Les Paul (born Lester William Polsfuss on June 9 1915) is an American jazz guitarist and inventor. He is a pioneer in the development of the solid-body electric
guitar which "made the sound of rock and roll possible."[1] His many recording innovations include overdubbing,
delay effects such as "sound on sound" and tape
delay, phasing effects and multitrack
recording.
Biography
His birthname was first simplified by his mother to Polfuss before he took his stage
name. He was born in Waukesha, Wisconsin. He first became interested in music
at the age of 8, when he began playing the harmonica. After an attempt at learning to play the
banjo, Paul began to play the guitar. By 13, Paul was performing semi-professionally as a
country-music guitarist. At the age of 17, Paul played with Rube Tronson's Cowboys. Soon after, he dropped out of high school to
join Wolverton's Radio Band in St. Louis, Missouri on KMOX.
In the 1930s, Paul worked in Chicago in radio, where he performed jazz
music. Paul's first two records were released in 1936. One was credited to Rhubarb Red, Paul's hillbilly alter ego, and the other was as an accompanist for blues artist
Georgia White.
Electric guitar innovations
Paul was unsatisfied by the electric guitars that were sold in the mid 1930s and began experimenting with a few designs of his
own. Famously, he created "The Log," which was nothing more than a length of common 4" by 4" fence post with bridge, guitar neck, and pickup attached. For the sake of appearance, he attached the body of an Epiphone hollow-body guitar, sawn lengthwise with The Log in the middle. This solved his two main problems:
feedback, as the acoustic body no longer resonated with the amplified sound, and
sustain, as the energy of the strings was not dissipated in generating sound through the guitar
body.
The Les Paul Trio
In 1938, Paul moved to New York and landed a featured
spot with Fred Waring's Pennsylvanians radio show. Paul moved to Hollywood in 1943, where he formed a new trio.
As a last-minute replacement for Oscar Moore, Paul played with Nat King Cole and other artists in the inaugural Jazz at the
Philharmonic concert in Los Angeles on July
2 1944. Also that year, Paul's trio appeared on Bing
Crosby's radio show. Crosby went on to sponsor Paul's recording experiments. The two also recorded together several times,
including a 1945 number one hit, "It's Been
A Long, Long Time." In addition to backing Crosby and artists like the Andrews
Sisters, Paul's trio also recorded a few albums of their own on the Decca label in
the late 1940s.
Les Paul and "the Les Paul"
In 1941, Paul designed and built one of the first solid-body electric guitars (though Leo Fender also independently created his
own solid-body electric guitar around the same time, and Adolph Rickenbacher had
marketed a solid-body guitar in the 30s). Gibson Guitar Corporation designed a
guitar incorporating Paul's suggestions in the early fifties, and presented it to him to try. He was impressed enough to sign a
contract for what became the "Les Paul" model (originally only in a "gold top" version), and agreed never to be seen playing in
public, or be photographed with, anything other than a Gibson guitar. That persisted until 1961, when Gibson changed the design
without Paul's knowledge. He said he first saw the "new" Gibson Les Paul in a music store window, and disliked it. Though his
contract required him to pose with the guitar, he said it was not "his" instrument, and asked Gibson to remove his name from the
headstock. Gibson renamed the guitar the "SG", and it also became one of the company's best
sellers. It has been said that Les had ended his endorsement contract with Gibson because he was going through a divorce, and
didn't want his wife to get all of his endorsement money. Later, Paul resumed his relationship with Gibson, and endorses the
instrument even today (though his personal Gibson Les Pauls are much modified by him - Paul always uses his own self-wound
pickups on his guitars). To this day, the Gibson Les Paul guitar is used all over the
world, both by novice and professional guitarists.
Multitrack recording innovations
In 1947, Capitol Records released a recording that had begun as an experiment in
Paul's garage, entitled "Lover (When You're Near Me)", which featured Paul playing eight
different parts on electric guitar, some of them recorded at half-speed, hence "double-fast" when played back at normal speed for
the master. ("Brazil", similarly recorded, was the "B" side.) This was the first time that multi-tracking had been used in a
recording. Amazingly, these recordings were made, not with magnetic tape, but with wax disks. Paul would record a track onto a
disk, then record himself playing another part with the first. He built the multi-track recording with overlaid tracks, rather
than parallel ones as he did later. There is no record of how few "takes" were needed before he was satisfied with one layer and
moved onto the next.
Paul even built his own wax-cutter assembly, based on auto parts. He favored the flywheel from a Cadillac for its weight and flatness. Even in these early days, he used the wax disk setup to record parts at
different speeds and with delay, resulting in his signature sound with echoes and birdsong-like guitar riffs. When he later began
using magnetic tape, the major change was that he could take his recording rig on tour with him, even making episodes for his
15-minute radio show in his hotel room.
In January 1948, Paul was injured in a near-fatal automobile accident in Oklahoma, which
shattered his right arm and elbow. Doctors told Paul that there was no way for them to rebuild his elbow in a way that would let
him regain movement, and that his arm would remain in whatever position they placed it in permanently. Paul then instructed the
surgeons to set his arm at an angle that would allow him to cradle and pick the guitar. It took him a year and a half to
recover.
Top 40 with Mary Ford
In the early 1950s, Paul made a number of revolutionary recordings with his wife, Mary
Ford, who sang as well as played rhythm guitar. These records were unique for their heavy use of overdubbing, which was
technically impossible before Paul's invention of multitrack recording. Paul's
multitracking system was made possible by the introduction of reel-to-reel
audio tape recording, developed by Jack Mullin and the Ampex company in the late 1940s, with the backing of radio, film and recording star Bing Crosby. The couple's hits included "How High the Moon,"
"Bye, Bye, Blues," "The World Is Waiting for the Sunrise," and
"Vaya Con Dios"; these songs featured Mary harmonizing with herself, giving the vocals a very novel sound. Like Crosby, Paul and Ford also used the
now-ubiquitous recording technique known as close miking, where the microphone is
less than six inches from the singer's mouth. This produces a more intimate, less reverberant sound than is heard when a singer
is a foot or more from the microphone. It emphasizes low-frequency sounds in the voice due to the microphone's proximity effect and can give a more relaxed feel because the performer isn't working so hard.
The result is a singing style which diverged strongly from un-amplified theater-style singing, as might be heard in musical
comedies of the 1930s and 40s.
Crosby gave Les Paul what was only the second of the now-famous Ampex Model 200 recorder, which
was the world's first commercially-produced reel-to-reel tape recorder. Using this machine, Paul developed his tape multitrack
system by adding an additional recording head and extra circuitry, allowing multiple tracks to be recorded separately and
asynchronously on the same tape. Paul's invention was quickly developed by Ampex into commercially-produced two-track and
three-track recorders, and these machines were the backbone of the professional recording studio, radio and TV industry in the
1950s and early 1960s.
In 1954, Paul continued to develop this technology by commissioning Ampex to build the first eight
track tape recorder, at his expense. The machine took three years to get working
properly, and Paul says that by the time it was functional his music was out of favor and so he never had a hit record using it.
His design, later known as "Sel-Sync," (Selective Synchronous) in which a specially-modified recording head could simultaneously
record a new track and play back previously recorded ones, was the core technology for multi-track recording for the next thirty
years.
Radio program
Paul had hosted a fifteen-minute radio program, The Les Paul Show, on NBC in 1950, featuring his trio (himself, Ford, and rhythm player Eddie Stapleton) and his electronics, recorded
from their home and with gentle humour between Paul and Ford bridging musical selections, some of which had already been
successful on records, some of which anticipated the couple's recordings, and many of which presented dazzling re-interpretations
of such jazz and pop selections as "In the Mood," "Little Rock Getaway," "Brazil," and
"Tiger Rag." Several recordings of these shows survive among old-time radio collectors today.
During his radio shows, Paul introduced the legendary "Les Paulverizer" device, which multiplies anything fed into it, like a
guitar sound or a voice. This even became the subject of comedy, with Ford multiplying herself and her vacuum cleaner with it so
she could finish the housework faster. Later Paul made the myth real for his stage show, using hidden equipment which over the
years has become smaller and more visible. Currently he uses a small box attached to his guitar; it is not known how much of the
device remains off-stage. He typically lays down one track after another on stage, in-sync, and then plays over the repeating
forms he has recorded. With newer digital sound technology, such an effect is available commercially. To this day, no one knows
exactly how the Les Paulverizer works.
In the late 1960s, Paul went into semi-retirement, although he did return to the studio occasionally. He and Mary Ford (born
Iris Colleen Summers) had divorced in December 1964, as she could no longer tolerate the itinerant lifestyle their act required
of them. Paul's most recognisable recordings from then through the mid-1970s were an album for London Records, Les Paul
Now (1967), on which he updated some of his earlier hits; and, backed by some of Nashville's celebrated studio musicians, a meld of jazz and country improvisation with fellow
guitar virtuoso Chet Atkins, Chester and Lester (1977), for RCA Victor.
In 1978, Les Paul and Mary Ford were inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. He received
a Grammy Trustees Award for his lifetime achievements in 1983. In 1988, Paul was
inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame by Jeff Beck, who said, "I've copied more licks from Les Paul than I'd like to admit." Les Paul was inducted into
the National Inventors Hall of Fame in May 2005 for his development of
the solid-body electric guitar. In 2006, Paul was inducted into the National Broadcasters Hall of
Fame. He was named an honorary member of the Audio Engineering
Society.[2]
By the late 1980s, Paul had returned to active weekly live performances in New York City. In 2006, at the age of 90, Les Paul
won two Grammys at the 48th Annual Grammy Awards for his album Les Paul & Friends: American Made World Played. He also
performs weekly, accompanied on piano by John Colianni, at the Iridium Jazz Club, on Broadway in New York City, despite the
arthritis that has stilled all but two of the fingers on his left hand.
A biographical, feature length documentary, titled Chasing Sound: Les Paul at 90, made its world premiere on
May 9 2007 at the Downer Theater in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Paul
appeared at the event and spoke briefly to the enthusiastic crowd. The film is be distributed by Koch Entertainment and was broadcast on PBS on July 11
2007 as part of its American Masters series. [3] [4]
Trivia
- Appeared briefly at the beginning of the video for "Satisfaction Guaranteed" by supergroup The Firm, whose guitarist, Jimmy Page, has long been a disciple of Les Paul.
- He is the godfather of rock guitarist Steve Miller of the Steve Miller Band, to whom Paul gave his first guitar lesson.
- Along with country songwriter Earnie Newton he established a pirate radio station in his New York City apartment building in
1940. [1]
- Sometime in the 90s, Les Paul gave Paul McCartney one of his own vintage left-handed
Les Paul guitars.
- The eastern and southern portion of the bypass highway around Waukesha
(Wisconsin Highway 59/164) is
dedicated as the Les Paul Parkway in honor of Paul.
- Paul regularly calls in to appear on The Steve & Johnnie Show, a
weeknight overnight program on Chicago's WGN-AM (720).
- Paul still plays two shows every Monday night at the Iridium Jazz Club in New York City.
Discography
Hit singles
- "Rumors Are Flying" - Andrews Sisters & Les Paul (1946)
- "Lover (When You're Near Me)" (1948)
- "Brazil" (1948)
- "What Is This Thing Called Love?" (1948)
- "Nola" (1950)
- "Goofus" (1950)
- "Little Rock Getaway" (1950/1951)
- "Tennessee Waltz" - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1950/1951)
- "Mockin' Bird Hill" - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1951)
- "How High The Moon" - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1951)
- "I Wish I Had Never Seen Sunshine" - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1951)
- "The World Is Waiting For The Sunrise" - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1951)
- "Just One More Chance" - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1951)
- "Jazz Me Blues" (1951)
- "Josephine" (1951)
- "Whispering" (1951)
- "Jingle Bells" (1951/1952)
- "Tiger Rag" - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1952)
- "I'm Confessin' (That I Love You)" - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1952)
- "Carioca" (1952)
- "In The Good Old Summertime" - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1952)
- "Smoke Rings" - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1952)
- "Meet Mister Callaghan" (1952)
- "Take Me In Your Arms And Hold Me" - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1952)
- "Lady Of Spain" (1952)
- "My Baby's Coming Home" - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1952)
- "Bye Bye Blues" - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1953)
- "I'm Sitting On Top Of The World" - Les Paul & Mary Ford
(1953)
- "Sleep" (Fred Waring's theme song) (1953)
- "Vaya Con Dios (May God Be With You)" - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1953)
- "Johnny (Is The Boy For Me)" - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1953)
- "Don'cha Hear Them Bells" - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1953)
- "The Kangaroo" (1953)
- "I Really Don't Want To Know - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1954)
- "I'm A Fool To Care - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1954)
- "Whither Thou Goest - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1954)
- "Mandolino - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1954)
- "Hummingbird" - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1955)
- "Amukiriki (The Lord Willing)" - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1955)
- "Magic Melody" - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1955)
- "Texas Lady" - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1956)
- "Moritat" (Theme from "Three Penny Opera") (1956)
- "Nuevo Laredo" - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1956)
- "Cinco Robles (Five Oaks)" - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1957)
- "Put A Ring On My Finger" - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1958)
- "Jura (I Swear I Love You)" - Les Paul & Mary Ford (1961)
Albums
- The Les Paul Trio
- Swingin' South
- Lover's Luau
- Warm and Wonderful
- The World is Still Waiting for the Sunrise
- New Sound
- Hits of Les and Mary
- Les Paul Now!
- Chester and Lester - album with Chet Atkins
- Les Paul: The Legend and the Legacy (1996; a four-CD box set chronicling his years with Capitol Records)
- Les Paul & Friends: American Made World Played
References
See also
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External links
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