An inlet of the South China Sea on the western coast of Luzon, Philippines. It was captured by the Japanese in December 1941 and retaken by American forces in January 1945.
Lingayen Gulf
Dictionary:
Lin·ga·yen Gulf (lĭng'gä-yĕn')  |
An inlet of the South China Sea on the western coast of Luzon, Philippines. It was captured by the Japanese in December 1941 and retaken by American forces in January 1945.
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| US History Encyclopedia: Lingayen Gulf |
Lingayen Gulf, situated on the northwest coast of Luzon Island in the Philippines, suffered two invasions during World War II: the first, in 1941, was by the Japanese; the second, three years later, was by the returning American forces. In December 1941, Lingayen Gulf was defended by General Douglas MacArthur's force of poorly equipped Filipinos and some American troops. Japanese victories in the initial weeks of the war denied the defenders vital air and naval support. In contrast, Lieutenant General Masaharu Homma's invasion force was well trained, adequately supplied, and supported by strong naval and air units. Homma's troops began landing before dawn on 22 December along the east shore of Lingayen Gulf. A few artillery rounds and ineffective attacks by a handful of American submarines and bombers were all the defenders could muster. Homma quickly began to drive inland. A day later, MacArthur issued the order to abandon Luzon and withdraw to Bataan.
Three years later, the situation was reversed. The Japanese force, commanded by General Tomoyuki Yamashita, was numerous and strong but lacked air and naval support. They were totally outmatched by the combined forces MacArthur had marshaled for his return to Luzon. Other than Japanese suicide planes that punished the American convoys, there was no opposition to the invasion. After a devastating pre-assault bombardment, the landing began at 9:30 A.M. on 9 January 1945 on the south shore of Lingayen Gulf. The shores of Lingayen Gulf soon became a vast supply depot to support the American drive on Manila.
Bibliography
Breuer, William B. Retaking the Philippines: Americans Return to Corregidor and Bataan, July 1944–March 1945. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1986.
Morison, Samuel Eliot. The Liberation of the Philippines: Luzon, Mindanao, The Visayas, 1944–1945. Vol. 13, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Boston: Little, Brown, 1959.
Smith, Robert Ross. Triumph in the Philippines, United States Army in World War II. The War in the Pacific. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, 1963, 1991.
| Wikipedia: Lingayen Gulf |
The Lingayen Gulf is an extension of the South China Sea on Luzon in the Philippines stretching 56 kilometres (35 mi). It is framed by the provinces of Pangasinan and La Union and sits between the Zambales Mountains and the Cordillera Central. The Agno River drains into Lingayen Gulf.
Contents |
History
Main article: Invasion of Lingayen Gulf
During World War II, the Lingayen Gulf proved a strategically important theatre of war between American and Japanese forces. On the 22 December 1941, the Japanese 14th Army under Lieutenant General Masaharu Homma landed on the Eastern part of the gulf at Agoo, Vaba, Santiago and Bauang, where they engaged in a number of relatively minor skirmishes[1] with the defenders, which consisted of a poorly equipped contingent of predominantly Filipino and American troops, and managed to successfully invade and occupy the gulf. Following the defeat, the next day General MacArthur issued the order to retreat from Luzon and withdraw to Bataan. For the next three years, the gulf remained under Japanese occupation prior to the Lingayen Gulf Landings.
On 9.30 AM, January 9, 1945, the US 6th Army conducted an amphibious landing on the gulf, following a devastating naval bombardment, with 68,000 troops landing on the first day alone and a total of 203,608 in subsequent landings along a 20-mile (32 km) beachhead, stretching from Sual, Lingayen and Dagupan (XIV Corps) to the west, and San Fabian (I Corps) in to the east. The total number of troops under the command of MacArthur was reported to have even exceeded the number that Eisenhower controlled in Europe[2].
Despite their success in driving out the Japanese army stationed there, they suffered relatively heavy losses, particularly to their convoys due to Kamikaze suicide attacks. From January 4 - 12, a total of 24 ships were sunk and 67 damaged by Kamikaze planes, including the battleships USS Mississippi and USS Colorado (accidentally hit by friendly fire), light cruiser USS Columbia, and minesweepers USS Long and the USS Hovey [2]. Following the landings, the Lingayen Gulf was turned into a vast supply depot for the rest of the war to support the American and Filipino assault on Manila.
Commemoration
On January 9, 2008, Gov. Amado Espino, Jr. and Vice Gov. Marlyn Primicias-Agabas institutionalized the commemoration to honor the war veterans. The resolution named January 9 as Pangasinan Veterans’ Day. In the 63rd anniversary commemoration of the Lingayen Gulf Landing, President Fidel Ramos appealed to US President George W. Bush for 24,000 surviving war veterans, to pass two legislative bills pending since 1968 at the US House of Representatives – the Filipino Veterans’ Equity Act of 2006 and the Filipino Veterans’ Equity of 2005 sponsored by former Senator Daniel Inouye.[3]
Features
The gulf has numerous islands, the most famous of which are in the Hundred Islands National Park. This tourist attraction features 123 islands, the majority of which are relatively small in size. A number of cities are found along the gulf's coast such as Dagupan City and Alaminos City in Pangasinan, and San Fernando City in La Union. Lingayen, the capital of Pangasinan also lies on the shores of the gulf.
Economy
Fishing and salt-making are the primary industries on Lingayen Gulf. In fact, the name Pangasinan literally means “place where salt is made” in Tagalog. Salt is collected from seawater through evaporation, leaving the crystalline salt behind.
References
Coordinates: 16°16′39″N 120°11′45″E / 16.2775°N 120.19583°E
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 | Dictionary. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2007, 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2007. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Read more |
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| Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. © 2006 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. All rights reserved. Read more |
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| US History Encyclopedia. © 2006 through a partnership of Answers Corporation. All rights reserved. Read more |
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Mentioned in
- Baguio
- Lingayen
- Luzon (island, Philippines)
- Thomas C. Kinkaid
- Battles of Bataan and Corregidor
- Lingayen
- Invasion of Lingayen Gulf
- USS LST-558
- Hundred Islands National Park
- USS LST-712
- Dwight Shepler
- Young Bussey
- USS Ottawa (AKA-101)
- USS War Hawk (AP-168)
