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Les Paul

, Guitarist / Inventor

  • Born: 9 June 1915
  • Birthplace: Waukesha, Wisconsin
  • Best Known As: Inventor of the solid-body electric guitar

Name at birth: Lester William Polsfuss

Les Paul is a musician and inventor credited with inventing the solid-body electric guitar in 1941. A harmonica and guitar player from an early age, in his late teens he moved to Chicago, where he became a minor star on the country music circuit. By the late 1930s he was in New York as a regular player on Fred Waring's radio show. During World War II he served with the Armed Forces Radio Services, where he played behind stars including Bing Crosby. After the war he returned to New York for a time, then headed to Los Angeles where he ended up working again with Crosby. Paul was tinkering with electronics by then, and in the early 1940s he electronically amplified guitar strings and modified a tape recorder to create "sound on sound" -- what is now called overdubbing.

He married singer Mary Ford (b. Colleen Summer, 1928-1977) and together they had hit records during the 1950s, including "Mockin' Bird Hill" and "Vaya Con Dios." They also hosted a successful TV show, The Les Paul and Mary Ford at Home Show (1953-60). In the early 1960s Paul retired from performing (he and Mary divorced in 1961) but kept puttering around with electronics and in 1973 was awarded his third patent for an improved electrical pick-up. He returned to performing in the late '70s, and he and Chet Atkins released a Grammy-winning record, Chester & Lester (1978). In 2006, at the age of 90, Paul won Grammys for the pop instrumental "Caravan" and the rock instrumental "69 Freedom Special," both from the album Les Paul & Friends: American Made World Played.

In 2001 Les Paul was given a Grammy for technical achievements... He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988... The first "electric guitar" Paul made was a 4" x 4" chunk of pine with strings and a microphone pick-up attached; he called it "The Log."

 
 
Artist: Les Paul
Les Paul

Born:
Jun 09, 1915 in Waukesha, Wisconsin

Representative Songs:

"How High the Moon," "Lover," "It's Been a Long, Long Time"

Representative Albums:

The Best of the Capitol Masters: 90th Birthday Edition, The Legend and the Legacy, The Hit Makers!

Similar Artists:

Performed Songs By:

Harry Owens, Morgan Lewis, Ted Koehler, Felix Arndt, Vaughn Horton, Jule Styne, Cole Porter, Ray Henderson, Lorenz Hart, Nancy Hamilton, Richard H. Coburn, Sammy Cahn, Andy Razaf, Don Robertson, Richard Rodgers, Irving Berlin

Worked With:

Followers:

  • Birth Name: Lester William Poifus
  • Alternative Name: Rhubarb Red
  • Genre: Vocal Music
  • Active: '30s - 2000s
  • Instruments: Guitar (Electric), Guitar

Biography

Les Paul has had such a staggeringly huge influence over the way American popular music sounds today that many tend to overlook his significant impact upon the jazz world. Before his attention was diverted toward recording multi-layered hits for the pop market, he made his name as a brilliant jazz guitarist whose exposure on coast-to-coast radio programs guaranteed a wide audience of susceptible young musicians. Heavily influenced by Django Reinhardt at first, Paul eventually developed an astonishingly fluid, hard-swinging style of his own, one that featured extremely rapid runs, fluttered and repeated single notes, and chunking rhythm support, mixing in country & western licks and humorous crowd-pleasing effects. No doubt his brassy style gave critics a bad time, but the gregarious, garrulous Paul didn't much care; he was bent on showing his audiences a good time. Though he couldn't read music, Paul had a magnificent ear and innate sense of structure, conceiving complete arrangements entirely in his head before he set them down track by track on disc or tape. Even on his many pop hits for Capitol in the late '40s and early '50s, one can always hear a jazz sensibility at work in the rapid lead solo lines and bluesy bent notes -- and no one could close a record as suavely as Les. And of course, his early use of the electric guitar and pioneering experiments with multitrack recording, guitar design and electronic effects devices have filtered down to countless jazz musicians. Among the jazzers who acknowledge his influence are George Benson, Al DiMeola, Stanley Jordan (whose neck-tapping sound is very reminiscent of Paul's records), Pat Martino and Bucky Pizzarelli.

Paul's interest in music began when he took up the harmonica at age eight, inspired by a Waukesha ditchdigger. Paul's only formal training consisted of a few unsuccessful piano lessons as a child -- and although he later took up the piano again professionally, exposure to a few Art Tatum records put an end to that. After a fling with the banjo, Paul took up the guitar under the influences of Nick Lucas, Eddie Lang and regional players like Pie Plant Pete and Sunny Joe Wolverton, who gave Les the stage name Rhubarb Red. At 17, Les played with Rube Tronson's Cowboys and then dropped out of high school to join Wolverton's radio band in St. Louis on KMOX. By 1934, he was in Chicago, and before long, he took on a dual radio persona, doing a hillbilly act as Rhubarb Red and playing jazz as Les Paul, often with an imitation Django Reinhardt quartet. His first records in 1936 were issued on the Montgomery Ward label as Rhubarb Red and on Decca backing blues shouter Georgia White on acoustic guitar. Dissatisfied with the electric guitars circulating in the mid-'30s, Paul, assisted by tech-minded friends, began experimenting with designs of his own.

By 1937, Paul had formed a trio, and the following year, he moved to New York and landed a featured spot with Fred Waring's Pennsylvanians, which gave Les nationwide exposure through its broadcasts. That job ended in 1941 shortly after he was nearly electrocuted in an accident during a jam session in his Queens basement. After a long recovery period and more radio jobs, Paul moved to Hollywood in 1943, where he formed a new trio that made several V-Discs and transcriptions for MacGregor (some available on Laserlight). As a last-minute substitute for Oscar Moore, Paul played in the inaugural Jazz at the Philharmonic concert in Los Angeles on July 2, 1944; his witty chase sequence with Nat Cole on "Blues" and fleet work elsewhere (now on Verve's Jazz at the Philharmonic: The First Concert) are the most indelible reminders of his prowess as a jazzman. Later that year, Paul hooked up with Bing Crosby, who featured the Trio on his radio show, sponsored Les' recording experiments, and recorded six sides with him, including a 1945 number one hit, "It's Been a Long, Long Time." On his own, Paul also made several records with his Trio for Decca from 1944 to 1947, including jazz, country and Hawaiian sides, and backed singers like Dick Haymes, Helen Forrest and the Andrews Sisters.

Meanwhile, in 1947, after experimenting in his garage studio and discarding some 500 test discs, Paul came up with a kooky version of "Lover" for eight electric guitars, all played by himself with dizzying multi-speed effects. He talked Capitol Records into releasing this futuristic disc, which became a hit the following year. Alas, a bad automobile accident in Oklahoma in January 1948 put Les out of action again for a year and a half; as an alternative to amputation, his right arm had to be set at a permanent right angle suitable for guitar playing. After his recovery, he teamed up with his soon-to-be second wife, a young country singer/guitarist named Colleen Summers whom he renamed Mary Ford, and reeled off a long string of spectacular multi-layered pop discs for Capitol, making smash hits out of jazz standards like "How High the Moon" and "Tiger Rag." The hits ran out suddenly in 1955, and not even a Mitch Miller-promoted stint at Columbia from 1958 to 1963 could get the streak going again. After a bitter divorce from Ford in 1964, a gig in Tokyo the following year, and an LP of mostly remakes for London in 1967, Paul went into semi-retirement from music.

Aside from a pair of wonderfully relaxed country/jazz albums with Chet Atkins for RCA in 1976 and 1978, and a blazing duet with DiMeola on "Spanish Eyes" from the latter's 1980 Splendido Hotel CD, Paul has been long absent from the record scene (some rumored sessions for Epic in the '90s have not materialized). However, a 1991 four-CD retrospective, The Legend and the Legacy, contained an entire disc of 34 unreleased tracks, including a breathtaking electrified tribute to the Benny Goodman Sextet, "Cookin'." More significantly, Paul began a regular series of Monday night appearances at New York's Fat Tuesday's club in 1984 (from 1996, Les held court at the Iridium club across from Lincoln Center), attended by visiting celebrities and fans for whom he became an icon in the '80s. Arthritis has slowed Les' playing down in recent years, and his repertoire is largely unchanged from the '30s and '40s. But at any given gig, one can still learn a lot from the Wizard of Waukesha. ~ Richard S. Ginell, All Music Guide
 

(born June 9, 1915, Waukesha, Wis., U.S.) U.S. guitarist and inventor. He played many styles of popular music, initially country but later jazz, and in the 1940s he was a sideman for Nat King Cole and Bing Crosby. He invented the first solid-body electric guitar and was instrumental in developing modern multitrack recording. His overdubbed, sped-up recordings from the late 1940s and early 1950s — including "Brazil" (1948), "Nola" (1950), and "How High the Moon" (1951), often with his wife, Mary Ford (1924 – 77) singing multiple harmony parts — demonstrated the potential of tape. He continued to perform occasionally into his 80s.

For more information on Les Paul, visit Britannica.com.

 
1916–, American guitarist and inventor, b. Waukesha, Wis., as Lester William Polfus. He began playing country music at 14, later switched to jazz, and started his own trio in 1936. Considered one of the finest jazz guitarists, he is famous for his amazing versatility. Dissatisfied with the sound of available instruments, Paul invented (1941) a solid-body electric guitar. Marketed (1951) by Gibson, it was extremely important in the development of rock music and was played by many of its greatest stars. Several versions of his prized guitars are still manufactured. Paul also created techniques in his home studio that allowed him to overdub numerous tracks, producing the distinctive sound of Les Paul and Mary Ford (his wife) in such 1950s hits as “Vaya Con Dios” and “How High the Moon.” The multitrack recording originated by Paul has since been widely used to make popular recordings. He also invented the eight-track tape recorder and made important innovations in reverb and other areas of studio methodology. Paul was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988.
 
Wikipedia: Les Paul
Les Paul
Lespaul.jpg
Background information
Born June 9 1915 (1915--) (age 92)
Waukesha, Wisconsin
Genre(s) Jazz
Instrument(s) Guitar
Years active 1928Present
Website www.lespaulonline.com
Notable instrument(s)
Gibson Les Paul

Les Paul (born Lester William Polsfuss on June 9 1915) is an American jazz guitarist and inventor. He is a pioneer in the development of the solid-body electric guitar which "made the sound of rock and roll possible."[1] His many recording innovations include overdubbing, delay effects such as "sound on sound" and tape delay, phasing effects and multitrack recording.

Biography

His birthname was first simplified by his mother to Polfuss before he took his stage name. He was born in Waukesha, Wisconsin. He first became interested in music at the age of 8, when he began playing the harmonica. After an attempt at learning to play the banjo, Paul began to play the guitar. By 13, Paul was performing semi-professionally as a country-music guitarist. At the age of 17, Paul played with Rube Tronson's Cowboys. Soon after, he dropped out of high school to join Wolverton's Radio Band in St. Louis, Missouri on KMOX.

In the 1930s, Paul worked in Chicago in radio, where he performed jazz music. Paul's first two records were released in 1936. One was credited to Rhubarb Red, Paul's hillbilly alter ego, and the other was as an accompanist for blues artist Georgia White.

Electric guitar innovations

Paul was unsatisfied by the electric guitars that were sold in the mid 1930s and began experimenting with a few designs of his own. Famously, he created "The Log," which was nothing more than a length of common 4" by 4" fence post with bridge, guitar neck, and pickup attached. For the sake of appearance, he attached the body of an Epiphone hollow-body guitar, sawn lengthwise with The Log in the middle. This solved his two main problems: feedback, as the acoustic body no longer resonated with the amplified sound, and sustain, as the energy of the strings was not dissipated in generating sound through the guitar body.

The Les Paul Trio

In 1938, Paul moved to New York and landed a featured spot with Fred Waring's Pennsylvanians radio show. Paul moved to Hollywood in 1943, where he formed a new trio. As a last-minute replacement for Oscar Moore, Paul played with Nat King Cole and other artists in the inaugural Jazz at the Philharmonic concert in Los Angeles on July 2 1944. Also that year, Paul's trio appeared on Bing Crosby's radio show. Crosby went on to sponsor Paul's recording experiments. The two also recorded together several times, including a 1945 number one hit, "It's Been A Long, Long Time." In addition to backing Crosby and artists like the Andrews Sisters, Paul's trio also recorded a few albums of their own on the Decca label in the late 1940s.

Les Paul and "the Les Paul"

In 1941, Paul designed and built one of the first solid-body electric guitars (though Leo Fender also independently created his own solid-body electric guitar around the same time, and Adolph Rickenbacher had marketed a solid-body guitar in the 30s). Gibson Guitar Corporation designed a guitar incorporating Paul's suggestions in the early fifties, and presented it to him to try. He was impressed enough to sign a contract for what became the "Les Paul" model (originally only in a "gold top" version), and agreed never to be seen playing in public, or be photographed with, anything other than a Gibson guitar. That persisted until 1961, when Gibson changed the design without Paul's knowledge. He said he first saw the "new" Gibson Les Paul in a music store window, and disliked it. Though his contract required him to pose with the guitar, he said it was not "his" instrument, and asked Gibson to remove his name from the headstock. Gibson renamed the guitar the "SG", and it also became one of the company's best sellers. It has been said that Les had ended his endorsement contract with Gibson because he was going through a divorce, and didn't want his wife to get all of his endorsement money. Later, Paul resumed his relationship with Gibson, and endorses the instrument even today (though his personal Gibson Les Pauls are much modified by him - Paul always uses his own self-wound pickups on his guitars). To this day, the Gibson Les Paul guitar is used all over the world, both by novice and professional guitarists.

Multitrack recording innovations

In 1947, Capitol Records released a recording that had begun as an experiment in Paul's garage, entitled "Lover (When You're Near Me)", which featured Paul playing eight different parts on electric guitar, some of them recorded at half-speed, hence "double-fast" when played back at normal speed for the master. ("Brazil", similarly recorded, was the "B" side.) This was the first time that multi-tracking had been used in a recording. Amazingly, these recordings were made, not with magnetic tape, but with wax disks. Paul would record a track onto a disk, then record himself playing another part with the first. He built the multi-track recording with overlaid tracks, rather than parallel ones as he did later. There is no record of how few "takes" were needed before he was satisfied with one layer and moved onto the next.

Paul even built his own wax-cutter assembly, based on auto parts. He favored the flywheel from a Cadillac for its weight and flatness. Even in these early days, he used the wax disk setup to record parts at different speeds and with delay, resulting in his signature sound with echoes and birdsong-like guitar riffs. When he later began using magnetic tape, the major change was that he could take his recording rig on tour with him, even making episodes for his 15-minute radio show in his hotel room.

In January 1948, Paul was injured in a near-fatal automobile accident in Oklahoma, which shattered his right arm and elbow. Doctors told Paul that there was no way for them to rebuild his elbow in a way that would let him regain movement, and that his arm would remain in whatever position they placed it in permanently. Paul then instructed the surgeons to set his arm at an angle that would allow him to cradle and pick the guitar. It took him a year and a half to recover.

Top 40 with Mary Ford

In the early 1950s, Paul made a number of revolutionary recordings with his wife, Mary Ford, who sang as well as played rhythm guitar. These records were unique for their heavy use of overdubbing, which was technically impossible before Paul's invention of multitrack recording. Paul's multitracking system was made possible by the introduction of reel-to-reel audio tape recording, developed by Jack Mullin and the Ampex company in the late 1940s, with the backing of radio, film and recording star Bing Crosby. The couple's hits included "How High the Moon," "Bye, Bye, Blues," "The World Is Waiting for the Sunrise," and "Vaya Con Dios"; these songs featured Mary harmonizing with herself, giving the vocals a very novel sound. Like Crosby, Paul and Ford also used the now-ubiquitous recording technique known as close miking, where the microphone is less than six inches from the singer's mouth. This produces a more intimate, less reverberant sound than is heard when a singer is a foot or more from the microphone. It emphasizes low-frequency sounds in the voice due to the microphone's proximity effect and can give a more relaxed feel because the performer isn't working so hard. The result is a singing style which diverged strongly from un-amplified theater-style singing, as might be heard in musical comedies of the 1930s and 40s.

Crosby gave Les Paul what was only the second of the now-famous Ampex Model 200 recorder, which was the world's first commercially-produced reel-to-reel tape recorder. Using this machine, Paul developed his tape multitrack system by adding an additional recording head and extra circuitry, allowing multiple tracks to be recorded separately and asynchronously on the same tape. Paul's invention was quickly developed by Ampex into commercially-produced two-track and three-track recorders, and these machines were the backbone of the professional recording studio, radio and TV industry in the 1950s and early 1960s.

In 1954, Paul continued to develop this technology by commissioning Ampex to build the first eight track tape recorder, at his expense. The machine took three years to get working properly, and Paul says that by the time it was functional his music was out of favor and so he never had a hit record using it. His design, later known as "Sel-Sync," (Selective Synchronous) in which a specially-modified recording head could simultaneously record a new track and play back previously recorded ones, was the core technology for multi-track recording for the next thirty years.

Radio program

Paul had hosted a fifteen-minute radio program, The Les Paul Show, on NBC in 1950, featuring his trio (himself, Ford, and rhythm player Eddie Stapleton) and his electronics, recorded from their home and with gentle humour between Paul and Ford bridging musical selections, some of which had already been successful on records, some of which anticipated the couple's recordings, and many of which presented dazzling re-interpretations of such jazz and pop selections as "In the Mood," "Little Rock Getaway," "Brazil," and "Tiger Rag." Several recordings of these shows survive among old-time radio collectors today.

During his radio shows, Paul introduced the legendary "Les Paulverizer" device, which multiplies anything fed into it, like a guitar sound or a voice. This even became the subject of comedy, with Ford multiplying herself and her vacuum cleaner with it so she could finish the housework faster. Later Paul made the myth real for his stage show, using hidden equipment which over the years has become smaller and more visible. Currently he uses a small box attached to his guitar; it is not known how much of the device remains off-stage. He typically lays down one track after another on stage, in-sync, and then plays over the repeating forms he has recorded. With newer digital sound technology, such an effect is available commercially. To this day, no one knows exactly how the Les Paulverizer works.

In the late 1960s, Paul went into semi-retirement, although he did return to the studio occasionally. He and Mary Ford (born Iris Colleen Summers) had divorced in December 1964, as she could no longer tolerate the itinerant lifestyle their act required of them. Paul's most recognisable recordings from then through the mid-1970s were an album for London Records, Les Paul Now (1967), on which he updated some of his earlier hits; and, backed by some of Nashville's celebrated studio musicians, a meld of jazz and country improvisation with fellow guitar virtuoso Chet Atkins, Chester and Lester (1977), for RCA Victor.

In 1978, Les Paul and Mary Ford were inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. He received a Grammy Trustees Award for his lifetime achievements in 1983. In 1988, Paul was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame by Jeff Beck, who said, "I've copied more licks from Les Paul than I'd like to admit." Les Paul was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in May 2005 for his development of the solid-body electric guitar. In 2006, Paul was inducted into the National Broadcasters Hall of Fame. He was named an honorary member of the Audio Engineering Society.[2]

By the late 1980s, Paul had returned to active weekly live performances in New York City. In 2006, at the age of 90, Les Paul won two Grammys at the 48th Annual Grammy Awards for his album Les Paul & Friends: American Made World Played. He also performs weekly, accompanied on piano by John Colianni, at the Iridium Jazz Club, on Broadway in New York City, despite the arthritis that has stilled all but two of the fingers on his left hand.

A biographical, feature length documentary, titled Chasing Sound: Les Paul at 90, made its world premiere on May 9 2007 at the Downer Theater in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Paul appeared at the event and spoke briefly to the enthusiastic crowd. The film is be distributed by Koch Entertainment and was broadcast on PBS on July 11 2007 as part of its American Masters series. [3] [4]

Trivia

  • Appeared briefly at the beginning of the video for "Satisfaction Guaranteed" by supergroup The Firm, whose guitarist, Jimmy Page, has long been a disciple of Les Paul.
  • He is the godfather of rock guitarist Steve Miller of the Steve Miller Band, to whom Paul gave his first guitar lesson.
  • Along with country songwriter Earnie Newton he established a pirate radio station in his New York City apartment building in 1940. [1]
  • Sometime in the 90s, Les Paul gave Paul McCartney one of his own vintage left-handed Les Paul guitars.
  • The eastern and southern portion of the bypass highway around Waukesha (Wisconsin Highway 59/164) is dedicated as the Les Paul Parkway in honor of Paul.
  • Paul regularly calls in to appear on The Steve & Johnnie Show, a weeknight overnight program on Chicago's WGN-AM (720).
  • Paul still plays two shows every Monday night at the Iridium Jazz Club in New York City.

Discography

Hit singles

  • "Rumors Are Flying" - Andrews Sisters & Les Paul (1946)
  • "Lover (When You're Near Me)" (1948)
  • "Brazil" (1948)
  • "What Is This Thing Called Love?" (1948)
  • "Nola" (1950)
  • "Goofus" (1950)
  • "Little Rock Getaway" (1950/1951)
  • "Tennessee Waltz" - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1950/1951)
  • "Mockin' Bird Hill" - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1951)
  • "How High The Moon" - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1951)
  • "I Wish I Had Never Seen Sunshine" - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1951)
  • "The World Is Waiting For The Sunrise" - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1951)
  • "Just One More Chance" - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1951)
  • "Jazz Me Blues" (1951)
  • "Josephine" (1951)
  • "Whispering" (1951)
  • "Jingle Bells" (1951/1952)
  • "Tiger Rag" - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1952)
  • "I'm Confessin' (That I Love You)" - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1952)
  • "Carioca" (1952)
  • "In The Good Old Summertime" - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1952)
  • "Smoke Rings" - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1952)
  • "Meet Mister Callaghan" (1952)
  • "Take Me In Your Arms And Hold Me" - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1952)
  • "Lady Of Spain" (1952)
  • "My Baby's Coming Home" - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1952)
  • "Bye Bye Blues" - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1953)
  • "I'm Sitting On Top Of The World" - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1953)
  • "Sleep" (Fred Waring's theme song) (1953)
  • "Vaya Con Dios (May God Be With You)" - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1953)
  • "Johnny (Is The Boy For Me)" - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1953)
  • "Don'cha Hear Them Bells" - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1953)
  • "The Kangaroo" (1953)
  • "I Really Don't Want To Know - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1954)
  • "I'm A Fool To Care - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1954)
  • "Whither Thou Goest - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1954)
  • "Mandolino - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1954)
  • "Hummingbird" - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1955)
  • "Amukiriki (The Lord Willing)" - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1955)
  • "Magic Melody" - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1955)
  • "Texas Lady" - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1956)
  • "Moritat" (Theme from "Three Penny Opera") (1956)
  • "Nuevo Laredo" - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1956)
  • "Cinco Robles (Five Oaks)" - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1957)
  • "Put A Ring On My Finger" - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1958)
  • "Jura (I Swear I Love You)" - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1961)

Albums

  • The Les Paul Trio
  • Swingin' South
  • Lover's Luau
  • Warm and Wonderful
  • The World is Still Waiting for the Sunrise
  • New Sound
  • Hits of Les and Mary
  • Les Paul Now!
  • Chester and Lester - album with Chet Atkins
  • Les Paul: The Legend and the Legacy (1996; a four-CD box set chronicling his years with Capitol Records)
  • Les Paul & Friends: American Made World Played

References

See also

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Who2 Biography. Copyright © 1998-2008 by Who2, LLC. All rights reserved. See the Les Paul biography from Who2.  Read more
Artist. Copyright © 2008 All Media Guide, LLC. Content provided by All Music Guide ® , a trademark of All Media Guide, LLC. All rights reserved.  Read more
Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. © 2006 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. All rights reserved.  Read more
Columbia Encyclopedia. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition Copyright © 2003, Columbia University Press. Licensed from Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. www.cc.columbia.edu/cu/cup/  Read more
Wikipedia. This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Les Paul" Read more

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