Léon Blum

For more information on Léon Blum, visit Britannica.com.

(b. Paris, 9 Apr. 1872; d. 30 Mar. 1950) French; Prime Minister 1936 – 7, Dec.1946 – Jan. 1947 The second of five brothers, born into a non-practising Jewish family from Alsace, Léon Blum is one of the major political figures of mid-twentieth-century France, although no statesman has been so constantly and viciously attacked from the extreme left and the extreme right. His reputation is only just beginning to recover from a vilification in which he was portrayed as a weak and amateurish man without vision (few politicians have been so consistent and firm of purpose). He was a remarkable student at the lycées Charlemagne and Henri-IV and then at the élite École Normale Supérieur. Although he studied law and was by profession an auditeur at the Conseil d'État, he was often seen as a literary figure and did write copiously on literary issues. Blum joined the Parti Socialiste Français in 1902 and became a close associate of its leader Jean Jaurès. He was "politicized" by the Dreyfus affair, which dramatized the values of republican socialism as Jaurès and Blum saw them. Blum's first taste of office was as head of Minister of Public Works Marcel Sembat's private office from the outbreak of war in 1914 until 1916. Jaurès assassination in 1914 thrust him into the front rank of Socialist leaders and into the battle for the wartime coalition, the "union sacrée". He was elected as deputy for the Seine in 1919 but was almost immediately caught up in the battle to preserve the old SFIO ("la vieille maison") from a Bolshevik takeover. At the Congress of Tours of 1920 at which the majority of activists (but few deputies) voted to join the Leninist International, Blum, in a speech of remarkable prescience set out the lines of dispute with the Communists: these were not over revolution as such, but over "democratic centralism", which he predicted would lead to repression. With Paul Faure Blum rebuilt the party and commented daily on politics in the socialist Le Populaire. Blum formulated the pragmatic if scholastic distinction between the "exercise" of power in the interests of the working class and the "conquest of power" which would be a revolutionary peaceful break with capitalism. When the Popular Front of Socialists, Radicals, and Communists was elected in 1936, Prime Minister Blum faced a general strike of workers who were impatient with that distinction. The Popular Front is remembered for its extensive programme of reforms but it faced debilitating economic problems and sapping foreign policy issues (the Spanish Civil War). He called for a "pause" (i.e. halt) to reforms after ten months and resigned after thirteen months. He was briefly Deputy Prime Minister in 1938 but was unable to prevail against mounting Communist hostility. Blum voted against the transfer of power to Pétain in July 1940 after the fall of France and he was arrested. He was put on trial at Riom (with the Communist Party offering to testify against him) but turned the defence into a political triumph with an electrifying speech from the dock. The trial was stopped. He was deported to Buchenwald in 1943 and liberated in 1945 but his writings had been circulated in the Resistance and through those his influence was considerable. When he returned he continued to be politically active and was Prime Minister at the end of 1946 when he was able to negotiate a loan with the USA and to set the basis for the new institutions of Europe in the Treaty of Brussels. His main battle, to place the old marxisant SFIO on a more realistic footing, was not successful and he and his associates were rejected by a new generation of Socialists. He remained an inspiration to Socialist modernizers and he is the subject of many biographies (of which Jean Lacouture's Léon Blum is the best example).

The French statesman Léon Blum (1872-1950) was the first Socialist, as well as the first Jewish, premier of France. In 1936 the government he headed enacted the most extensive program of social reforms in French history.

Léon Blum was born in Paris on April 9, 1872, into a wealthy family of Alsatian textile merchants. Although trained as a lawyer, he first gained public attention as a drama critic. Influenced by the Dreyfus Affair and by the socialist theories of Jean Jaurès, Blum joined the Socialist party in 1902. After the assassination of Jaurès in 1914, Blum was regarded as his spiritual and political heir.

After serving as executive secretary to the Socialist leader Marcel Sembat during World War I, Blum was elected to parliament in 1919. When the Communists broke away from the Socialist party in 1920, Blum became the leader of the weakened party and worked tirelessly to restore its fortunes. He also led the opposition to the conservative governments of Alexandre Millerand and Raymond Poincaré, and in 1928 his efforts were impressively rewarded when the Socialists won 104 seats in the parliamentary elections.

Alarmed by the threat of fascism after the Paris riots of February 1934, Blum worked for an antifascist alliance of Radicals, Socialists, and Communists - the Popular Front. This coalition won in the May 1936 elections, and Blum, as leader of the largest party in the Chamber, became premier in June. During the following 10 weeks his government accomplished a social revolution by enacting into law the 40-hour week and paid vacations for workers, nationalizing the major armaments industries, and bringing the Bank of France under public control.

But Blum's government was soon paralyzed by rightist dissidents, who feared social reform, and leftist critics, who denounced his nonintervention policy during the Spanish Civil War. Blum resigned in June 1937, when the Senate refused to grant him full powers to deal with the deepening fiscal crisis. After serving as vice premier in the succeeding government of Camille Chautemps, Blum headed a second, short-lived Popular Front Cabinet in March 1938.

In 1940 Blum refused to vote full powers to Marshal Pétain as head of the Vichy government, and he was indicted on charges of war guilt. When he was tried in 1942, his defense was so eloquently persuasive that the trial was indefinitely suspended. Subsequently deported to Germany with other prominent French Jews, he was freed by Allied troops in 1945. While in Nazi captivity Blum wrote Àl'échelle humaine (For All Mankind), which summarizes the philosophical bases of his lifelong effort to reconcile the fundamental tenets of Marxism with the moral and intellectual exigencies of humanism.

After the war Blum was in poor health and declined to run for reelection to parliament. However, he presided for a month, beginning on Dec. 16, 1946, over an all-Socialist caretaker Cabinet that installed the Fourth Republic. Although officially in retirement after January 1947, Blum served as André Marie's vice premier in August 1948. He also retained leadership of the Socialist party and contributed a daily column to the party organ, Le Populaire, until his sudden death on March 30, 1950.

Further Reading

The definitive biography is Joel Colton, Léon Blum: Humanist in Politics (1966). Less sympathetic but useful is the essay in James Joll, Three Intellectuals in Politics (1960). For Blum's place in the history of the Third Republic see D. W. Brogan, The Development of Modern France, 1870-1939 (1940; rev. ed., 2 vols., 1966).

Additional Sources

Bronner, Stephen Eric, Léon Blum, New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987.

Colton, Joel G., Léon Blum: humanist in politics, Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press 1974.

Lacouture, Jean., Léon Blum, New York, N.Y.: Holmes & Meier, 1982.

Blum, Léon (1872-1950). French socialist leader, prime minister during the Popular Front. Trained as a lawyer, in his youth he was literary critic for the Revue blanche. Lucien Herr converted him to socialism, and Blum was thereafter deeply influenced by Jaurès. At the Congress of Tours (1920), when the bulk of the French Socialist Party (SFIO) rallied to Lenin's Third International to form the French Communist Party, Blum led the minority loyal to ‘la vieille maison’. In the inter-war period he rebuilt the SFIO, and when the Popular Front won the 1936 election, Blum became premier, presiding over the historic social legislation of the period. His reluctant non-intervention in the Spanish Civil War helped widen splits in the Left alliance, and after defeat in the senate over the economy, he resigned in June 1937, occupying office only briefly thereafter. During the war he was arrested by the Vichy authorities, but his defence testimony was so eloquent that his trial was halted. A l'échelle humaine (1945), written in prison, is a testament of faith in humanist socialism. After his release from Buchenwald in 1945, he was briefly caretaker premier in December 1946, and remained an elder statesman of the Fourth Republic till his death.

Blum inspired both affection and hate, the latter often antisemitic in inspiration. He endured both verbal and physical attacks during the 1930s, mostly from the extreme Right: Maurras wrote of him: ‘Voilà un homme à fusiller, mais dans le dos.’ He was not always popular with the Left either, for in an age of extremes, his socialism was moderate and reformist, inspired by moral concern and respect for legality. Retrospectively, however, Blum has become a venerated figure on the Left, associated with the achievements of the Popular Front, of which he wrote: ‘I felt…I had brought a little sunshine, a moment of happiness into difficult lives.’ His many and varied writings were collected in the Œuvres complètes (1954-66).

[Sian Reynolds]

Quotes:

"The free man is he who does not fear to go to the end of his thought."

"Morality may consist solely in the courage of making a choice."

"When a woman is twenty, a child deforms her; when she is thirty, he preserves her; and when forty, he makes her young again."

Léon Blum
Léon Blum, portrait by Félix Vallotton, 1900
Prime Minister of France
In office 4 June 1936 – 22 June 1937
Preceded by	Albert Sarraut
Succeeded by	Camille Chautemps
In office 13 March 1938 – 10 April 1938
Preceded by	Camille Chautemps
Succeeded by	Édouard Daladier
President of the Provisional Government of the French Republic 128th Prime Minister of France
In office 16 December 1946 – 16 January 1947
Preceded by	Georges Bidault
Succeeded by	Vincent Auriol (as President) Paul Ramadier (as Prime Minister)
Born	9 April 1872 Paris, France
Died	30 March 1950 (aged 77) Jouy-en-Josas, France
Political party	Socialist (SFIO)

André Léon Blum (9 April 1872 – 30 March 1950) was a French politician, usually identified with the moderate left, and three times the Prime Minister of France.

Contents 1 Childhood and education 2 First political experiences 3 The Popular Front 4 World War II 5 Post-war period 6 Government 6.1 First ministry (4 June 1936 - 22 June 1937) 6.2 Second ministry (13 March - 10 April 1938) 6.3 Third ministry (16 December 1946 - 22 January 1947) 7 External links

Childhood and education

Blum was born in the Paris Jewish community: he attended the Lycée Henri IV. There he met the writer André Gide and published his first poems at the age of 17 in a journal they created. Blum entered the prestigious École Normale Supérieure in 1890. After graduation, he wavered between studying law and literature. Rather than choose between them, he decided to study both at the Sorbonne, graduating in literature in 1890 and in law in 1894. He then worked as a government lawyer while developing a second career as a literary critic, in particular as an authority on Goethe. He soon became one of France's leading literary figures.

First political experiences

While in his youth an avid reader of the works of the nationalist writer Maurice Barrès, Blum had little interest in politics until the Dreyfus Affair of 1894, which had a traumatic effect on him as it did on many French Jews. Campaigning as a Dreyfusard brought him into contact with the socialist leader Jean Jaurès, whom he greatly admired. He began contributing to the socialist daily, L'Humanité, and joined the Socialist Party, then called the SFIO. Soon he was the party's main theoretician.

In July 1914, just as the First World War broke out, Jaurès was assassinated, and Blum became more active in the Socialist party leadership. In 1919 he was chosen as chair of the party's executive committee, and was also elected to the National Assembly as a representative of Paris. Believing that there was no such thing as a "good dictatorship", he opposed participation in the Comintern. Therefore, in 1920, he worked to prevent a split between supporters and opponents of the Russian Revolution, but the radicals seceded, taking L'Humanité with them, and formed the SFIC.

Blum led the SFIO through the 1920s and 1930s, and was also editor of the party's new paper, Le Populaire.

The Popular Front

Blum was elected as Deputy for Narbonne in 1929, and was re-elected in 1932 and 1936. In 1933, he expelled Marcel Déat, Pierre Renaudel, and other neosocialists from the SFIO. Political circumstances changed in 1934, when the rise of German dictator Adolf Hitler and fascist riots in Paris caused Stalin and the French Communists to change their policy. In 1935 all the parties of left and centre formed the Popular Front, which at the elections of June 1936 won a sweeping victory.

On 13 February 1936, shortly before becoming Prime Minister, Blum was dragged from a car and almost beaten to death by the Camelots du Roi, a group of anti-Semites and royalists. The right-wing Action Française league was dissolved by the government following this incident, not long before the elections that brought Blum to power [1].

Blum became the first socialist and the first Jew to serve as Prime Minister of France. As such he was an object of particular hatred to the Catholic and anti-Semitic right, and was denounced in the National Assembly by Xavier Vallat, a right-wing Deputy and sympathizer of the Action Française (later Commissioner for Jewish Affairs in the Vichy wartime government), who said:

Your coming to power is undoubtedly a historic event. For the first time this old Gallo-Roman country will be governed by a Jew. I dare say out loud what the country is thinking, deep inside : it is preferable for this country to be led by a man whose origins belong to his soil... than by a cunning talmudist. [2]

The industrial workers responded to the election of the Popular Front government by occupying their factories, confident that "the revolution" was imminent. For Blum, as a Marxist, this was an agonising moment. He did not believe that socialism could be achieved by parliamentary means. But he could not encourage the workers to launch an attempt at a revolution: he believed that the army would intervene and the workers would be massacred as they had been at the Paris Commune in 1871. He persuaded the workers to accept pay raises and go back to work.

Similarly, when the Spanish Civil War broke out, Blum was forced to adopt a policy of neutrality rather than assist his ideological fellows, the Spanish socialists, for fear of splitting his alliance with the centrist Radicals, or even precipitating a civil war in France. But this policy strained his alliance with the Communists, who followed Soviet policy and urged all out support for the Spanish Republic. The impossible dilemma caused by this issue led Blum to resign in June 1937. He was briefly Prime Minister again in March and April 1938, but was unable to establish a stable ministry.

Despite its short life, the Popular Front government passed much important legislation, including the 40-hour week, paid holidays for the workers, collective bargaining on wage claims and the nationalisation of the arms industry. Blum also passed legislation extending the rights of the Arab population of Algeria. In foreign policy, his government was divided between the traditional anti-militarism of the French left and the urgency of the rising threat of Nazi Germany. Despite the division, the government managed to engage the greatest war effort since the First World War.

World War II

Leon Blum memorial in kibbutz Kfar Blum, Israel

When the Germans occupied France in June 1940, Blum made no effort to leave the country, despite the extreme danger he was in as a Jew and a socialist leader. He was among the "The Vichy 80", a minority of parliamentarians that refused to grant full powers to Marshal Philippe Pétain. He was arrested by the authorities in September and held until 1942, when he was put on trial in the Riom Trial on charges of treason, for having "weakened France's defences". He used the courtroom to make a brilliant indictment of the French military and pro-German politicians like Pierre Laval. The trial was such an embarrassment to the Vichy regime that the Germans ordered it called off.

In April 1943, the Germans deported Blum to Germany, where he was imprisoned in Buchenwald until April 1945. He was imprisoned in the section reserved for high-ranking prisoners. As the Allied armies approached Buchenwald, he was transferred to Dachau, near Munich, and in late April 1945, together with other notable inmates, to Tyrol. In the last weeks of the war the Nazi regime gave orders that he was to be executed, but the local authorities decided not to obey them. Blum was rescued by Allied troops in May 1945. While in prison he wrote his best known work, the essay À l'échelle Humaine ("For all mankind").

His brother René, the founder of the Ballet de l'Opéra à Monte Carlo, was deported to Auschwitz and murdered.

Post-war period

After the war, Léon Blum returned to politics, and was again briefly Prime Minister in the transitional postwar coalition government. He advocated the alliance between the center-left and the center-right parties in order to support the Fourth Republic against the Gaullists and the Communists. He also served as an ambassador on a government loan mission to the United States, and as head of the French mission to UNESCO. He continued to write for Le Populaire until his death at Jouy-en-Josas, near Paris, on 30 March 1950. The kibbutz of Kfar Blum in northern Israel is named after him.

Government

First ministry (4 June 1936 - 22 June 1937)

• Léon Blum - President of the Council
• Édouard Daladier - Vice President of the Council and Minister of National Defense and War
• Yvon Delbos - Minister of Foreign Affairs
• Roger Salengro - Minister of the Interior
• Vincent Auriol - Minister of Finance
• Charles Spinasse - Minister of National Economy
• Jean-Baptiste Lebas - Minister of Labour
• Marc Rucart - Minister of Justice
• Alphonse Gasnier-Duparc - Minister of Marine
• Pierre Cot - Minister of Air
• Jean Zay - Minister of National Education
• Albert Rivière - Minister of Pensions
• Georges Monnet - Minister of Agriculture
• Marius Moutet - Minister of Colonies
• Albert Bedouce - Minister of Public Works
• Henri Sellier - Minister of Public Health
• Robert Jardillier - Minister of Posts, Telegraphs, and Telephones
• Paul Bastid - Minister of Commerce
• Camille Chautemps - Minister of State
• Paul Faure - Minister of State
• Maurice Viollette - Minister of State
• Léo Lagrange - Under-Secretary of State for the Organization of the leisure activities and sports -i.e. Minister for the Sports-

Changes:

• 18 November 1936 - Marx Dormoy succeeds Roger Salengro as Minister of the Interior, following Salengro's suicide.

Second ministry (13 March - 10 April 1938)

Social democracy

Precursors Age of Enlightenment Utopian socialism Trade unionism Revolutions of 1848 Orthodox Marxism

Development Revisionism Reformism Democratic socialism

Policies Representative democracy Civil liberties Labor rights Mixed economy Nationalization Welfare state Fair trade Environmental protection Secularism

Organizations Social democratic parties Socialist International Party of European Socialists International Trade Union Confederation

People Clement Atlee · Eduard Bernstein · Tony Blair · Léon Blum · Hjalmar Branting · Ignacy Daszyński · Tommy Douglas · Friedrich Ebert · Bülent Ecevit · Jean Jaurès · Karl Kautsky · Ramsay MacDonald · Gerhard Schröder

v • d • e

• Léon Blum - President of the Council and Minister of Treasury
• Édouard Daladier - Vice President of the Council and Minister of National Defense and War
• Joseph Paul-Boncour - Minister of Foreign Affairs
• Marx Dormoy - Minister of the Interior
• Charles Spinasse - Minister of Budget
• Albert Sérol - Minister of Labour
• Marc Rucart - Minister of Justice
• César Campinchi - Minister of Military Marine
• Guy La Chambre - Minister of Air
• Jean Zay - Minister of National Education
• Albert Rivière - Minister of Pensions
• Georges Monnet - Minister of Agriculture
• Marius Moutet - Minister of Colonies
• Jules Moch - Minister of Public Works
• Fernand Gentin - Minister of Public Health
• Jean-Baptiste Lebas - Minister of Posts, Telegraphs, and Telephones
• Ludovic-Oscar Frossard - Minister of Propaganda
• Vincent Auriol - Minister of Coordination of Services of the Presidency of the Council
• Pierre Cot - Minister of Commerce
• Paul Faure - Minister of State
• Théodore Steeg - Minister of State
• Maurice Viollette - Minister of State
• Albert Sarraut - Minister of State in charge of North African Affairs
• Léo Lagrange - Under-Secretary of State for the Sports, the Leisure activities and the Physical Education,

Third ministry (16 December 1946 - 22 January 1947)

• Léon Blum - President of the Provisional Government and Minister of Foreign Affairs
• André Le Troquer - Minister of National Defense
• Édouard Depreux - Minister of the Interior
• André Philip - Minister of Familial Economy and Finance
• Robert Lacoste - Minister of Industrial Production
• Daniel Mayer - Minister of Labour and Social Security
• Paul Ramadier - Minister of Justice
• Yves Tanguy - Minister of Public Utilities
• Marcel Edmond Naegelen - Minister of National Education
• Max Lejeune - Minister of Veterans and War Victims
• François Tanguy-Prigent - Minister of Agriculture
• Marius Moutet - Minister of Overseas France
• Jules Moch - Minister of Public Works, Transport, Reconstruction, and Town Planning
• Pierre Segelle - Minister of Public Health and Population
• Eugène Thomas - Minister of Posts
• Félix Gouin - Minister of Planning
• Guy Mollet - Minister of State
• Augustin Laurent - Minister of State

Changes:

• 23 December 1946 - Augustin Laurent succeeds Moutet as Minister of Overseas France.

Political offices
Preceded by Albert Sarraut	Prime Minister of France 1936–1937	Succeeded by Camille Chautemps
Preceded by Camille Chautemps	Prime Minister of France 1938	Succeeded by Édouard Daladier
Preceded by Georges Bidault	President of the Provisional Government of France 1946–1947	Succeeded by Vincent Auriol (President of France) Paul Ramadier (Prime Minister of France)

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External links

• Maison de Léon et Jeanne Blum

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