 |
This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. WikiProject LGBT studies may be able to help recruit one. (November 2008) |
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) stereotypes are conventional, formulaic generalizations, opinions, or images about persons based on their sexual orientation or gender identity. Stereotypes may be learned through personal experience or indirect means; parents, teachers, peers or the mass media,[1] though lack of first hand experience tends to lead to more reliance on stereotypes.[2] Negative stereotyping is often a result of homophobia, biphobia, and transphobia.[3] Positive stereotypes, or 'countertypes,' also exist but may be no less harmful, as they are still oversimplified views of the group being stereotyped.[4]
Contents |
Male homosexuality
Gay men are most often equated interchangeably with women by the heterocentric mainstream, and are frequently stereotyped as being effeminate[5] despite the fact that gender expression, gender identity and sexual orientation are widely accepted to be distinct from each other.[6] The 'Flaming Queen' is a characterization that melds flamboyancy and effeminacy, making it almost the stock gay male character in Hollywood.[7] Theatre, specifically Broadway musicals, are a component to another stereotype, the 'Show Queen.'[8] The stereotype generalizes that all gay men listen to show tunes and are involved with the performing arts and crafts.
Appearance and mannerisms
In addition to being called effeminate, gay men are also identified with a lisp and/or a female-like tone and lilt.[9][10] Fashion, effeminacy and homosexuality have long been associated. A stereotype based on the visibility (within popular and consumer culture) of a reciprocal relationship between gay men and fashion; gay men who are visible in popular culture may purchase fashion as a means of expression; and gay men have high visibility within the industry creating said fashion.[11] This has become a countertype in recent years with the arrival of mainstream shows such as Queer Eye for the Straight Guy.[12] The "Queer Eye" countertype has been criticized for its use of stereotypes to create a false impression of groundbreaking progress while simply reinforcing old, patronizing identity scripts and convenient generalizations with questionable validity.[13]
Designers, including Dolce & Gabbana, have made use of homoerotic imagery in their advertising. Some commentators argue this encourages the stereotype that gay men enjoy shopping.[14]
Sex and relationships
A prevalent stereotype about gay men is that they are promiscuous and are either unwilling or unable to have enduring or long-term relationships. However, several surveys of gay men in the United States have shown that between 40 percent and 60 percent are involved in a steady relationship.[15] Research also suggests that a slightly higher proportion of lesbians than gay men may be in steady relationships.[16][17] A 2007 study reported that two large population surveys found "the majority of gay men had similar numbers of unprotected sexual partners annually as straight men and women."[18][19]
Lesbianism
Lesbians are most often seen falling into three types: butch, femme or lipstick lesbians.[20] They are also stereotyped as being interested in traditionally masculine occupations, such as construction, the military, law enforcement, Major-League baseball or softball, or truck driving.[21] Feminists are often portrayed as lesbians due to their perceived misandry,[22] and as a result lesbians are often stereotyped as "man-haters"[23] or radical feminists.[24]
Bisexuality
Bisexuals are commonly stereotyped as promiscuous and deceitful,[25][26] They may be seen as being gays who are either in denial or lying about their sexual orientation.[27] Conversely, some claim that everyone is bisexual,[28] thus dismissing bisexuality, heterosexuality and homosexuality as distinct sexual orientations.
Transgenderism
Transgender is an umbrella term that encompasses a wide range of people with more specific identities: transsexual people, cross-dressers, drag queens, drag kings, masculine women, and feminine men. In a broad sense, the term "transgender" includes all people who fall outside of gender stereotypes.[29] The beliefs that transgendered people are all prostitutes and caricatures of men and women are common misconceptions.[30]
Transsexual women are often said to be tall and transsexual men short. While many MTFs and FTMs conform to this stereotype, it is by no means universal.[31]
Transvestites are often assumed to be homosexual. However, most transvestites are heterosexual.[32] Transvestism tends to have a fetishistic component whereas cross-dressing does not, although many people use the words interchangeably.[33]
See also
References
- ^ Stangor, Charles (ed.) (2000). Stereotypes and Prejudice: Essential Readings. Philadelphia, Pa.: Psychology Press. ISBN 0863775888.
- ^ McCrady, Richard; Jean Mccrady (August 1976). "Effect of direct exposure to foreign target groups on descriptive stereotypes held by American students". Social Behavior and Personality 4 (2): 233. doi:. http://www.atypon-link.com/SJP/doi/abs/10.2224/sbp.1976.4.2.233?cookieSet=1&journalCode=sbp.
- ^ "The Face of Homophobia/Heterosexism". Carlton University Equity Services. http://www.carleton.ca/equity/sexual_orientation/face.htm. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
- ^ Nachbar, Jack; Kevin Lause (1992). Popular Culture: An Introductory Text. Bowling Green University Popular Press. ISBN 0879725729. http://www.serve.com/shea/stereodf.htm.
- ^ "Chrysler TV ad criticized for using gay stereotypes". The Advocate. 2006-04-07. http://www.advocate.com/news_detail_ektid28980.asp. Retrieved 2007-04-07.,
- ^ "Gender Identity and Expression Issues at Colleges and Universities". National Association of College and University Attorneys. 2005-06-02. http://www.nacua.org/nacuanet/visual/nacuanotessample.html. Retrieved 2007-04-02.
- ^ http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/FlamboyantGay
- ^ Clum, John M. (1999). "Something for the Boys: Musical Theater and Gay Culture" ([dead link]). Modern Drama 43 (4). http://www.utpjournals.com/product/md/434/boys10.html.
- ^ Mackenzie, Ian (2004-03-18). "Dunk the faggot: A gay radio voice, back from hell". Xtra!.
- ^ Stuever, Hank (2003-04-19). "Dishy Delight: Steven Cojocaru, a Glamour Boy in TV's Post-Gay Embrace". The Washington Post. http://www.hankstuever.com/cojocaru.html.
- ^ "Fashion". glbtq. http://www.glbtq.com/arts/fashion.html. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
- ^ Shott, Brian (2003-07-22). "Straight Slobs of America, Resist the 'Queer Eye'". Pacific News Service. http://news.pacificnews.org/news/view_article.html?article_id=caf12d7979c0381ba0e76d08b502da1d. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
- ^ Lyttle, John (2004-08-30). "Wake up, Britain: we gays have moved on". New Statesman. http://www.newstatesman.com/200408300025. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
- ^ Tatchell, Peter (1996-08-16). "Yobs for the boys". Tribune.
- ^ Jay, Karla; Young, Allen (1979). The gay report: Lesbians and gay men speak out about sexual experiences and lifestyles. New York: Summit. ISBN 0671400134.
- ^ Garnets, Linda D.; Douglas C. Kimmel (1993). Psychological Perspectives on Lesbian and Gay Male Experiences. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231078854.
- ^ Marech, Rona (2004-02-27). "Gay couples can be as stable as straights, evidence suggests". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/02/27/MNG1H59R5Q1.DTL. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
- ^ Sexual Behavior Does Not Explain Varying HIV Rates Among Gay And Straight Men
- ^ Goodreau SM, Golden MR (October 2007). "Biological and demographic causes of high HIV and sexually transmitted disease prevalence in men who have sex with men". Sex Transm Infect 83 (6): 458–62. doi:. PMID 17855487.
- ^ "Lesbian Interests: (Stereo?) Types?". GaySouthAfrica.org. http://www.gaysouthafrica.org.za/lesbian/stereotypes.asp. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
- ^ Pope, Mark; Bob Barret, Dawn M. Szymanski, Y. Barry Chung, Hemla Singaravelu, Ron McLean, Samuel Sanabria (December 2004). "Culturally appropriate career counseling". Career Development Quarterly. http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0JAX/is_2_53/ai_n11829885/pg_10. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
- ^ "One Purpose, Many Voices". http://www.feminista.com/archives/v4n1/eaton.html. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
- ^ "Facts About Gay and Lesbian Victims". Crime Victim Services. http://www.crimevictimservices.org/victimtypes/gaylesbian.php. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
- ^ "Feminism? You want feminism?". FathersForLife.org. http://fathersforlife.org/feminism/feminism_terms_defined.htm#Lesbianism. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
- ^ Yoshino, Kenji (2000). "The Epistemic Contract of Bisexual Erasure". Stanford Law Review 52 (2): 353–461. doi:.
- ^ Lynsen, Joshua (2006-08-05). "‘Party bisexual’ phenom draws mixed reviews". FrenchSoiree.com. http://www.frenchsoiree.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=69&Itemid=2. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
- ^ Creager, Cindi (2005-07-07). "New York Times Promotes Bisexual Stereotypes in "Straight, Gay or Lying?"". http://www.glaad.org/publications/archive_detail.php?id=3827. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
- ^ "Myths About Bisexuality" (PDF). http://www.biresource.org/pamphlets/myths.pdf. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
- ^ Currah, Paisley; Richard M. Juang; Shannon Price Minter (eds) (2007). Transgender Rights. Minneapolis, Minn.: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-4312-1.
- ^ "Transgendered Youth at Risk for Exploitation, HIV, Hate Crimes". Inter-Q-Zone. 1995. http://www.aidsinfonyc.org/Q-zone/youth.html. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
- ^ Green, Jamison (June 2004). Becoming a Visible Man. Nashville, Tenn.: Vanderbilt Univ. Press. ISBN 0-8265-1457-X.
- ^ Feinbloom, Deborah Heller (1976). Transvestites & transsexuals: Mixed views. Delacorte Press/S. Lawrence. ISBN 0440085136.
- ^ "Transgender FAQ". http://www.msu.edu/~alliance/faq/faqtransgendered.html#1.3. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)
