm.
- ^ Parthasarathy, Indira (2 August 2003). "Records and revelations". The Hindu. http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/lr/stories/2003080300280400.htm.
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