- This article is about current LGBT rights around the world. For historical and current movements to further LGBT rights, see LGBT social movements.
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Homosexuality legal Same-sex marriage1 Other type of partnership (or unregistered cohabitation) Foreign same-sex marriages recognized No recognition of same-sex couples2
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Homosexuality illegal Minimal penalty Large penalty Life in prison Death penalty
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1 New Hampshire (USA) effective 1 January 2010
2 See Homosexuality in India for more information about India's legal status
| Part of a series on lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) rights |
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| Laws around the world Recognition of relationships Same-sex marriage LGBT adoption Military service Immigration issues Violence against LGBT people Legal aspects of transsexualism LGBT rights organizations Opposing views |
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Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) related laws vary greatly by country or territory – everything from legal recognition of same-sex marriage or other types of partnerships, to the death penalty as punishment for same-sex sexual activity.
LGBT-related laws include but are not limited to: sodomy laws, anti-lesbianism laws, higher ages of consent for same-sex activity, government recognition of same-sex relationships, LGBT adoption, sexual orientation and military service, immigration equality, anti-discrimination laws, and hate crime laws regarding violence against LGBT people.
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| The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (October 2009) |
Throughout history and across cultures, the regulation of sexuality reflects broader cultural norms. Norms change in response to economic, social or political changes, including interactions with other societies.
Most of the history of sexuality is unrecorded. Even recorded norms do not always shed full light on actual practices. Early societies permitted certain forms of homosexuality, but were not necessarily free alternatives to established forms of marriage and family. In Ancient Athens, for example, homosexuality among men provided no alternative to marriage within a heterosexually structured household. Moreover, no individual or sexual freedom was available to women. Nor was sexuality inevitably consensual. Male heads of households could enjoy sexual relations with male or female slaves, including pre-adolescents, without the latter's consent.[citation needed]
Some people[who?] believe that the ultimate origin of punitive laws targeting homosexual relations lies with Abrahamic religions. The first recorded Abrahamic laws against sexual intercourse between men are dated by scholars to circa 550 BC, during the Babylonian captivity of the Jewish people; they are recorded in Leviticus (though conservative scholars date Leviticus to be much older), and prescribe the death penalty. It is unclear how rigorously that prohibition was enforced, nor should it be assumed that patterns of enforcement remained constant.[citation needed]
Similar prohibitions are found across Indo-European cultures in Lex Scantinia in Ancient Rome and nith in protohistoric Germanic culture, or the Middle Assyrian Law Codes dating 1075 BC.[1] Punitive laws spread as military conquest, colonialism, and missionary work spread the influence of traditional interpretations of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.[citation needed]
Laws prohibiting homosexuality were also passed in communist China. (The People's Republic of China neither adopted an Abrahamic religion nor was colonized, except for Hong Kong and Macau which were colonized with Victorian era social mores and maintain separate legal system from the rest of the PRC.) Homosexuality was not decriminalized there until 1997.[2]
In modern times, LGBT people face different laws for certain medical procedures than other groups. For example, in the United States, sexually active gay men have been prohibited from giving blood since 1983,[3][4] and FDA guidelines recommended against accepting them as sperm donors in 2005.[5]
Africa
Northern Africa
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of same-sex relationships | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (Sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||
| Unknown | |||||||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown |
Western Africa
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of same-sex relationships | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (Sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||
+ UN decl. sign. |
Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||
Female unclear |
Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||
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Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||
| Not specifically prohibited, but public morals laws have been used against LGBT persons | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||
| Not specifically prohibited, but public morals laws may be used | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||
(Penalties in Sharia areas: Up to death for men, and up to 50 lashes (caning) and six months for women.) |
Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||
Female needs verification |
Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown |
Middle Africa
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of same-sex relationships | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (Sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||
+ UN decl. sign. |
Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||
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Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown |
Eastern Africa
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of same-sex relationships | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (Sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Penalty: 3 months to 2 years of jail and fine of 50,000 to 100,000 Burundian francs[12]) |
Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||||
| Not specifically outlawed, other laws may apply (no record of enforcement)[15][16] | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||||
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since 1999 |
Unknown | |||||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown |
Southern Africa
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of same-sex relationships | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (Sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||||
| Unknown | |||||||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown |
The Americas
North America
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of same-sex unions | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unknown | |||||||
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20 states, [31] sexual orientation included in federal hate crime definition[32] | 13 states ban discrimination by gender identity,[33] included in federal hate crime definition[34] |
Central America
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of same-sex unions | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||
| Unknown (Has happened in some cases) | Doesn't apply. There are no military forces in Costa Rica, nonetheless they may serve in the police | ||||||
| Unknown | |||||||
| Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
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- | - | |||||
| Unknown |
Caribbean islands
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of same-sex unions | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||||
| Unknown | |||||||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||
| Unknown | |||||||
| Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
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Unknown | Unknown | |||||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||
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since 1999 |
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| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||
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since 1999 |
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| Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
| Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||
| Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
| Unknown | Unknown | - | - |
South America
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of same-sex relationships | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+ UN decl. sign. |
No national protections, but cities of Buenos Aires and Rosario have had laws since 1996. | Unknown | |||||
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Unknown | Bans all discrimination based on gender identity[36] | |||||
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Unknown | Unknown | |||||
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Unknown | Unknown | |||||
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Unknown | ||||||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||
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Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||
| Unknown | National anti-discrimination and protections for sexual orientation | Unknown | |||||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||||
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Disputed territories
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of same-sex relationships | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unknown |
Asia
Central Asia
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of relationships | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (Sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown |
Western Asia
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of relationships | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (Sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||
1988 de jure ("buggery law" formally repealed by Knesset)[49] + UN decl. sign. |
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| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||
South Asia
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of relationships | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (Sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
| Under consideration | |||||||
East Asia
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of relationships | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (Sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unknown | Unknown; the military hasn't specialized the male-male sex acts from homosexuality | ||||||
+ UN decl. sign. |
Unknown | ||||||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||
| Unknown | |||||||
| Unknown | Unknown |
Southeast Asia
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of relationships | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (Sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||||
+ UN decl. sign. |
Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||||
| Unknown | |||||||
| Unknown | |||||||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown |
Europe
Northern Europe
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of same-sex relationships | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demilitarised | |||||||
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+UN decl. sign via Denmark. |
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Has no army | ||||||
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Single gay persons may adopt | ||||||
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Bans all anti-gay discrimination - but publication of pro-homosexual "propaganda" is banned since 2009 | ||||||
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Western Europe
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of same-sex relationships | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+ UN decl. sign. |
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since 1999 |
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| UK responsible for defence | |||||||
| UK responsible for defence | |||||||
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| France responsible for defence | |||||||
+ UN decl. sign. |
Central Europe
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of same-sex relationships | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+ UN decl. sign. |
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Single gay persons may adopt | ||||||
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Single gay persons may adopt or a partner can adopt the other partner's child (full joint adoption is proposed)[66] | ||||||
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Has no army | ||||||
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(single gay-person may adopt) | ||||||
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Single gay persons may adopt. Non-biological partner must provide educational and financial tutorship for his/her partner's child |
Eastern Europe
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of same-sex relationships | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+ UN decl. sign. |
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Unknown | ||||||
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Unknown | ||||||
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(was illegal in Russian Empire in 1832-1917, was legal in the RSFSR/Soviet Union in 1917-1934) |
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+ UN decl. sign. |
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Southern Europe
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of same-sex relationships | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+ UN decl. sign. |
Has no army | ||||||
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Unknown | ||||||
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Disputed territories
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of same-sex relationships | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oceania
Australasia
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of same-sex relationships | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+ UN decl. sign. |
permitted to adopt a child who is related to a member of the couple only. |
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+ UN decl. sign. |
Melanesia
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of same-sex relationships | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+ UN decl. sign |
Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||||
| Civil union | No | Unknown | Unknown | ||||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown |
Micronesia
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of same-sex relationships | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unknown | |||||||
| Unknown | |||||||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||
| Unknown | |||||||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown |
Polynesia
| LGBT rights in: | Homosexual acts legal? | Recognition of same-sex relationships | Same-sex marriage | Same-sex adoption | Allows gays to serve openly in military? | Anti-discrimination (sexual orientation) | Laws concerning gender identity/expression |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unknown | |||||||
| Unknown | |||||||
| Unknown | Unknown | Has no military forces | Unknown | Unknown | |||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | ||||
| Unknown | Has no military forces | Unknown | |||||
| Unknown | Unknown | Has no military forces | Unknown | Unknown | |||
| Unknown | Has no military forces | Unknown | |||||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |||
| Unknown | Unknown | Has no military forces | Unknown | Unknown | |||
| Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown |
