liniment

[Middle English, from Late Latin linīmentum, from Latin linere, linīre, to rub over, anoint.]

(LIN-uh-ment)

noun
A liquid preparation (having camphor, alcohol, etc.) for rubbing into the skin to relieve pain or stiffness of a joint.

Etymology
From Middle English, from Late Latin linimentum (ointment), from Latin linere (to smear). Ultimately from Indo-European root lei-/slei- (slimy) that's also the source of such words as slime, lime, slick, slippery, schlep, and oblivion

A liquid applied to the skin to warm and protect muscles or to relieve muscle pain and stiffness. Applied externally, liniments certainly provide a warm sensation (very warm if a man carelessly rubs the liniment into the more sensitive regions of his body!). Apart from the psychological benefit of feeling warm, liniments do not seem to have much effect on muscles (except, possibly, to divert blood from the deep muscles to the superficial muscles) and they are no substitute for a proper warm-up routine.

Preparation applied externally to the body in the belief that it warms and protects. A liniment, by providing a warm sensation, may have psychological benefits, but it does not affect the deep muscles (except, possibly, by diverting blood from deep to superficial muscles) and is no substitute for a proper warm-up routine.

A medicinal preparation in an oily, soapy or alcoholic vehicle, intended to be rubbed on the skin as a counterirritant or anodyne.

Sloan's Liniment (at right) was once a popular over-the-counter drug store item.

Liniment, (or embrocation) from the Latin linere, to anoint, is a medicated topical preparation for application to the skin. Preparations of this type are also called balm. Liniments are of a similar viscosity to lotions (being significantly less viscous than an ointment or cream) but unlike a lotion a liniment is applied with friction; that is, a liniment is always rubbed in.^{[citation needed]}

Liniments are typically sold to relieve pain and stiffness, such as from sore muscles or from arthritis. These liniments typically are formulated from alcohol, acetone, or similar quickly evaporating solvents, and contain counterirritant aromatic chemical compounds such as methyl salicilate, benzoin resin or capsaicin. Opodeldoc is a sort of liniment invented by the physician Paracelsus. Absorbine Jr is a trade name for a brand of liniment for human use widely sold in the United States. The stronger version, Absorbine, is for horses.^[1] Traditional Chinese medicine features a wide variety of different liniments, with applications ranging from topical anaesthetics used in bone setting to simple sore muscles and bruises, such as Dit Da Jow or Ligusticum^{[citation needed]}

Uses on horses

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Liniments are a common substance used by trainers and owners of horses. They may be applied diluted or full-strength, usually added into a bucket of water when sponged on the body. Liniments are especially useful in hot weather to help a hot horse cool down: the alcohols help the product to quickly evaporate, and the oils they contain cause the capillaries in the skin to dilate, also increasing the cooling process.

Liniments should always be applied according to the manufacturer's directions, and diluted as necessary. Many horse owners apply liniments to the legs as a brace, and then wrap over it. In this case, they should be sure that the liniment is not too strong, or it may cause blistering of the skin.

Liniments may be used on the legs and body, but should not be applied to more sensitive areas such as the head, genitals or groin of the horse. The body may also be too sensitive to apply liniments if the horse was recently body-clipped.

Topical medication forms

(Source: ^[2])

• Cream - Emulsion of oil and water in approximately equal proportions. Penetrates stratum corneum outer layer of skin well.

• Ointment - Combines oil (80%) and water (20%). Effective barrier against moisture loss.

• Gel - Liquefies upon contact with the skin.

• Paste - Combines three agents - oil, water, and powder; an ointment in which a powder is suspended.

• Powder

References

1. ^ Adams, Cecil. "The Straight Dope". http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1160/how-come-we-never-hear-about-absorbine-sr. 
2. ^ Doctor, why are you prescribing an ointment?; American Academy of Dermatology; http://www.skincarephysicians.com/eczemanet/doctor.html

v • d • e Route of administrations / Dosage forms Oral Enteral/ digestive tract Solids Capsule · Pill · Tablet · Orally disintegrating tablet · Film · OROS (osmotic controlled release capsule) Liquids Elixir · Emulsion · Syrup · Suspension · Tincture Respiratory tract Inhaler (Metered-dose, Dry powder) · Nebulizer Circulatory system Sublingual administration ENT Eye drop · Ear drop · Intranasal Transdermal Emulsion (Ointment · Cream · Lotion · Liniment · Gel · Paste · Film)  · Medicated shampoo · Transdermal implant · Transdermal patch Injection/parenteral Subcutaneous (SC) · Intravenous (IV) · Intramuscular (IM) · Intraosseous · Intraperitoneal (IP) · Intrathecal · Intracavernosal Vaginal Pessary (vaginal suppository) · Vaginal ring · Douche · Intrauterine device Rectal Suppository · Enema

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Dansk (Danish)
n. - liniment

Nederlands (Dutch)
smeerzalf, wrijfmiddel, smeersel

Français (French)
n. - onguent, liniment

Deutsch (German)
n. - (Med.) Einreibemittel

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - αλοιφή (εντριβής), υλικό επάλειψης, επάλειψη

Italiano (Italian)
linimento

Português (Portuguese)
n. - linimento (m), ungüento (m)

Русский (Russian)
жидкая мазь

Español (Spanish)
n. - linimento

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - (läk.) liniment

中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
擦剂, 搽剂

中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 擦劑, 搽劑

한국어 (Korean)
n. - 액상의 바르는 약

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 塗り薬

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) مرهم‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮משחה, משחת עיסוי, משחת ריפוי‬

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