Limpopo

Limpopo
Limpopo River in Mozambique
Mouth	Indian Ocean
Basin countries	South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique
Length	1,750 km (1,087 mi)
Avg. discharge	174.288 m3/s (6,155 cu ft/s) at mouth
Basin area	415,000 km2 (160,200 sq mi)

The Limpopo River rises in central southern Africa, and flows generally eastwards to the Indian Ocean. It is around 1,750 kilometres (1,087 mi) long, with a drainage basin 415,000 square kilometres (160,200 sq mi) in size. Its mean annual discharge is 174.288 m³/s (6,155 cu ft/s) at its mouth.^[1] The Limpopo is the second largest river in Africa that drains to the Indian Ocean, after the Zambezi River.

Course

Course and Watershed of the Limpopo River

The Limpopo river flows in a great arc, first zigzagging north and then northeast, then turning east and finally southeast. Then it serves as a border for about 640 kilometres (398 mi), separating South Africa to the southeast from Botswana to the northwest and Zimbabwe to the north. There are several rapids as the river falls off Southern Africa's inland escarpment.

Its main tributary is the Olifants River (Elephant River), contributing around 1,233 Mm³ per year)^[2]. Other major tributaries include the Shashe River, Mzingwane River, Crocodile River, Mwenezi River and Luvuhu River.

The port town of Xai-xai, Mozambique is on the river near the mouth. Below the Olifants, the river is permanently navigable to the sea, though a sandbar prevents access by large ships, except at high tide.

At the north-eastern corner of South Africa the river borders Kruger National Park. Tributaries such as the Oliphants River flow through the park.

Basin characteristics

The waters of the Limpopo are sluggish and silty. Rainfall is seasonal and unreliable. In dry years, the upper parts of the river flow for 40 days or less. The upper part of the drainage basin is arid, in the Kalahari Desert, but becomes less arid further down the river. The next reaches drain the Waterberg massif, a biome of semi-deciduous forest and low density human population.^[3] The lower reaches are fertile and heavily populated. Floods after the rainy season are an occasional problem in the lower reaches, most notably the catastrophic floods in February 2000, which were caused by heavy rainfall due to a cyclone.

The Limpopo basin is home to about 14 million people.

History

Vasco da Gama was probably the first European to sight the river, when his first expedition anchored off the mouth in 1498. However, there has been human habitation in the region since time immemorial — sites in the Makapans Valley near Mokopane contain Australopithecus fossils from 3.5 million years ago.

Sign at the viewing deck of the Limpopo River at Mapungubwe National Park, South Africa.

The Limpopo was immortalized in the short story "The Elephant's Child" by British author Rudyard Kipling, in the Just So Stories, where it is described as "the great grey-green, greasy Limpopo River, all set about with fever-trees," where the "Bi-Coloured Python Rock-Snake" dwells.^[4]

References

Coordinates: 25°10′S 33°35′E / 25.167°S 33.583°E / -25.167; 33.583