lactate dehydrogenase
n.
Any of a class of enzymes that catalyze the reversible interconversion of pyruvate and lactate, found predominantly in the liver, kidneys, striated muscle, and heart muscle.
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Results for lactate dehydrogenase
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Any of a class of enzymes that catalyze the reversible interconversion of pyruvate and lactate, found predominantly in the liver, kidneys, striated muscle, and heart muscle.
An enzyme found in the cytoplasm of almost all body tissues, where its main function is to catalyze the oxidation of L-lactate to pyruvate.
An enzyme, the level of which is commonly used in exercise physiology as a measure of the capacity of glycolysis. It catalyses interconversions of pyruvic acid and lactic acid. It is found in many cells, but especially in muscle cells. There are different forms of LDH. One form called heart-specific LDH (H-LDH) preferentially catalyses lactate oxidation to pyruvate and predominates in slow-twitch muscle fibres. Another form, muscle-specific LDH (M-LDH), preferentially catalyses the reduction of pyruvate to lactate and predominates in fast-twitch muscle fibres. With endurance training, the relative activity of H-LDH increases in slow-twitch fibres, improving the ability of muscles to oxidize lactate. The amount of LDH in muscle fibres appears to decrease or not change in response to heavy resistance training.
Any of a class of enzymes found in the liver, kidneys, striated muscle, and heart muscle that catalyze the reversible conversion of pyruvate and lactate.
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lactate dehydrogenase A
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| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | LDHA |
| Entrez | 3939 |
| HUGO | 6535 |
| OMIM | 150000 |
| RefSeq | NM_005566 |
| UniProt | P00338 |
| Other data | |
| EC number | 1.1.1.27 |
| Locus | Chr. 11 p15.4 |
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lactate dehydrogenase B
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| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | LDHB |
| Entrez | 3945 |
| HUGO | 6541 |
| OMIM | 150100 |
| RefSeq | NM_002300 |
| UniProt | P07195 |
| Other data | |
| EC number | 1.1.1.27 |
| Locus | Chr. 12 p12.2-12.1 |
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lactate dehydrogenase C
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| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | LDHC |
| Entrez | 3948 |
| HUGO | 6544 |
| OMIM | 150150 |
| RefSeq | NM_002301 |
| UniProt | P07864 |
| Other data | |
| EC number | 1.1.1.27 |
| Locus | Chr. 11 p15.5-15.3 |
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme (EC 1.1.1.27) present in a wide variety of organisms, including plants and animals.
It catalyses the interconversion of pyruvate and lactate with concomitant interconversion of NADH and NAD+. At high concentrations of pyruvate, the enzyme exhibits feedback inhibition and the rate of conversion of pyruvate to lactate is decreased.
It also catalyzes the dehydrogenation of 2-Hydroxybutyrate, but it is a much poorer substrate than lactate. There is little to no activity with beta-hydroxybutyrate.
The five isozymes that are usually described in the literature each contain four subunits. The major isozymes of skeletal muscle and liver, M4, has four muscle (M) subunits; while H (heart)4 is the main isozymes for heart muscle in most species, containing 4 H subunits. The other variants contain both types of subunits.
Usually LDH-2 is the predominant form in the serum. A LDH-1 level higher than the LDH-2 level (a "flipped pattern"), suggests myocardial infarction (damage to heart tissues releases heart LDH, which is rich in LDH-1, into the bloodstream). The use of this phenomenon to diagnose infarction has been largely superseded by the use of Troponin I or T measurement.
The M and H subunits are encoded by two different genes:
Mutations of the M subunit have been linked to the rare disease exertional myoglobinuria (see OMIM article), and mutations of the H subunit have been described but do not appear to lead to disease.
In medicine, LDH is often used as a marker of tissue breakdown as LDH is abundant in red blood cells and can function as a marker for hemolysis. A blood sample that has been handled incorrectly can show false-positively high levels of LDH due to erythrocyte damage.
It can also be used as a marker of myocardial infarction. Following a myocardial infarction, levels of LDH peak at 3-4 days and remain elevated for up to 10 days. In this way, elevated levels of LDH can be useful for determining if a patient has had a myocardial infarction if they come to doctors several days after an episode of chest pain.
Other uses are assessment of tissue breakdown in general; this is possible when there are no other indicators of hemolysis. It is used to follow-up cancer (especially lymphoma) patients, as cancer cells have a high rate of turnover with destroyed cells leading to an elevated LDH activity.
Measuring LDH in fluid aspirated from a pleural effusion (or pericardial effusion) can help in the distinction between exudates (actively secreted fluid, e.g. due to inflammation) or transudates (passively secreted fluid, due to a high hydrostatic pressure or a low oncotic pressure). LDH is elevated (>200 U/l) in an exudate and low in a transudate. In empyema, the LDH levels generally will exceed 1000 U/l.
The enzyme is also found in cerebrospinal fluid where high levels of lactate dehydrogenase in cerebrospinal fluid are often associated with bacterial meningitis. High levels of the enzyme can also be found in cases of viral meningitis, generally indicating the presence of encephalitis and poor prognosis.
LDH is often measured in HIV patients as a non-specific marker for Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly Pneumocystis carinii) pneumonia (PCP). Elevated LDH in the setting of upper respiratory symptoms in an HIV patient suggests, but is not diagnostic for, PCP.
| Oxidoreductases: alcohol oxidoreductases (EC 1.1) | |
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| 1.1.1 NAD/NADP acceptor | Carbohydrate dehydrogenases - Alcohol dehydrogenase - Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase - L-xylulose reductase - Aldose reductase - Lactate dehydrogenase - 3-Hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase - Malate dehydrogenase - Isocitrate dehydrogenase - Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase - Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase - HMG-CoA reductase - Β-Ketoacyl ACP reductase - Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: 11 Beta (HSD11B1, HSD11B2) - 3 Beta (3-beta-HSD) - 17 Beta - Carnitine dehydrogenase - Beta-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase - IMP dehydrogenase - DXP reductoisomerase |
| 1.1.3 oxygen acceptor | Glucose oxidase - L-gulonolactone oxidase - Xanthine oxidase |
| Carbohydrate metabolism: glycolysis/gluconeogenesis enzymes | |
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| Glycolysis | Glucokinase/Hexokinase/Glucose 6-phosphatase - Glucose isomerase - Phosphofructokinase 1/Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase - Aldolase - Triosephosphate isomerase - Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase - Phosphoglycerate kinase - Phosphoglycerate mutase - Enolase - Pyruvate kinase |
| Gluconeogenesis only | Pyruvate carboxylase - Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase - from lactate (Cori cycle): Lactate dehydrogenase - from alanine (Alanine cycle): Alanine transaminase |
| Regulatory | Phosphofructokinase 2/Fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase - Bisphosphoglycerate mutase |
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