A city of western France on the Bay of Biscay southwest of Tours. It was a Huguenot stronghold in the 16th century. Population: 77,800.
La Rochelle
Dictionary:
La Ro·chelle (lä' rə-shĕl', rô-)  |
A city of western France on the Bay of Biscay southwest of Tours. It was a Huguenot stronghold in the 16th century. Population: 77,800.
| Music Encyclopedia: La Rochelle |
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| Columbia Encyclopedia: La Rochelle |
Rochelle, La (lä rôshĕl'), city (1990 pop. 73,744), capital of Charente-Maritime dept., W France, on the Bay of Biscay. Industries include naval, aircraft, and automobile construction. La Rochelle is the principal French fishing port on the Atlantic coast. Chartered in the 12th cent., it soon became one of the chief seaports of France. It was a Huguenot stronghold during the Wars of Religion and successfully resisted Catholic besiegers for half a year (1572-73). However, when Cardinal Richelieu resolved to crush the Huguenots, La Rochelle fell after a siege of 14 months (1627-28). Louis XIV had the port refortified by Vauban; his revocation (1685) of the Edict of Nantes resulted in the foundation of New Rochelle, N.Y., by Protestant refugees. La Rochelle prospered again as it became the chief center of trade with Canada, but it suffered from the loss of Canada by France and from the Continental System under Napoleon. Although its fisheries, canneries, and shipyards still make it a busy port, La Rochelle never recovered its former importance. The principal harbor is now at La Pallice, some 3 mi (5 km) distant. The picturesque old fishing port in the heart of the city, the Renaissance town hall, and other old buildings make the city a favorite tourist center.
| History 1450-1789: La Rochelle |
The primary characteristic of La Rochelle was its isolation. Situated on the Bay of Biscay, the city was all but cut off from the interior by marshland. Yet this very isolation allowed La Rochelle to become one of France's most prosperous towns by the end of the Middle Ages. At the beginning of the twelfth century the port barely existed. It blossomed into prominence with the subsequent expansion of the export trade in wine and salt, a salt yielded in abundance by the encircling marshes. The city also profited from seigneurial rivalries and ambitions to secure an unusual degree of municipal autonomy. It barely paid any royal taxes, and the economic life of the commune was regulated by its one hundred–member council headed by the mayor.
The most dynamic elements of La Rochelle's population of twenty thousand consisted of merchants, shopkeepers, and artisans. Royal authority was nominally represented by the senechal (who had the honor of selecting the mayor from three names offered by the council) and from 1553 by a diminutive corps of legal officers. Despite the existence of a number of monastic houses, La Rochelle boasted only five parish churches, and the ecclesiastical hierarchy was weak compared with that of many other towns.
This social physiognomy helps explain the receptiveness of the Rochelais to the Reformed Church. Clerics, artisans, merchants, and municipal and royal officers all adopted the Protestant doctrines, and by 1570 the municipality was firmly attached to the Huguenot cause, providing a virtually impregnable retreat for the Huguenot grandees in times of difficulty. La Rochelle withstood a siege lasting six months in 1573 and emerged from the Wars of Religion with its privileges bolstered. The resulting sense of security almost certainly explains why, as in the southern Huguenot towns of Montauban and Nîmes, the Huguenots sustained their congregations, which embraced the overwhelmimg majority of the population.
By the 1620s, however, La Rochelle's privileges had become an intolerable barrier to the government's plans to enhance its fragile control of the Atlantic seaboard, an ambition that dovetailed with the renewal of war against the Huguenots. The two processes reached a spectacular climax with a fourteen-month blockade that culminated in the entry of Louis XIII (ruled 1601–1643) into the city at the head of his troops on All Saints' Day 1628. Reduced by death and desertion to a mere five thousand survivors, La Rochelle emerged into a different world. La Rochelle's municipal institutions and autonomy were destroyed along with most of the city walls. The wealth of its merchants was subject to the soaring fiscal exigencies of the crown, a fact most strikingly brought home by the progressive abandonment of the heavily taxed salt marshes.
It is testimony to the power of the Atlantic economy that the decline in La Rochelle's fortunes was relative rather than catastrophic. By 1675 the population had returned to its former level, and expanding colonial trade together with the growth of the brandy trade compensated for the decline in the quality of the local wines. By 1720 brandy formed 37 percent of total exports, while the West Indian slave trade gave the merchant community a new lease on life.
Yet the effects of royal taxation on a modestly sized town with an inadequate harbor and no major river ultimately could not be avoided. As the populations of Nantes and Bordeaux soared in the decades after 1720, that of La Rochelle declined once more. Although the value of its trade had risen, its share of France's colonial trade declined from 20 percent in 1730 to 7 percent in the 1770s.
Bibliography
Clark, John G. La Rochelle and the Atlantic Economy during the Eighteenth Century. Baltimore and London, 1981.
Meyer, Judith Chandler Pugh. Reformation in La Rochelle: Tradition and Change in Early Modern Europe, 1500–1568. Geneva, 1986.
Parker, David. La Rochelle and the French Monarchy: Conflict and Order in Seventeenth-Century France. London, 1980.
Pérouas, Louis. Le diocèse de La Rochelle de 1648 à 1724. Paris, 1964.
Robbins, Kevin C. City on the Ocean Sea, La Rochelle, 1530–1650: Urban Society, Religion, and Politics on the French Atlantic Frontier. Leiden, 1997.
Trocmé, Étienne, and Marcel Delafosse. Le commerce Rochelais de la fin du XV siècle au début du XVIIe. Paris, 1952.
—DAVID PARKER
| Wikipedia: La Rochelle |
For other uses, see La Rochelle (disambiguation).
Coordinates: 46°03′34″N 1°09′05″W / 46.059444°N 1.151389°W
|
Commune of La Rochelle |
|
| Location | |
  La Rochelle
|
|
| Administration | |
|---|---|
| Country | France |
| Region | Poitou-Charentes |
| Department | Charente-Maritime |
| Arrondissement | La Rochelle |
| Canton | Chief town of 9 cantons |
| Intercommunality | La Rochelle |
| Mayor | Maxime Bono (2008–2014) |
| Statistics | |
| Elevation | 0–28 m (0–92 ft) (avg. 4 m/13 ft) |
| Land area1 | 28.43 km2 (10.98 sq mi) |
| Population2 | 78,000 (2004) |
| - Density | 2,744 /km2 (7,110 /sq mi) |
| Miscellaneous | |
| INSEE/Postal code | 17300/ 17000 |
| 1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |
| 2 Population sans doubles comptes: residents of multiple communes (e.g., students and military personnel) only counted once. | |
La Rochelle is a city in south-western France and a seaport on the Bay of Biscay, a part of the Atlantic Ocean. It is the capital of the Charente-Maritime department.
The city is connected to the Île de Ré by a 2.9 km (1.8 mi) bridge - the longest in France - completed on May 19, 1988. Its harbour opens into a protected strait, the Pertuis d'Antioche.
Contents |
History
Antiquity
The area of La Rochelle was occupied in antiquity by the Gaul tribe of the Santones, who gave their name to the nearby region of Saintonge and the city of Saintes.
The Romans then occupied the area, where they developed salt production along the coast as well as wine production, which was then reexported throughout the Empire. Roman villas were found at Saint-Éloi and at Les Minimes, as well as salt evaporation ponds dating to the same period.
Foundation
La Rochelle was founded during the 10th century, and became an important harbour from the twelfth century. The establishment of La Rochelle as a harbour was a consequence of the victory of Guillaume X, Duke of Aquitaine over Isambert de Châtelaillon in 1130 and the subsequent destruction of his harbour of Châtelaillon.[2] In 1137, Guillaume X essentially made La Rochelle a free port and gave it the right to establish itself as a commune. Fifty years later Eleanor of Aquitaine upheld the communal charter promulgated by her father, and for the first time in France, a city mayor was named for La Rochelle, Guillaume de Montmirail. Guillaume was assisted in his responsibilities by 24 municipal magistrates, and 75 notables who had jurisdiction over the inhabitants. Under the communal charter, the city obtained many privileges, such as the right to mint its own coins, and to operate some businesses free of royal taxes, dispositions which would favour the development of the entrepreuneurial middle-class (bourgeoisie).
Left image: Vauclair castle was built by the English in 1185.
Right image: Remnants of Vauclair castle, Place de Verdun, La Rochelle.
Right image: Remnants of Vauclair castle, Place de Verdun, La Rochelle.
Eleanor married Henry Plantagenet in 1152, who became king of England as Henry II in 1154, thus putting La Rochelle under English rule, until Louis VIII recaptured it in 1224. During the English control of the city in 1185, Henry II had the Vauclair castle built, remains of which are still visible in the Place de Verdun.[3]
The main activities of the city were in the areas of maritime commerce and trade, especially with England, the Netherlands and Spain. In 1196, a wealthy bourgeois named Alexandre Auffredi sent a fleet of seven ships to Africa to tap the riches of the continent. He went bankrupt and went into poverty as he waited for the return of his ships, but they finally returned seven years later filled with riches.
Until the 15th century, La Rochelle was to be the largest French harbour on the Atlantic coast, dealing mainly in wine, salt and cheese.
Knights Templar
Left image: Court de la Commanderie in La Rochelle, ancient location of the Templars' headquarters.
Right image: Original Templar cross, Cour de la Commanderie.
Right image: Original Templar cross, Cour de la Commanderie.
The Knights Templar had a strong presence in La Rochelle since before the time of Eleanor of Aquitaine, who exempted them from duties and gave them mills in her 1139 Charter.[4] La Rochelle was for the Templars their largest base on the Atlantic Ocean,[5], and where they stationed their main fleet.[6] From La Rochelle, they were able to act as intermediaries in trade between England and the Mediterranean.[5] There is a legend that the Templars used the port of La Rochelle to flee with the fleet of 18 ships which had brought Jacques de Molay from Cyprus to La Rochelle. The fleet would have left laden with knights and treasures just before the issuance of the arrest warrant against the Order in October 1307,[7][8] and the legend continues that the Templars would even have left for America, burying a treasure in Oak Island, Nova Scotia, Canada (a story taken up in the 2004 movie National Treasure starring Nicholas Cage).[9]
Hundred Years War
The naval Battle of La Rochelle took place on 22 June 1372 during the Hundred Years War between a Castilian-French and an English fleet. The Spanish had 60 ships and the English 40. They also had more knights and men than the English. The French and Castilians decisively defeated the English, securing French control of the Channel for the first time since the Battle of Sluys in 1340. The naval battle of La Rochelle was one of the first cases of the usage of handguns on warships, which were deployed by the French and Spanish against the English.[10]
French Wars of Religion
Main article: French Wars of Religion
During the Renaissance, La Rochelle adopted Protestant ideas. Cases of Reformation iconoclasm are known in La Rochelle from 30 May 1562, when Protestants pillaged churches, destroyed images and statues, and also assassinated 13 Catholic priests in the Tower of the Lanter.[11]
Left image: Remains of Reformation iconoclasm, Clocher Saint-Barthélémy, La Rochelle.
Right image: Remains of iconoclasm, Eglise Saint-Sauveur, La Rochelle.
Right image: Remains of iconoclasm, Eglise Saint-Sauveur, La Rochelle.
The Rochelais Huguenots attempted to colonize the New World to find a new ground for their religion, under Pierre Richier and Jean de Léry. After the short-lived attempt of France Antarctique, they failed to establish a colony in Brazil, and finally resolved to make a stand in La Rochelle itself.[12]
From 1568, La Rochelle became a centre for the Huguenots, and the city declared itself an independent Reformed Republic on the model of Geneva.[13]
This led to numerous conflicts with the Catholic central government. The city supported the Protestant movement of William of Orange in The Netherlands, and from La Rochelle the Dutch under Louis of Nassau were able to raid Spanish shipping.[14]
In 1571 the city of La Rochelle suffered a naval blocus by the French Navy under the command of Filippo di Piero Strozzi and Antoine Escalin des Aimars, a former protagonist of the Franco-Ottoman alliance.[15] The city was finally besieged during the Siege of La Rochelle (1572-1573) during the French Wars of Religion, following the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in August 1572, and occurred at the same time as other sieges of Protestant cities such as the Siege of Sancerre. The conflict ended with the 1573 Peace of La Rochelle, restricting the worship of Protestantism to the three cities of Montauban, Nimes and La Rochelle.
Huguenot rebellions
Main article: Huguenot rebellions
Under Henry IV the city enjoyed a certain freedom and prosperity until the 1620s, but the city entered in conflict with the central authority of the King Louis XIII with the Huguenot rebellion (1622).[16] A fleet from La Rochelle fought a royal fleet of 35 ships under the Charles de Guise in front of Saint-Martin-de-Ré, but was defeated on 27 October 1622, leading to the signature of the Peace of Montpellier.[16]
Revolt of Soubise (1625)
Main article: Capture of Ré island
In 1625, a new Huguenot revolt led by Duke Henri de Rohan and his brother Soubise led to the Capture of Ré island by the forces of Louis XIII. Soubise conquered large parts of the Atlantic coast, but the supporting fleet of La Rochelle was finally defeated by Montmorency, as was Soubise with 3,000 when he led a counter-attack against the royal troops who had landed on the island of Ré.[17]
Siege of La Rochelle (1627-1628)
Main article: Siege of La Rochelle
Following these events, Louis XIII and his Chief Minister Cardinal Richelieu declared the suppression of the Huguenot revolt the first priority of the kingdom. The English came to the support of La Rochelle, starting an Anglo-French War (1627-1629), by sending a major expedition under the Duke of Buckingham. The expedition however ended in fiasco for England with the Siege of Saint-Martin-de-Ré (1627). Meanwhile, cannon shots were exchanged on 10 September 1627 between La Rochelle and Royal troops. This resulted in the Siege of La Rochelle in which Cardinal Richelieu blockaded the city for 14 months, until the city surrendered and lost its mayor and its privileges.
The growing persecution of the Huguenots culminated with the revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV. Many Huguenots emigrated, founding such cities as New Rochelle in the vicinity of today's New York in 1689. La Rochelle, and the siege of 1627 form much of the backdrop of the later chapters of Alexandre Dumas, père's classic novel, The Three Musketeers.
La Rochelle and the New World
Because of its western location, which saved days of sailing time, La Rochelle enjoyed successful fishing in the western Atlantic and trading with the New World, which served to counterbalance the disadvantage of not being at the mouth of a river (useful for shipping goods to and from the interior). Its Protestant shipowning and merchant class prospered in the sixteenth century until the Wars of Religion devastated the city.[18]
The period following the wars was a prosperous one, marked by intense exchanges with the New World (Nouvelle France in Canada, and the Antilles). La Rochelle became very active in triangular trade with the New World, dealing in the slave trade with Africa, sugar trade with plantations of the Antilles, and fur trade with Canada. This was a period of high artistic, cultural and architectural achievements for the city.
Robert de La Salle departed from La Rochelle, France, on July 24, 1684, with the objective of setting up a colony at the mouth of the Mississippi, eventually establishing Fort Saint Louis in Texas.[19]
The city eventually lost its trade and prominence during the decades spanning the Seven Years' War, the French revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. During that period France lost many of the territorial possessions it had in the new World, and also saw a strong decrease in its sea power in the continuing conflicts with Britain, ultimately diminishing the role of such harbours as La Rochelle.
In 1809, the Battle of the Basque Roads took place near La Rochelle, in which a British fleet defeated the French Fleet of the Atlantic.
19th century
In 1864, the harbour of La Rochelle (area of the "Bassin à flot" behind the water locks), was the site for the maiden dive experiments of the first mechanically-powered submarine in the World, Plongeur, commanded by Marie-Joseph-Camille Doré, a native of La Rochelle.
Second World War
During the Second World War, Germany established a submarine naval base at La Pallice (the main port of La Rochelle), which became the setting for the movie Das Boot. The U-Boat scenes in the movie Raiders of the Lost Ark were also shot in La Rochelle.
A German stronghold, La Rochelle was the last French city to be freed at the end of the War. A siege took place between 12 September 1944, and 7 May 1945, in which the stronghold, including the islands of Ré and Oléron, was held by 20,000 German troops under a German vice-admiral Ernst Schirlitz. Following negotiations by the French Navy frigate captain Meyer, and the general German capitulation on May 7, French troops entered La Rochelle on May 8.
Geography
Geology
The bedrock of La Rochelle and surrounding areas is composed of layers of limestone dating back to the Sequanian stage (upper Oxfordian stage) of the Jurassic period (circa 160 million years ago), when a large part of France was submerged. These rocks were formed by the accumulation of organisms falling on the seabed, where they solidified. This happened at the time dinosaurs were roaming the earth.
Many of these layers are visible in the white cliffs that border the sea, which encapsulate many small marine fossils. Layers of thick white rocks, formed during period of relatively warm seas, alternate with highly friable layers containing sands and remains of mud, formed during colder periods, and with layers containing various corals, that were formed during warmer, tropical times.[20]
The limestone thus formed is traditionally used as the main building material throughout the region.
The area of La Pointe du Chay, about 5 kilometres from La Rochelle is a popular cliff area for leisurely archaeological surveys.
Climate
Although at the same latitude as Montreal in Canada or the Kuril islands in Russia, the area is quite warm throughout the year due to the influence of the Gulf Stream waters, and insolation is remarkably high, on a par with the French Riviera on the Mediterranean Southern coast of France.
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Avg low (°C) | 3.4 | 4.0 | 5.4 | 7.4 | 10.7 | 13.7 | 15.8 | 15.7 | 13.7 | 10.5 | 6.3 | 3.9 | 9.2 |
| Avg high (°C) | 8.5 | 9.9 | 12.1 | 14.7 | 17.9 | 21.3 | 23.8 | 23.5 | 21.8 | 18.0 | 12.6 | 9.2 | 16.1 |
| Average (°C) | 5.9 | 6.9 | 8.7 | 11.1 | 14.3 | 17.5 | 19.8 | 19.6 | 17.8 | 14.2 | 9.4 | 6.6 | 12.7 |
| Insolation (h) | 84 | 111 | 174 | 212 | 239 | 272 | 305 | 277 | 218 | 167 | 107 | 85 | 2250 |
| Precipitation (mm) | 82.5 | 66.1 | 57.0 | 52.7 | 61.1 | 42.9 | 35.1 | 46.4 | 56.5 | 81.6 | 91.8 | 81.8 | 755.3 |
Demographics
| 1821 | 1831 | 1836 | 1841 | 1846 | 1851 | 1856 | 1861 |
| 12,327 | 14,629 | 14,857 | 16,720 | 17,465 | 16,507 | 16,175 | 18,904 |
| 1866 | 1872 | 1876 | 1881 | 1886 | 1891 | 1896 | 1901 |
| 18,710 | 19,506 | 19,583 | 22,464 | 23,829 | 26,808 | 28,376 | 31,559 |
| 1906 | 1911 | 1921 | 1926 | 1931 | 1936 | 1945 | 1954 |
| 33,858 | 36,371 | 39,770 | 41,521 | 45,043 | 47,737 | 48,923 | 58,799 |
| 1962 | 1968 | 1975 | 1982 | 1990 | 1999 | 2004 | |
| 66,590 | 73,347 | 75,367 | 75,840 | 76,094 | 76,584 | 78,000 |
Today
The city has beautifully maintained its past architecture, making it one of the most picturesque and historically rich cities on the Atlantic coast. This helped develop a strong tourism industry.
La Rochelle possesses a commercial harbour in deep water, named La Pallice. The large submarine bunker built during World War II still stands there, although it is not being used. La Pallice is equipped with oil unloading equipment, and mainly handles tropical wood. It is also the location of the fishing fleet, which was moved from the old harbour at the center of the city during the 1980s.
La Rochelle also maintains strong links with the sea by harbouring the largest marina for pleasure boats in Europe at Les Minimes, and a rather rich boat-building industry.
La Rochelle has a very big aquarium, and a small botanical garden (the Jardin des plantes de La Rochelle).
The Calypso, the ship used by Jacques-Yves Cousteau as a mobile laboratory for oceanography, and which was sunk after a collision in the port of Singapore (1996) is now displayed (sadly rotting) at the Maritime Museum of La Rochelle.
One of the biggest music festivals in France, "FrancoFolies," takes place each summer in La Rochelle, where Francophone musicians come together for a week of concerts and celebration. 2004 marked the 20th anniversary of this event.
La Rochelle is the setting for the best-selling series of French language textbooks in the UK, titled Tricolore. The central character, Martine Domme, lives with her family at the fictional address of 12, Rue de la République.
Tourism
La Rochelle's main feature is the "Vieux Port" ("Old Harbour"), which is at the heart of the city, picturesque and lined with seafood restaurants. The city walls are open to an evening promenade. The old town has been well-preserved. From the harbour, boating trips can be taken to the Île d'Aix and Fort Boyard (home to the internationally famous tv show of the same name). Nearby Île de Ré is a short drive to the North. The countryside of the surrounding Charente-Maritime is very rural and full of history (Saintes). To the North is Venise Verte, a marshy area of country, criss-crossed with tiny canals and a popular resort for inland boating. Inland is the country of Cognac and Pineau. The attractive Île de Ré is accessible via a bridge from La Rochelle.
La Rochelle and its region are served by the international La Rochelle - Île de Ré Airport, which has undergone a steady progress on the last 5 years. Currently, it is the biggest airport in the Poitou-Charentes region.
Landmarks
Notable people
Born in La Rochelle
- Antoine Albeau, windsurfer
- Jacques Nicolas Billaud-Varenne, politician and revolutionary
- Aimé Bonpland, botanist
- William-Adolphe Bouguereau, painter
- Jean-Loup Chrétien, astronaut
- John Theophilus Desaguliers, physician and mathematician
- Guy-Victor Duperre, admiral
- Jean Duvignaud, writer
- Eugène Fromentin, writer and painter
- Nicolas Gargot de La Rochette, governor of Placentia
- Bernard Giraudeau, actor and director
- Jean Guiton, mayor during the Siege of La Rochelle
- Guy Laroche, fashion designer
- Fabrice Neaud, artist and cartoonist
- Paul Ramadier, politician and member of the French Resistance
- René-Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur, scientist
- Winshluss, artist and cartoonist
Lived in La Rochelle
- Colette Besson, sprinter
- Saint Louis de Montfort
- Alcide d'Orbigny, botanist
- Marie Louise Trichet
- Martin AuCoin, earliest known ancestor of U.S. Congressman Les AuCoin
Sport
Gallery
 La Rochelle, entrance to the harbour, Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot, 1851. |
 La Grosse Horloge |
 Tour de la Lanterne |
.JPG) Phare du Bout du Monde |
 The train station |
 Entrance to Les Minimes harbour |
 Old town and harbour |
 Tour St. Nicolas (from the Tour de la Chaine) |
 Tour de la Chaine (left) and Tour St. Nicolas (right) |
 La Rochelle town hall portico, albumen print, ca. 1874-1890 |
See also
International relations
Main article: List of twin towns and sister cities in France
Twin towns — Sister cities
La Rochelle is twinned with:[21]
|
Notes
- ^ Boardman, p.308
- ^ Reformation in La Rochelle: tradition and change in early modern Europe by Judith Chandler Pugh Meyer p.19 [1]
- ^ Bradshaw's illustrated travellers' hand book in [afterw.] to France by George Bradshaw [2]
- ^ The new knighthood by Malcolm Barber p.26
- ^ a b The history of the Knights Templars by Charles G. Addison, p.15
- ^ The Knights Templar in Britain Evelyn Lord, p.155
- ^ The Templars and the Grail by Karen Ralls, p.26
- ^ Templars in America by Tim Wallace-Murphy, p.17
- ^ The complete idiot's guide to freemasonry S. Brent Morris p.194
- ^ From crossbow to H-bomb by Bernard Brodie p.64
- ^ Fortress of the soul: violence, metaphysics, and material life by Neil Kamil p.148 [3]
- ^ Fortress of the soul: violence, metaphysics, and material life by Neil Kamil p.133 [4]
- ^ Fortress of the soul: violence, metaphysics, and material life by Neil Kamil p.149 [5]
- ^ The rise and fall of Renaissance France, 1483-1610 by Robert Jean Knecht p.355 [6]
- ^ Memoirs of Maximilian de Bethune, duke of Sully p.20 [7]
- ^ a b Champlain by Denis Vaugeois, p.22
- ^ Penny cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge Page 268 [8]
- ^ Kurlansky, Mark. Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World. Walker and Co., New York, 1997 pp. 51-52. ISBN 0-8027-1326-2.
- ^ From a watery grave by James E. Bruseth
- ^ Source: La Rochelle touristic board at the "Pointe du Chay"
- ^ a b c d e f g "La Rochelle: Twin towns". www.ville-larochelle.fr. http://www.ville-larochelle.fr/en/decouvrir-la-ville/villes-jumelles.html. Retrieved 2009-11-07.
References
- Boardman, John The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity, Princeton 1993 ISBN 0691036802
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Mentioned in
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- Rochelle salt
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- siege of La Rochelle
- Charente-Maritime (department, France)
- Van Roekel (family name)
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- Royan Festival (music)
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