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Lake Baikal

 
Dictionary: Bai·kal or Bay·kal (bī-kôl', -kŏl') pronunciation, Lake
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A lake of south-central Russia. Over 636 km long (394 mi), it is the largest freshwater lake in Eurasia and the world's deepest lake, with a maximum known depth of 1,742.2 m (5,712 ft).

 

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Britannica Concise Encyclopedia: Lake Baikal
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Lake, southern Siberia, Russia, in Asia. With a length of 395 mi (636 km) long and an area of some 12,200 sq mi (31,500 sq km), it is the largest freshwater basin in Eurasia. It is also the deepest continental body of water on Earth (5,315 ft [1,620 m]), containing one-fifth of the fresh water on Earth's surface. More than 330 rivers and streams flow into it; on its east it receives the Barguzin and Selenga rivers, and most of its outflow is through the Angara at the northern end. The island of Olkhon is in its centre. Plant and animal life are rich and various; at least 1,500 species are unique to the lake. Growing industrialization along its shores has produced threatening pollution. In 1996 the Lake Baikal Coastal Protection Zone was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site.

For more information on Lake Baikal, visit Britannica.com.

Russian History Encyclopedia: Lake Baikal
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Known as the "Pearl of Siberia," Lake Baikal is the oldest and deepest lake on earth. Home to more than one thousand endemic species of aquatic life, it is a focal point for environmental activism and Siberian national pride.

Located in south central Siberia, Baikal is 636 kilometers (395.2 miles) long, 80 kilometers (49.71 miles) wide, and 1,637 meters (5,371 feet) deep. A watershed of 55,000 hectares (212.4 square miles) feeds the lake through more than three hundred rivers. Only the Angara River drains Baikal, flowing northwest from the southern tip of the lake. The lake probably began to form about 25 million years ago, at the site of a tectonic rift. The fault continues to widen and there are thermal vents in the lake's depths.

Baikal's zooplankton, called epishura, is at the base of a unique food chain, with the prized Omul salmon and the nerpa, the world's only freshwater seal, at its top. Epishura is also a biological filter, contributing to the lake's extraordinary clarity and purity. The Baikal Ridge along the northwest shore of the lake is heavily populated by birds and animals and contains deposits of titanium, lead, and zinc. The Khamardaban range, lying to the south of the lake, contains gold, tungsten, and coal.

Humans have inhabited the area around Baikal at least since the Mesolithic period (ten to twelve thousand years ago). The dominant native peoples in the area since the twelfth to fourteenth centuries C.E. are Buryat Mongols. Another local tribe is the Evenks, a Tungus clan of traditional reindeer nomads of the taiga. Many native peoples consider Baikal sacred, and some believe that Olkhon Island, the largest on the lake, was the birthplace of Genghis Khan.

Russian explorers first came to the shores of Baikal in 1643, and by 1650 Russia had completed its annexation of the area around the lake. Russians met little resistance from indigenous peoples in the area, and Russian populations gradually increased over the following centuries, attracted by the fur trade and mining. The city of Irkutsk, on the Angara River, was a destination for convicts, including political exiles, during the nineteenth century. The Trans - Siberian Railway, which runs around the south tip of the lake, brought more settlers and more rapid economic development to the area during the 1890s. A Circum - Baikal Railway opened in 1900. Construction of the Baikal - Amur Mainline (BAM), a second trans - Siberian rail line that passes just north of the lake, took place from 1943 to 1951 and resumed in the 1974.

The fragile ecology of Lake Baikal faces many threats. The two large rail lines at either end of the lake have compromised the watersheds through logging and erosion. Lumber mills and factories near Ulan - Ude send thousands of tons of contaminants annually into the lake. The Baikalsk cellulose combine has altered the ecology of the southern part of the lake, killing off epishura and accounting for high concentrations of PCBs and other toxins. Large die - offs of nerpa seals have been attributed to dioxin contamination. Environmental activists have vigorously opposed industrial development, and have focused international attention on the lake. Two nature reserves (zapovedniks) and two national parks protect portions of the lake-shore. The entire lake and its coastal protection zone became a UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site in 1996.

Bibliography

Matthiessen, Peter. (1992). Baikal: Sacred Sea of Siberia. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books.

Mote, Victor L. (1998). Siberia: Worlds Apart. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Center (UNEP - WCMC). (1996). "Protected Areas Programme: Lake Baikal." <http://www.unep - wcmc.org/sites/wh/baikal.htm>.

—RACHEL MAY

 
Columbia Encyclopedia: Baykal
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Baykal or Baikal (both: bīkäl'), lake, 12,160 sq mi (31,494 sq km), SE Siberian Russia. It is the largest freshwater lake of Eurasia, with a width up to 50 mi (80 km) and a length of c.395 mi (640 km), and it contains roughly a fifth of the world's fresh water. Its maximum depth is 5,714 ft (1,742 m), making Baykal the world's deepest lake. There are numerous feeder streams (notably the Selenga), but the only outlet is the Angara River, whose great volume is harnessed by several hydroelectric stations. Lake Baykal is navigable and is used to float timber. Surrounded by beautiful mountain scenery, it is rich in fish and other aquatic life, including such unusual species as the world's only freshwater seal. Although it is known for its crystal-clear waters, the lake is in danger of pollution because of industrial development in Siberia. Recent antipollution efforts by the Russian government, however, have reduced the flow of effluent into the lake. Plans to route a Siberian oil pipeline within .6 mi (1 km) of the lake provoked concern until President Putin called (2006) for the pipeline to be rerouted c.35 mi (40 km) to the north, outside the lake's watershed. The Trans-Siberian RR skirts the lake's southern shores. Between Lake Baykal and the upper Amur River lies the region known as Transbaykalia.

Wikipedia: Lake Baikal
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"Baykal" and "Baikal" redirect here. For other uses, see Baykal (disambiguation).
Lake Baikal
Lake Baikal - Shaman-Stone of the Olkhon Island
Shaman-Stone of the Olkhon Island
Lake Baikal -
Coordinates 53°30′N 108°12′E / 53.5°N 108.2°E / 53.5; 108.2Coordinates: 53°30′N 108°12′E / 53.5°N 108.2°E / 53.5; 108.2
Lake type Continental rift lake
Primary  inflows Selenga, Chikoy, Khilok, Uda, Barguzin, Upper Angara
Primary  outflows Angara
Catchment  area 560,000 km2 (216,000 sq mi)
Basin  countries Russia and Mongolia
Max. length 636 km (395 mi)
Max. width 79 km (49 mi)
Surface area 31,722 km2 (12,248 sq mi)[1]
Average depth 744.4 m (2,442 ft)[1]
Max. depth 1,642 m (5,390 ft)[1]
Water volume 23,615.39 km3 (5,700 cu mi)[1]
Residence time 330 years[2]
Shore  length1 2,100 km (1,300 mi)
Surface  elevation 455.5 m (1,494 ft)
Frozen January–May
Islands 27 (Olkhon)
Settlements Irkutsk
1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure.

Lake Baikal (Russian: о́зеро Байка́л Ozero Baykal, pronounced [ˈozʲɪrə bʌjˈkɑl]; Buryat: Байгал нуур Baygal nuur, meaning "the rich lake"[3]) is the world's second most voluminous lake, after the Caspian Sea. It is the most voluminous freshwater lake in the world with an average depth of 744.4 m (2,442 ft) and contains a total of roughly 20 percent of the world's surface fresh water.[4][5] Located in the south of the Russian region of Siberia (between Irkutsk Oblast to the northwest and the Buryat Republic to the southeast, near the city of Irkutsk), the body of water is also known as the "Pearl of Siberia".

At 1,642 metres (5,390 ft) (Baikal central part 53°14′59″N 108°05′11″E / 53.24972°N 108.08639°E / 53.24972; 108.08639)[1], Lake Baikal is the deepest,[6] and among the clearest[7] of all lakes in the world. At more than 25 million years old, Baikal is also the world's oldest lake.[8] Like Lake Tanganyika, Lake Baikal was formed as an ancient rift valley, having the typical long crescent shape with a surface area of 31,722 km2/12,248 sq mi, less than that of Lake Superior or Lake Victoria. Baikal is home to more than 1,700 species of plants and animals, two thirds of which can be found nowhere else in the world[9] and was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996.[10] It is also home to Buryat tribes who reside on the eastern side of Lake Baikal,[11][12] rearing goat, camel, cattle and sheep,[12] where the regional temperature varies from a minimum of -17°C in winter to maximum of 14°C in summer.[13]

Contents

Geography and hydrography

A digital elevation model of Lake Baikal region.
The Yenisei River basin, Lake Baikal and the settlements of Dikson, Dudinka, Turukhansk, Krasnoyarsk and Irkutsk.
Angara-Lake Baikal.ogg
Origin of the Angara River at Lake Baikal

Lake Baikal was known as the "North Sea" in historical Chinese texts. It was situated in the then Xiongnu territory. Very little was known to Europeans about the lake until the Russian expansion into the area in the 17th century.

The Trans-Siberian railway was built between 1896 and 1902. The scenic railway around the southwestern end of Lake Baikal required 200 bridges and 33 tunnels; until its completion, a train ferry transported railcars across the lake (from Port Baikal to Mysovaya) for a number of years.

As the railway was being built, a large hydrogeographical expedition headed by F.K. Drizhenko produced the first detailed atlas of the contours of Baikal's depths. Known as the "Galápagos of Russia", its age and isolation have produced some of the world's richest and most unusual freshwater fauna.[8]

Lake Baikal is in a rift valley, created by the Baikal Rift Zone, where the crust of the earth is pulling apart.[5] At 636 kilometers (395 mi) long and 79 kilometers (49 mi) wide, Lake Baikal has the largest surface area of any freshwater lake in Asia (31,722 km2/12,248 sq mi) and is the deepest lake in the world (1,642 m/5,390 ft). The bottom of the lake is 1,186.5 metres (3,893 ft) below sea level, but below this lies some 7 kilometers (4.3 mi) of sediment, placing the rift floor some 8–11 kilometres (more than 5 miles) below the surface: the deepest continental rift on Earth.[5] In geological terms, the rift is young and active—it widens about two centimeters per year. The fault zone is also seismically active; there are hot springs in the area and notable earthquakes every few years. The lake drains into the Angara tributary of the Yenisei.

Its age is estimated at 25–30 million years, making it one of the most ancient lakes in geological history. It is unique among large, high-latitude lakes, in that its sediments have not been scoured by overriding continental ice sheets. U.S. and Russian studies of core sediment in the 1990s provide a detailed record of climatic variation over the past 250,000 years. Longer and deeper sediment cores are expected in the near future. Lake Baikal is furthermore the only confined fresh water lake in which direct and indirect evidence of gas hydrates exists.[14][15][16]

The lake is completely surrounded by mountains. The Baikal Mountains on the north shore and the taiga are technically protected as a national park. It contains 27 islands; the largest, Olkhon, is 72 kilometres (45 mi) long and is the fourth-largest lake-bound island in the world. The lake is fed by as many as three hundred and thirty inflowing rivers.[4] The main ones draining directly into Baikal are the Selenga River, the Barguzin River, the Upper Angara River, the Turka River, the Sarma River and the Snezhnaya River. It is drained through a single outlet, the Angara River.

Despite its great depth, the lake's waters are well-mixed and well-oxygenated throughout the water column, compared to the stratification that occurs in such bodies of water as Lake Tanganyika and the Black Sea.

Wildlife

Omul Fish at the Listvyanka market.
The peninsula of Svyatoy Nos.

Few other lakes can equal the extent of biodiversity present in Lake Baikal. Lake Baikal hosts 1,085 species of plants and 1,550 species and varieties of animals. More than 80% of the animals are endemic. Epischura baikalensis is endemic to Lake Baikal and the dominating zooplankton species there: 80 to 90 percent of total biomass.[17] The Baikal Seal or nerpa (Phoca sibirica) is found throughout Lake Baikal. It is one of only three entirely freshwater seal species in the world, the other being the two subspecies of freshwater Ringed Seal. Perhaps the most important local species is the omul (Coregonus autumnalis migratorius), a smallish endemic salmonid. It is caught, smoked and then sold widely in markets around the lake.

Of particular note are the two species of golomyanka or Baikal oil fish (Comephorus baicalensis and C. dybowskii). These long-finned, translucent fish normally live in depths of 200 to 500 meters (660–1,600 ft) and are the primary prey of the Baikal seal, representing the largest fish biomass in the lake. They are famous for disintegrating into a pool of oil and bones when exposed to sunlight. The Baikal grayling (Thymallus arcticus baicalensis), a fast swimming salmonid, popular among anglers and the Baikal sturgeon (Asipenser baerri baicalensis), are both important endemic species with commercial value. The lake also hosts rich endemic fauna of invertebrates. Among them turbellarian worms, snails and amphipod crustaceans are particularly diverse.

Research

Lake Baikal as seen from space, taken by the OrbView-2 satellite.
A circle of thin ice (dark in colour, with a diameter of about 4.4 kilometres); this is the focal point for ice break up in the very southern end of the lake.
"Miri Na Baykale" redirects here.

Several organizations are carrying out natural research projects on Lake Baikal. Most of them are governmental or associated with governmental organizations. The Baikalian Research Centre is an independent research organization carrying out environmental educational and research project at Lake Baikal.[18]

In July 2008, Russia sent two small submersibles, Mir-1 and Mir-2, to descend 1,592 meters (5,220 ft) to the bottom of Lake Baikal to conduct geological and biological tests on its unique ecosystem. Although originally reported as being successful, they did not set a world record for the deepest fresh water dive, reaching a depth of only 1,580 meters (5,200 ft).[19]. That record is currently held by Anatoly Sagalevich, at 1,637 meters (5,370 ft) (also in Lake Baikal aboard a Pisces submersible in 1990).[20][21] Russian scientist and federal politician, Artur Chilingarov, also joined the 60 dives.[22]

Baikal Deep Underwater Neutrino Telescope

Main article: Baikal Deep Underwater Neutrino Telescope

Since 1993, neutrino research has been conducted at the Baikal Deep Underwater Neutrino Telescope (BDUNT). The Baikal Neutrino Telescope NT-200 is being deployed in Lake Baikal, 3.6 kilometers (2.2 mi) from shore at a depth of 1.1 kilometers (0.68 mi). It consists of 192 optical modules (OMs).[23]

Tourism

Lake Baikal early April in Listvyanka

The lake, called "the Pearl of Siberia", drew investors from the tourist industry as energy revenues sparked an economic boom.[24] Viktor Grigorov's Grand Baikal in Irkutsk is one of the investors, who planned to build three hotels creating 570 jobs. In 2007, the Russian government declared the Baikal region a special economic zone. The popular resort of Listvyanka is home to the seven-story Hotel Mayak. Baikal was also declared a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1996. Rosatom plans to build a laboratory in Baikal, in conjunction with an international uranium plant and to invest $2.5bn in the region and create 2,000 jobs in the city of Angarsk.[25]

Access

To reach Lake Baikal, there are mainly three starting points.

Irkutsk

Irkutsk is on the Angara River which flows out from the southern tip of Lake Baikal. It has the international Irkutsk Airport and is a major stop on Trans-Siberian Railway (Moscow-Novosibirsk-Taishet-Irkutsk-Vladivostok) and of Trans-Siberian Highway.

Severobaikalsk

Severobaikalsk on the northen tip of Lake Baikal is a relatively new town, on Baikal-Amur Mainline railway (Taishet-Severobaikalsk-Komsomolsk-na-Amure-Sovetskaya Gavan). Its airport is Nizhneangarsk Airport in its adjacent town of Nizhneangarsk.

Ulan-Ude

Ulan-Ude is about 100 km west of Lake Baikal, but one can stop on the southern shore of the lake on the way to Irkutsk along Trans-Siberian Railway or Trans-Siberian Highway, or on the eastern shore on the way north to Novy Uoyan along a major road.

Environmental concerns

Baykalsk pulp and paper mill

Baykalsk Pulp and Paper Mill

Baykalsk Pulp and Paper Mill (BPPM) was constructed in 1966, directly on the shore line, bleaching paper with chlorine and discharging waste into Baikal. After decades of protest, the plant was closed in November 2008.[26][27] In March 2009 the plant owner announced the paper mill would never reopen.[2] A source from Baikal Wave, an active environmental group in Irkutsk, said that the Mill reopened on Monday 24 August 2009. Whether or not the mill is in full operation yet is unclear, but plans are being made to give back jobs to local Baikalsk people.

Planned East Siberia-Pacific Ocean oil pipeline

The lake in the winter, as seen from the tourist resort of Listvyanka. The ice is thick enough to support pedestrians and snowmobiles.
The lake in the summer, as seen from Bolshiye Koty on the southwest shore.
Main article: Eastern Siberia – Pacific Ocean oil pipeline

Russian oil pipelines state company Transneft[28] was planning to build a trunk pipeline that would have come within 800 meters (2,620 ft) of the lake shore in a zone of substantial seismic activity. Environmental activists in Russia,[29] Greenpeace, Baikal pipeline opposition[30] and local citizens[31] were strongly opposed to these plans, due to the possibility of an accidental oil spill that might cause significant damage to the environment. According to the Transneft's president, numerous meetings with ordinary citizens were held in towns along the route, especially in Irkutsk.[32] However, it was not until Russian president Vladimir Putin ordered the company to consider an alternative route 40 kilometers (25 mi) to the north to avoid such ecological risks that Transneft agreed to alter its plans.[33] Transneft has since decided to move the pipeline away from Lake Baikal, so that it will not pass through any federal or republic natural reserves.[34][35] Work began on the pipeline, two days after President Putin agreed to changing the route away from Lake Baikal.[36]

Sensitive to Russia's growing environmental movement, Putin while president changed the route of a planned oil pipeline to avoid Lake Baikal, which contains one fifth of the world's unfrozen freshwater. ( http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20090801/wl_nm/us_russia_lake_putin )

Proposed nuclear plant

In 2006, the Russian Government announced plans to build the world's first International Uranium Enrichment Centre at an existing nuclear facility in Angarsk, 95 kilometers (59 mi) from the lake's shores. However, critics argue it would be a disaster for the region and are urging the Government to reconsider.[37]

After enrichment, only 10 percent of the uranium-derived radioactive material would be exported to international customers,[37] leaving 90 percent in the Lake Baikal region for storage. Uranium tailings contain radioactive and toxic materials, which if improperly stored are potentially dangerous to humans and can contaminate rivers and lakes.[37]

Historical Traditions

The first Russian to reach the lake is said to be Kurbat Ivanov in 1643[38]

According to 19th century traveler T.W. Atkinson, locals in the Lake Baikal Region had the tradition that Christ visited the area. The following quote is found on page 385 of Atkinson's book[3] of his travels published in 1861:

The people have a tradition in connection with this region which they implicitly believe. They say "that Christ visited this part of Asia and ascended this summit, whence he looked down on all the region around. After blessing the country to the northward, he turned towards the south, and looking across the Baikal, he waved his hand, exclaiming, Beyond this there is nothing." Thus they account for the sterility of Daouria, where it is said "no corn will grow."[39]

Folk songs

Lake Baikal has been sung in several Russian folk songs. Two of these songs are well known in Russia and its neighboring countries, such as Japan.

  • The Glorious Sea - Sacred Baikal
The Glorious Sea - Sacred Baikal (in Russian: Славное Mope, Священный Байкал is about a katorga fugitive. The lyrics as documented and edited in the 19th century by Dmitriy P. Davydov (1811-1888). [40] See "Barguzin River" for sample lyrics.
  • The Wanderer
The Wanderer (in Russian: Бродяга) is about a Decembrist of 1825 who had escaped the jail and sent himself to Transbaikalia. [41] The lyrics often heard were collected and edited in the 20th century by Y.K. Kondratyev:
Russian: По диким степъям Забайкалья,
In the wild steppes of Transbaikalia,
Russian: Где золото роют в горах,
Where they mine gold in the mountains,
Russian: Бродяга, ...
The wanderer, ...

The latter song was a secondary theme song for Soviet Russia's second color film, Ballad of Siberia (in Russian: Сказание о земле Сибирской).

References

  1. ^ a b c d e "A new bathymetric map of Lake Baikal. MORPHOMETRIC DATA. INTAS Project 99-1669.Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Consolidated Research Group on Marine Geosciences (CRG-MG), University of Barcelona, Spain; Limnological Institute of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russian Federation; State Science Research Navigation-Hydrographic Institute of the Ministry of Defense, St.Petersburg, Russian Federation.". Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. http://users.ugent.be/~mdbatist/intas/morphometry.htm. Retrieved 2009-06-09. 
  2. ^ "M.A. Grachev ON THE PRESENT STATE OF THE ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM OF LAKE BAIKAL". Lymnological Institute, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences. http://lin.irk.ru/grachev/eng/introduction.htm. Retrieved 2009-06-09. 
  3. ^ Dervla Murphy (2007) Silverland: A Winter Journey Beyond the Urals, London, John Murray, page 173
  4. ^ a b "Lake Baikal: the great blue eye of Siberia". CNN.com. http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2000/russia/story/train/lake.baikal/. Retrieved 2006-10-21. 
  5. ^ a b c "The Oddities of Lake Baikal". Alaska Science Forum. http://www.gi.alaska.edu/ScienceForum/ASF9/986.html. Retrieved 2007-01-07. 
  6. ^ "Deepest Lake in the World". geology.com. http://geology.com/records/deepest-lake.shtml. Retrieved 2007-08-18. 
  7. ^ Jung, J.; Hojnowski, C., Jenkins, H., Ortiz, A., Brinkley, C., Cadish, L., Evans, A., Kissinger, P., Ordal, L., Osipova, S., Smith, A., Vredeveld, B., Hodge, T., Kohler, S., Rodenhouse, N. and Moore, M. (2004). "Diel vertical migration of zooplankton in Lake Baikal and its relationship to body size". in Smirnov, A.I.; Izmest'eva, L.R.. Ecosystems and Natural Resources of Mountain Regions. Proceedings of the first international symposium on Lake Baikal: The current state of the surface and underground hydrosphere in mountainous areas. "Nauka", Novosibirsk, Russia. pp. 131-140. http://www.wellesley.edu/Biology/Faculty/Mmoore/Content/JUNG_et_al_2004.pdf.  Accessed 2009-08-09.
  8. ^ a b Fact Sheet: Lake Baikal — A Touchstone for Global Change and Rift Studies, July 1993 (accessed December 04, 2007)
  9. ^ "Russia" Britannica Student Encyclopedia. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 3 July 2007 [1]
  10. ^ "Lake Baikal — World Heritage Site". World Heritage. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/754. Retrieved 2007-01-13. 
  11. ^ Hammer, M.; Karafet, T. (1995). "DNA & the peopling of Siberia". Smithsonian Institution. http://www.mnh.si.edu/arctic/html/peopling_siberia.html. Retrieved 9 August 2009. 
  12. ^ a b Hudgins, S. (2003). The Other Side of Russia: A Slice of Life in Siberia and the Russian Far East. Texas A&M University Press. http://www.tamu.edu/upress/BOOKS/2003/sample/hudginschap.pdf.  Accessed 2009-08-09.
  13. ^ Fefelov, I.; Tupitsyn, I. (August 2004). "Waders of the Selenga delta, Lake Baikal, eastern Siberia". Wader Study Group Bulletin 104: 66-78. http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/IWSGB/v104/p00066-p00078.pdf. Retrieved 2009-08-09. 
  14. ^ Kuzmin, M.I., et al., 1998. First find of gas hydrates in sediments of Lake Baikal. Doklady Adademii Nauk, 362: 541–543 (in Russian).
  15. ^ Vanneste, M., et al., 2001. Multi-frequency seismic study of gas hydrate-bearing sediments in Lake Baikal, Siberia. Marine Geology, 172, 1–21.
  16. ^ Van Rensbergen, P., et al., 2002. Sub-lacustrine mud volcanoes and cold seeps caused by dissociation of gas hydrates in Lake Baikal. Geology, 30(7), 631–634.
  17. ^ Зоопланктон в экосистеме озера Байкал / О Байкале.ру — Байкал. Научно и популярно
  18. ^ "Baikalian Research Centre (ANO) (in Russian)". www.lakebaikal.net. http://www.lakebaikal.net/. Retrieved 2008-07-05. 
  19. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7530230.stm
  20. ^ Russian news reports (29 July 2008). "Russia claims world-record dive" (web). "Russian scientists say they have broken the world record for the deepest dive in a body of fresh water, plumbing the depths of Lake Baikal in Siberia.". http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7530230.stm. Retrieved 2008-07-29. 
  21. ^ DivingAlmanac.com
  22. ^ ukpress.google.com/article/ALeqM5iSNtoPecSfX9Qp3Yi4LilKLU1wjA ukpress.google.com/ Submarines to plumb deepest lake
  23. ^ "Baikal Lake Neutrino Telescope". Baikalweb. 2005-01-06. http://baikalweb.jinr.ru/. Retrieved July 30 2008. 
  24. ^ Esslemont, Tom (2007-09-07). ""Pearl of Siberia" draws investors". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6982271.stm. Retrieved 2007-12-04. 
  25. ^ BBC NEWS, 'Pearl of Siberia' draws investors
  26. ^ Russia Water Pollution
  27. ^ Sacred Land Film Project, Lake Baikal
  28. ^ "Transneft Transneft". Transneft. http://www.transneft.ru/Default.asp?LANG=EN Transneft. Retrieved 2006-10-21. 
  29. ^ "Baikal Environmental Wave". http://www.baikalwave.eu.org/Eng/index-e.html. Retrieved 2006-10-21. 
  30. ^ "Baikal pipeline". http://baikal-pipe.net/?page_id=64. Retrieved 2006-10-21. 
  31. ^ "The Right to Know: Irkutsk Citizens Want to be Consulted". http://www.baikalwave.eu.org/Eng/news.html#a2. Retrieved 2007-01-07. 
  32. ^ "Тема: [ENWL Власти Иркутской обл. выступили против прокладки нефтепровода к Тихому океану]". http://spb.ecology.net.ru/enwl/2006/03/15_16.htm. Retrieved 2007-08-03. 
  33. ^ "Putin orders oil pipeline shifted". BBCNews. April 26 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4945998.stm. Retrieved 2006-10-21. 
  34. ^ "Transneft charged with Siberia-Pacific pipeline construction". BizTorg.ru. http://www.rbcnews.com/free/20060907165225.shtml. Retrieved 2006-10-21. 
  35. ^ "New route". Transneft Press Center. http://www.transneft.ru/press/Default.asp?LANG=EN&ATYPE=9&ID=11661. Retrieved 2006-10-21. 
  36. ^ "Work starts on Russian pipeline". BBC News. April 28 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4954554.stm. Retrieved 2007-12-04. 
  37. ^ a b c Saving the Sacred Sea: Russian nuclear plant threatens ancient lake
  38. ^ Raymond H. Fisher, The Voyage of Semon Dezhnev, The Haklyut Society, 1981, page 246,
  39. ^ Travels in the regions of the upper and lower Amoor
  40. ^ The Glorious Sea, Sacred Baikal
  41. ^ The wanderer (Russian)

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Translations: Baikal
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Dansk (Danish)
n. - Baikal

Français (French)
n. - Baïkal

Deutsch (German)
n. - Baikalsee

Português (Portuguese)
n. - Baikal

Español (Spanish)
n. - Baikal

中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
贝加尔湖

中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 貝加爾湖

한국어 (Korean)
바이칼 호 (시베리아 남부의 세계에서 가장 깊은 담수호, 1620m)

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮בייקאל‬

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Copyrights:

Dictionary. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2007, 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2007. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.  Read more
Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. © 2006 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. All rights reserved.  Read more
Russian History Encyclopedia. Encyclopedia of Russian History. Copyright © 2004 by The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved.  Read more
Columbia Encyclopedia. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition Copyright © 2003, Columbia University Press. Licensed from Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. www.cc.columbia.edu/cu/cup/.  Read more
Wikipedia. This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Lake Baikal".  Read more
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