lapwing

Lapwings
Blacksmith Lapwing (Vanellus armatus)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Subclass: Neornithes Infraclass: Neognathae Superorder: Neoaves Order: Charadriiformes Suborder: Charadrii Family: Charadriidae Subfamily: Vanellinae Bonaparte, 1842
Genera
Erythrogonys Vanellus and see text

Vanellinae are any of various crested plovers, family Charadriidae, noted for its slow, irregular wing beat in flight and a shrill, wailing cry. Its length is 10-16 inches. They are a subfamily of medium-sized wading birds which also includes the plovers and dotterels. The Vanellinae are collectively called lapwings but also contain the ancient Red-kneed Dotterel. A lapwing can be thought of as a larger plover.

The traditional terms "plover", "lapwing" and "dotterel" were coined long before modern understandings of the relationships between different groups of birds emerged: in consequence, several of the Vanellinae are still often called "plovers", and the reverse also applies, albeit more rarely, to some Charadriinae (the "true" plovers and dotterels).

In Europe, "lapwing" often refers specifically to the Northern Lapwing, as the only member of this group to occur in most of the continent.

Systematics

For genera sometimes split from Vanellus, see there.

While authorities are generally agreed that there about 25 species of Vanellinae, classifications within the subfamily remain confused. At one extreme, Peters recognised no less than 20 different genera^{[citation needed]} for the birds listed in 2 genera here; other workers have gone as far as to group all the "true" lapwings (except the Red-kneed Dotterel) into the single genus, Vanellus. Current opinion appears to be that a more moderate position is appropriate, but it is not clear which genera to split. The Handbook of Birds of the World provisionally lumps all Vanellinae in Vanellus except the Red-kneed Dotterel which is in the monotypic Erythrogonys. Its plesiomorphic habitus reminds of plovers, but details like the missing hallux (hind toe) are like in lapwings: it is still not entirely clear whether it is better considered the basalmost plover or lapwing.^[1]

Many coloration details of the Red-kneed Dotterel also occur here and there among the living members of the main lapwing clade. Its position as the most basal of the living Vanellinae or just immediately outside it thus means that their last common ancestor - or even the last common ancestor of plovers and lapwings - almost certainly was a plover-sized bird with a black crown and breast-band, a white feather patch at the wrist, no hallux, and a lipochromic (probably red) bill with a black tip. Its legs most likely were black or the color of the bill's base.^[2]

Evolution

	"Birdsong at Carrington Moss" A Lapwing and a Chaffinch at Carrington Moss, in England
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The fossil record of the Vanellinae is scant and mostly of rather recent origin; no Neogene lapwings seem to be known. On the other hand, it appears as if early in their evolutionary history the plovers, lapwings and dotterels must indeed have been almost one and the same, and certainly they are hard to distinguish osteologically even today. Thus, since the Red-kneed Dotterel is so distinct that it might arguably be considered a monotypic subfamily, increasing the reliability of dating its divergence from a selection of true lapwings and plovers would also give a good idea of charadriid wader evolution altogether.

A mid-Oligocene - c.28 mya (million years ago) - fossil from Rupelmonde in Belgium has been assigned to Vanellus, but even if the genus were broadly defined it is entirely unclear if the placement is correct. Its age ties in with the appearance of the first seemingly distinct Charadriinae at about the same time, and with the presence of more basal Charadriidae a few million years earlier. However, the assignment of fragmentary fossils to Charadriinae or Vanellinae is not easy. Thus it is very likely that the charadriid waders originate around the Eocene-Oligocene boundary - roughly 40-30 mya - but nothing more can be said at present. If the Belgian fossil is not a true lapwing, there are actually no Vanellinae fossils known before the Quaternary.^[3]

The Early Oligocene fossil Dolicopterus^[4] from Ronzon (France) may be such an ancestral member of the Charadriidae or even the Vanellinae, but it has not been studied in recent decades and is in dire need of review.^[5]

Apart from the prehistoric Vanellus, the extinct lapwing genus Viator has been described from fossils. Its remains were found in the tar pits of Talara in Peru and it lived in the Late Pleistocene. Little is known of this rather large lapwing; it may actually belong in Vanellus.^[6]

Interestingly, the remaining Charadrii are highset and/or chunky birds, even decidedly larger than a lot of the scolopacid waders. The evolutionary trend regarding the Charadriidae - which make up most of the diversity of the Charadrii - thus runs contrary to Cope's Rule.^[2]

List of species in taxonomic order

Genus Vanellus

• Northern Lapwing, Vanellus vanellus
• White-headed Plover, Vanellus albiceps
• Southern Lapwing, Vanellus chilensis
• Grey-headed Lapwing, Vanellus cinereus
• Crowned Lapwing, Vanellus coronatus
• Long-toed Lapwing, Vanellus crassirostris
• River Lapwing or Spur-winged Lapwing, Vanellus duvaucelii
• Red-wattled Lapwing, Vanellus indicus
• Masked Lapwing, Vanellus miles
• Spur-winged Lapwing or Spur-winged Plover, Vanellus spinosus
• Banded Lapwing, Vanellus tricolor
• Blacksmith Lapwing, Vanellus armatus
• Black-headed Lapwing, Vanellus tectus
• Yellow-wattled Lapwing, Vanellus malabaricus
• Senegal Lapwing, Vanellus lugubris
• Black-winged Lapwing, Vanellus melanopterus
• African Wattled Lapwing, Vanellus senegallus
• Spot-breasted Lapwing, Vanellus melanocephalus
• Brown-chested Lapwing, Vanellus superciliosus
• Javanese Wattled Lapwing, Vanellus macropterus
• Sociable Lapwing, Vanellus gregarius
• White-tailed Lapwing, Vanellus leucurus
• Pied Lapwing, Vanellus cayanus
• Andean Lapwing, Vanellus resplendens

Genus Erythrogonys

• Red-kneed Dotterel, Erythrogonys cinctus

Footnotes

References

• Campbell, Kenneth E. Jr. (2002): A new species of Late Pleistocene lapwing from Rancho La Brea, California [English with Spanish abstract]. Condor 104: 170-174. DOI:10.1650/0010-5422(2002)104[0170:ANSOLP]2.0.CO;2 HTML abstract and first page image
• Mlíkovský, Jirí (2002): Cenozoic Birds of the World, Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press, Prague. ISBN 80-901105-3-8 PDF fulltext
• Piersma, Theunis & Wiersma, Popko (1996): Family Charadriidae (Plovers). In: del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew & Sargatal, Jordi (eds.): Handbook of Birds of the World (Volume 3: Hoatzin to Auks): 384-443, plates 35-39. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN 84-87334-20-2
• Thomas, Gavin H.; Wills, Matthew A. & Székely, Tamás (2004): A supertree approach to shorebird phylogeny. BMC Evol. Biol. 4: 28. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-28 PDF fulltext Supplementary Material

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Vanellus

• Lapwing videos on the Internet Bird Collection
• Lapwing Hatchlings video From Gallery of Living Nature.