Lex loci contractus

Conflict of laws

Preliminiaries

Characterisation Incidental question Renvoi · Choice of law Conflict of laws in the United States Public policy Hague Conference

Definitional elements

State · Jurisdiction Procedure Forum non conveniens Lex causae Lex fori · Forum shopping Lis alibi pendens

Connecting factors

Domicile · Lex domicilii Habitual residence Nationality · Lex patriae Lex loci arbitri · Lex situs Lex loci contractus Lex loci delicti commissi Lex loci actus Lex loci solutionis Proper law Lex loci celebrationis Choice of law clause Dépeçage Forum selection clause

Substantive legal areas

Status · Capacity · Contract Tort · Marriage · Nullity Divorce (Get · Talaq) Property · Succession Trusts

Enforcement

Enforcement of foreign judgments Mareva injunctions Anti-suit injunctions

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The lex loci contractus is the Latin term for "law of the place where the contract is made" in the Conflict of Laws.^[1] Conflict is the branch of public law regulating all lawsuits involving a "foreign" law element where a difference in result will occur depending on which laws are applied.

Explanation

When a case comes before a court and all the main features of the case are local, the court will apply the lex fori, the prevailing municipal law, to decide the case. But if there are "foreign" elements to the case, the forum court may be obliged under the Conflict of Laws system to consider:

• whether the forum court has jurisdiction to hear the case (see the problem of forum shopping);
• it must then characterise the issues, i.e. allocate the factual basis of the case to its relevant legal classes; and
• then apply the choice of law rules to decide which law is to be applied to each class.

The lex loci contractus is one of the possible choice of law rules applied to cases testing the validity of a contract. For example, suppose that a person domiciled in Canada and a person habitually resident in France, make a contract by e-mail. They agree to meet in New York State to record a CD of hip hop music. The possibly relevant choice of law rules would be:

• the lex domicilii and law of habitual residence to determine whether the parties had the capacity to enter into the contract;
• the lex loci contractus which could be difficult to establish since neither party left his own state (reliance on postal rules for offer and acceptance in the several putative leges causae might produce different results);
• the lex loci solutionis might be the most relevant since New York is the most closely connected to the substance of the obligations assumed;
• the proper law; and
• the lex fori which might have public policy issues if, say, one of the parties was an infant.

Implications of the law

The provisions of this legal concept can be construed to confirm the following:^[2]

• If a contract is valid where it was consummated, it is (generally) valid everywhere (i.e. in all comity states);
• If a contract is void where it was consummated, it is void everywhere (i.e. in all comity states);
• An exception in comity exists: The agreement will not be held valid in the forum country if it violates the law of the forum country, or if it violates the law of nature, or if it violates the Law of God;
• A contract may be deemed valid in lex loci contractus, but if it is a revenue law of that state it will not be enforced in the forum state.

If a contract is consummated in one state but its content specifies that it is to be carried out in another state, two loci are thus generated: locus celebrate contractus (where it was signed) and locus solutionis (where it is to be performed). The laws of the locus celebrate contractus state will govern all matters concerning the mode of constructing the contract, the meaning of each factor therein, the nature of the contract, and its validity. The laws of the locus solutionis state will apply to the performance or execution of the contract.

Determining lex loci contractus at law

Sometimes the locus celebrate contractus state is difficult to determine, for example if the contract was signed at sea or on a moving train, or if the details of the contract signing were not well-documented. If a court is called upon to determine the applicable state, it may use any or all of the following factors:^[3]

• The residence or main domicile of the signatory parties;
• The main place of business of the signatory parties;
• The state in which the business was incorporated;
• The state nominated for arbitration proceedings in case of a conflict (lex loci arbitri);
• The language used to write the contract;
• The format of the contract (only relevant if the contract format is unique to a state or group of states within the comity group);
• The currency in which payment for performance of the contract is specified to be paid;
• The nation of registration of any ship involved in performance of the contract;
• The state where completion of the contract is specified to occur (lex loci solutionis);
• A pattern of similar contracts involving the same parties;
• The state where any third parties to the contract are located;
• The state where any insurance companies connected with the contract are located.

References

See also

• Lex loci arbitri
• Lex loci celebrationis
• Lex loci delicti commissi
• Lex situs