In Irish mythology, a leprechaun (Irish: leipreachán) is a type of male faerie
said to inhabit the island of Ireland. They are a class of "faerie folk" associated in Irish mythology and folklore, as with all faeries, with the Tuatha Dé Danann and other quasi-historical peoples said to have inhabited Ireland before the arrival
of the Celts.
Leprechauns and other creatures of Irish mythology are often associated with "faerie
forts" or "faerie rings" — often the sites of ancient (Celtic or pre-Celtic)
earthworks or drumlins.
They usually take the form of old men who enjoy partaking in mischief. Their trade is that of a cobbler or shoemaker. They are said to be very rich, having many treasure
crocks buried during war-time.[1] According to legend, if anyone keeps an eye fixed upon one, he cannot escape, but the
moment the eye is withdrawn, he vanishes.
Etymology
A leprechaun counts his
gold, in this engraving circa
1900.
There are a number of possible etymologies of the name "leprechaun". One of the most widely
accepted theories is that the name comes from the Irish word leipreachán, defined by Dinneen as "a pigmy, a sprite, a
leprechaun; for luchorpán"; the latter word Dinneen defines as "a pigmy, a leprechaun; 'a kind of
aqueous sprite'";[2] this word has also been identified as meaning "half-bodied", or "small-bodied". This
is the etymology given in the Collins English Dictionary.[3]
The word which is widely believed to be the root and one of the ones quoted by the Oxford English Dictionary is luchorpán. An alternative
derivation for the name and another one quoted by the Oxford English
Dictionary, is leath bhrógan, meaning shoe-maker — the leprechaun is known as the fairy
shoemaker of Ireland and is often portrayed working on a single shoe.[4] Another derivation has the word "leprechaun" deriving from
luch-chromain, meaning "little stooping Lugh", Lugh being the name of
a leader of the Tuatha Dé Danann.[5]
The word leprechaun was first recorded used in the English language in
1604 in Middleton and Dekker's The Honest Whore as lubrican. The
original meaning was of some kind of spirit and not specifically associated with the Irish
mythological character:[6]
- "As for your Irish Lubrican, that spirit
- Whom by preposterous charms thy lust has raised." [7]
Some alternative spellings of the word leprechaun that have been used throughout the ages are; leprechawn,
lepracaun and lubberkin. The word leprehaun has also been used.
Mythology
Leprechauns rarely appear in what would be classed as a folk tale; in almost all cases the
interest of these stories centres round a human hero. Stories about leprechauns are generally very
brief and generally have local names and scenery attached to them. The tales are usually told conversationally as any other
occurrence might be told, whereas there is a certain solemnity about the repetition of a folk-tale proper.
In most tales and stories leprechauns are depicted as generally harmless creatures who enjoy solitude and live in remote
locations, although opinion is divided as to if they ever enjoy the company of other spirits. Although rarely seen in social
situations, leprechauns are supposedly very well spoken and, if ever spoken to, could make good conversation.
Among the most popular of beliefs about leprechauns is that they are extremely wealthy and like to hide their gold in secret locations, which can only be revealed if a person were to actually capture and interrogate a
leprechaun for its money.
By nature, leprechauns are said to be ill-natured and mischievous, with a mind for cunning. Many tales present the leprechaun
as outwitting a human, as in the following examples.
Examples of tales involving leprechauns
A farmer or young lad captures a leprechaun and forces him to reveal the location of his buried treasure. The leprechaun
assures him that the treasure is buried in an open field beneath a particular ragwort plant. The
farmer ties a red ribbon to the plant, first extracting a promise from the leprechaun not to remove the ribbon. Releasing the
leprechaun, he leaves to get a shovel. Upon his return he finds that every weed in the field has been tied with an identical red
ribbon, thus making it impossible to find the treasure.[8][9]
In another story, a young girl finds a leprechaun and bids him show her the location of his buried money. She takes him up in
her hand and sets out to find the treasure, but all of a sudden she hears a loud buzzing behind her. The leprechaun shouts at her
that she is being chased by a swarm of bees, but when she looks around there are no bees and the leprechaun has
vanished.[10]
In other stories they are told of riding shepherds' dogs through the night, leaving the dogs exhausted and dirty in the
morning. It is said that at the end of a rainbow, you may find a leprechaun and his treasured pot of gold.
Appearance
The leprechaun originally had a different appearance depending on where in Ireland he was found.[11] Prior to the
20th century, it was generally agreed that the leprechaun wore red and not green.
Samuel Lover, writing in the 1831 describes the leprechaun as,
- ... quite a beau in his dress, notwithstanding, for he wears a red square-cut coat, richly laced with gold, and inexpressible
of the same, cocked hat, shoes and buckles.[12]
Yeats, in his 1888 book entitled Fairy and Folk Tales of the Irish Peasantry describes the leprechaun as follows:
- He is something of a dandy, and dresses in a red coat with seven rows of buttons, seven buttons on each row, and wears a
cocked-hat, upon whose pointed end he is wont in the north-eastern counties, according to McAnally, to spin like a top when the
fit seizes him.[13]
In a poem entitled The Lepracaun; or, Fairy Shoemaker, the 18th century Irish
poet William Allingham describes the appearance of the leprechaun as:
A
cluricaun with a jug of wine. The cluricaun is often confused with the leprechaun.
- ...A wrinkled, wizen'd, and bearded Elf,
- Spectacles stuck on his pointed nose,
- Silver buckles to his hose,
- Leather apron - shoe in his lap... [14]
Some commentators accuse Allingham of leaving the legacy of the modern image of the leprechaun described below. [15]
The modern image of the leprechaun is almost invariant: he is depicted wearing an emerald
green frock coat, and bestowed with the knowledge of the location of buried treasure, often in a crock of gold.
Related creatures
The leprechaun is related to the clurichaun and the far darrig in that he is a solitary creature. Some writers even go as far as to substitute these second
two less well-known spirits for the leprechaun in stories or tales to reach a wider audience. The cluricaun is considered by some
to be merely a leprechaun on a spree.[16]
In politics
In the politics of the Republic of Ireland, leprechauns have been used to refer
to the twee aspects of the tourist industry in
Ireland [17] [18]. This can be seen from this example of
John A. Costello addressing the Oireachtas in
1963:
- For many years, we were afflicted with the miserable trivialities of our tourist advertising. Sometimes it descended to the
lowest depths, to the caubeen and the shillelagh, not
to speak of the leprechaun. [19]
Leprechauns have also been used in jokes regarding fiscal irresponsibility, the idea being that the politician or political
party being attacked has found a pot of gold, or is going to ask a leprechaun for the location of such a pot,
accommodating their spending.
The term leprechaun language, has been used by some Unionists in
Northern Ireland, and is a pejorative for the
Irish language.[20][21]
Popular culture
Movies, television cartoons and advertising have popularised a specific dim-witted image of leprechauns which bears scant
resemblance to anything found in the cycles of Irish mythology. Many Irish people find the popularised image of a leprechaun to
be little more than a series of offensive Irish stereotypes and a trivialisation of Ireland's
rich and ancient culture.[22]
The stereotypical image of a leprechaun bedecked in green is particularly strong in the United
States, where it is widely used for a variety of purposes, both commercial and non-commercial.
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Notes
- ^ From Fairy and
Folk Tales of the Irish Peasantry.
- ^
Dinneen, Patrick, Foclóir Gaedhilge agus Béarla, Dublin: Irish Texts Society,
1927
- ^ Hanks, Patrick,
ed. Collins Dictionary of the English Language, London: William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd, 1979
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary (full ed.) (1989).
- ^ Ireland Now - The Leprechauns.
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary (full ed.) (1989).
- ^ The Fairy Mythology by Thomas
Keightley - Ireland
- ^ The Field of Boliauns - A typical
tale involving a leprechaun printed in the 1800s.
- ^ Clever Tom and the Leprechaun
- ^ The Leprechaun in the Garden
- ^ Little Guy
Style
- ^ From Legends
and Stories of Ireland
- ^ From Fairy
and Folk Tales of the Irish Peasantry.
- ^ William Allingham - The
Leprechaun
- ^ Criticism of William Allingham's The
Fairies
- ^ From Fairy
and Folk Tales of the Irish Peasantry.
- ^
Dáil
Éireann - Volume 495 - 20 October, 1998 - Tourist Traffic Bill, 1998: Second Stage.
- ^
Dáil
Éireann - Volume 206 - 11 December, 1963 Committee on Finance. - Vote 13—An Chomhairle Ealaoín.
- ^
Dáil
Éireann - Volume 206 - 11 December, 1963 Committee on Finance. - Vote 13—An Chomhairle Ealaoín.
- ^ Republican Sinn Féin - AN GHAEILGE Why it is so
important
- ^
Celtic League - Press Release -
PSNI Not 'On Message' over Language Rights
- ^ Negra, D.
(ed.) (2006) The Irish in Us: Irishness, Performativity and Popular Culture. (Durham : Duke University Press)
Further reading
External links
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