The following is a list of the kings of Babylonia, a major city and empire in ancient lower Mesopotamia, compiled from the traditional Babylonian king lists and modern archaeological findings.
Contents |
The Babylonian king list
The Babylonian King List is not merely a list of kings of Babylon, but is a very specific ancient list of supposed Babylonian kings recorded in several ancient locations, and related to the Sumerian king list. As with its predecessor, the Sumerian King List, contemporaneous dynasties are listed chronologically without comment.
There are two versions, known as "King List A" (all kings from the First Dynasty of Babylon to the Neo-Assyrian king Kandalanu) and "King List B" (only the two first dynasties). A third version of the list was written in Greek by Berossus. The "Babylonian King List of the Hellenistic Age" is a continuation that mentions all kings from Alexander the Great to Demetrius II Nicator.[1] lala
Middle Bronze Age
Early Amorite city-states
Kings of Larsa
Further information: Larsa
| Ruler | Reigned | Comments |
|---|---|---|
| Emisum | ca. 1940 – 1912 BC | |
| Samium | ca. 1912 – 1877 BC | |
| Zabaia | ca. 1877 – 1868 BC | Son of Samium, First royal inscription |
| Gungunum | ca. 1868 – 1841 BC | Gained independence from Lipit-Eshtar of Isin |
| Abisare | ca. 1841 – 1830 BC | |
| Sumuel | ca. 1830 – 1801 BC | |
| Nur-Adad | ca. 1801 – 1785 BC | Contemporary of Sumu-la-El of Babylon |
| Sin-Iddinam | ca. 1785 – 1778 BC | Son of Nur-Adad |
| Sin-Eribam | ca. 1778 – 1776 BC | |
| Sin-Iqisham | ca. 1776 – 1771 BC | Contemporary of Zambiya of Isin, Son of Sin-Eribam |
| Silli-Adad | ca. 1771 – 1770 BC | |
| Warad-Sin | ca. 1770 – 1758 BC | Possible co-regency with Kudur-Mabuk his father |
| Rim-Sin I | ca. 1758 – 1699 BC | Contemporary of Irdanene of Uruk, Defeated by Hammurabi of Babylon, Brother of Warad-Sin |
| Hammurabi of Babylon | ca. 1699 – 1686 BC | Official Babylonian rule, code of Hammurabi |
| Samsu-iluna of Babylon | ca. 1686 – 1678 BC | Official Babylonian rule |
| Rim-Sin II | ca. 1678 – 1674 BC | Killed in revolt against Babylon |
Babylonian Empire (Middle Bronze Age)
First Dynasty of Babylon
|
Further information: First Dynasty of Babylon
| Ruler | Reigned | Comments |
|---|---|---|
| Sumu-abum or Su-abu | ca. 1830 – 1817 BC | Contemporary of Ilushuma of Assyria |
| Sumu-la-El | ca. 1817 – 1781 BC | Contemporary of Erishum I of Assyria |
| Sabium or Sabum | ca. 1781 – 1767 BC | Son of Sumu-la-El |
| Apil-Sin | ca. 1767 – 1749 BC | Son of Sabium |
| Sin-muballit | ca. 1748 – 1729 BC | Son of Apil-Sin |
| Hammurabi | ca. 1728 – 1686 BC | Contemporary of Zimri-Lim of Mari, Siwe-palar-huppak of Elam and Shamshi-Adad I |
| Samsu-iluna | ca. 1686 – 1648 BC | Son of Hammurabi |
| Abi-eshuh or Abieshu | ca. 1648 – 1620 BC | Son of Samsu-iluna |
| Ammi-ditana | ca. 1620 – 1583 BC | Son of Abi-eshuh |
| Ammi-saduqa or Ammisaduqa | ca. 1582 – 1562 BC | Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa |
| Samsu-Ditana | ca. 1562 – 1531 BC | Sack of Babylon |
Sealand Dynasty (Dynasty II of Babylon)
These rulers did not rule Babylon itself, but rather the Sumerian regions south of it. Nevertheless, it is traditionally numbered the Second Dynasty of Babylon, and so is listed here.
| Ruler | Reigned | Comments |
|---|---|---|
| Iluma-ilum | fl. ca. 1732 BC | |
| Itti-ili-nibi | ||
| Damiq-ilishu | ||
| Ishkibal | ||
| Shushushi | ||
| Gulkishar | ||
| Peshgaldaramash | ||
| Adarakalamma | ||
| Ekurduanna | ||
| Melamkurkukka | ||
| (1 unnamed king between Gulkishar and Ea-gamil(?)) | ||
| Ea-gamil | fl. ca. 1460 BC |
Early Kassite Monarchs
Further information: Kassites
This dynasty also did not actually rule Babylon, but their numbering scheme was continued by later Kassite Kings of Babylon, and so they are listed here.
| Ruler | Reigned | Comments |
|---|---|---|
| Gandash | fl. ca. 1730 BC | |
| Agum I | ||
| Kashtiliash I | ||
| Ushshi | ||
| Abirattash | ||
| Kashtiliash II | ||
| Urzigurumash | ||
| Harbashihu | ||
| Tiptakzi | ||
| Atra |
Late Bronze Age
Kassite Dynasty (Third Dynasty of Babylon)
|
|
Further information: Kassites
| Ruler | Reigned | Comments |
|---|---|---|
| Agum II or Agum-Kakrime | ||
| Burnaburiash I | Treaty with Puzur-Ashur III of Assyria | |
| Kashtiliash III | ||
| Ulamburiash | Conquers the first Sealand dynasty | |
| Agum III | ||
| Karaindash | Contemporary of Amenophis III of Egypt | |
| Kadashman-harbe I | ||
| Kurigalzu I | ||
| Kadashman-Enlil I | ca. 1374 – 1360 BC | Contemporary of Amenophis III of the Egyptian Amarna letters |
| Burnaburiash II | ca. 1359 – 1333 BC | Contemporary of Akhenaten and Ashur-uballit I |
| Kara-hardash | ca. 1333 BC | Grandson of Ashur-uballit I of Assyria |
| Nazi-Bugash or Shuzigash | ca. 1333 BC | |
| Kurigalzu II | ca. 1332 – 1308 BC | Son of Burnaburiash II, Fought Battle of Sugagi with Enlil-nirari of Assyria |
| Nazi-Maruttash | ca. 1307 – 1282 BC | Contemporary of Adad-nirari I of Assyria |
| Kadashman-Turgu | ca. 1281 – 1264 BC | Contemporary of Hattusili III of the Hittites |
| Kadashman-Enlil II | ca. 1263 – 1255 BC | Contemporary of Hattusili III of the Hittites |
| Kudur-Enlil | ca. 1254 – 1246 BC | |
| Shagarakti-Shuriash | ca. 1245 – 1233 BC | Son of Kudur-Enlil |
| Kashtiliashu IV | ca. 1232 – 1225 BC | Contemporary of Tukulti-Ninurta I of Assyria |
| Enlil-nadin-shumi | ca. 1224 BC | Assyria installed governor |
| Kadashman-Harbe II | ca. 1223 BC | Assyria installed governor |
| Adad-shuma-iddina | ca. 1222 – 1217 BC | Assyria installed governor |
| Adad-shuma-usur | ca. 1216 – 1187 BC | Contemporary of Ashur-nirari III of Assyria |
| Meli-Shipak II | ca. 1186 – 1172 BC | |
| Marduk-apla-iddina I | ca. 1171 – 1159 BC | |
| Zababa-shuma-iddin | ca. 1158 BC | |
| Enlil-nadin-ahi | ca. 1157 – 1155 BC | Defeated by Shutruk-Nahhunte of Elam |
Iron Age
Dynasty IV of Babylon, from Isin
Further information: Isin
| Ruler | Reigned | Comments |
|---|---|---|
| Marduk-kabit-ahheshu | ca. 1155 – 1146 BC | |
| Itti-Marduk-balatu | ca. 1146 – 1132 BC | |
| Ninurta-nadin-shumi | ca. 1132 – 1126 BC | |
| Nabu-kudurri-usur (Nebuchadnezzar I) | ca. 1126 – 1103 BC | |
| Enlil-nadin-apli | ca. 1103 – 1100 BC | |
| Marduk-nadin-ahhe | ca. 1100 – 1082 BC | |
| Marduk-shapik-zeri | ca. 1082 – 1069 BC | |
| Adad-apla-iddina | ca. 1069 – 1046 BC | |
| Marduk-ahhe-eriba | ca. 1046 BC | |
| Marduk-zer-X | ca. 1046 – 1033 BC | |
| Nabu-shum-libur | ca. 1033 – 1025 BC |
Dynasty V of Babylon
| Ruler | Reigned | Comments |
|---|---|---|
| Simbar-shipak | ca. 1025 – 1008 BC | |
| Ea-mukin-shumi | ca. 1008 BC | |
| Kashu-nadin | ca. 1008 – 1004 BC |
Dynasty VI of Babylon
| Ruler | Reigned | Comments |
|---|---|---|
| Eulma-shakin-shumi | ca. 1004 – 987 BC | |
| Ninurta-kudurri-usur | ca. 987 – 985 BC | |
| Shiriqti-shuqamunu | ca. 985 BC |
Dynasty VII of Babylon
| Ruler | Reigned | Comments |
|---|---|---|
| Mar-biti-apla-usur | ca. 985 – 979 BC |
Dynasty VIII of Babylon
| Ruler | Reigned | Comments |
|---|---|---|
| Nabu-mukin-apli | ca. 979 – 943 BC |
Dynasty IX of Babylon
| Ruler | Reigned | Comments |
|---|---|---|
| Ninurta-kudurri-usur | ca. 943 BC | |
| Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina | ca. 943 – 920 BC | |
| Shamash-mudammiq | ca. 920 – 900 BC | |
| Nabu-shuma-ukin | ca. 900 – 888 BC | |
| Nabu-apla-iddina | ca. 888 – 855 BC | |
| Marduk-zakir-shumi I | ca. 855 – 819 BC | |
| Marduk-balassu-iqbi | ca. 819 – 813 BC | |
| Baba-aha-iddina | ca. 813 – 811 BC | |
| 5 kings | ca. 811 – 800 BC | |
| Ninurta-apla-X | ca. 800 – 790 BC | |
| Marduk-bel-zeri | ca. 790 – 780 BC | |
| Marduk-apla-usur | ca. 780 – 769 BC | |
| Eriba-Marduk | ca. 769 – 761 BC | |
| Nabu-shuma-ishkun | ca. 761 – 748 BC | |
|
From this point on, the Babylonian chronology is securely known via Ptolemy's Canon of Kings and other sources. |
||
| Nabu-nasir (Nabonassar) | 748 – 734 BC | |
| Nabu-nadin-zeri | 734 – 732 BC | |
| Nabu-suma-ukin II | 732 BC | |
Dynasty X of Babylon (Assyrian)
Further information: Neo-Assyrian Empire and Kings of Assyria
| Ruler | Reigned | Comments |
|---|---|---|
| Nabu-mukin-zeri | 732 – 729 BC | |
| Tiglath-Pileser III | 729 – 727 BC | |
| Shalmaneser V | 727 – 722 BC | |
| Marduk-apla-iddina II | 722 – 710 BC | (the Biblical Merodach-Baladan) |
| Sharrukin II (Sargon II) | 710 – 705 BC | |
| Sin-ahhe-eriba (Sennacherib) | 705 – 703 BC | |
| Marduk-zakir-shumi II | 703 BC | |
| Marduk-apla-iddina II | 703 BC | (restored) |
| Bel-ibni | 703 – 700 BC | |
| Ashur-nadin-shumi | 700 – 694 BC | son of Sennacherib |
| Nergal-ushezib | 694 – 693 BC | |
| Mushezib-Marduk | 693 – 689 BC | |
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Assyrian Sack of Babylon, 689 BC; Babylon is rebuilt by Esarhaddon of Assyria in the 670s BC |
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| Sin-ahhe-eriba (Sennacherib) | 689 – 681 BC | |
| Ashur-ahha-iddina (Esarhaddon) | 681 – 669 BC | |
| Shamash-shum-ukin | 668 – 648 BC | son of Esarhaddon |
| Kandalanu | 648 – 627 BC | |
| Sin-shumu-lishir | 626 BC | Only parts, including the city of Babylon. |
| Sinsharishkun | ca. 627 – 620 BC | Lost control over Babylonia. |
Dynasty XI of Babylon (Neo-Babylonian or Chaldean)
|
Further information: Neo-Babylonian Empire
| Ruler | Reigned | Comments |
|---|---|---|
| Nabu-apla-usur (Nabopolassar) | 626 – 605 BC | |
| Nabu-kudurri-usur (Nebuchadrezzar II) | 605 – 562 BC | |
| Amel-Marduk | 562 – 560 BC | |
| Nergal-shar-usur (Nergal-sharezer/Neriglissar) | 560 – 556 BC | |
| Labashi-Marduk | 556 BC | |
| Nabu-na'id (Nabonidus) | 556 – 539 BC | |
| Cyrus II of Persia | 539 – 529 BC |
Persian Babylonia
Further information: Persian Mesopotamia and Achaemenid Empire
In 539 BC, Babylon was captured by Cyrus the Great of Persia. His son was crowned one year later formally as King of Babylonia
| Ruler | Reigned | Comments |
|---|---|---|
| 529 – 522 BC | son of Cyrus the Great | |
| Smerdis (Bardiya) | 522 BC | (Possibly a usurper) alleged son of Cyrus the Great |
| Darius I of Persia the Great | 521 – 486 BC | brother-in-law of Smerdis and grandson of Arsames |
| Xerxes I of Persia | 485 – 465 BC | son of Darius I |
| Artaxerxes I of Persia Longimanus | 465 – 424 BC | son of Xerxes I |
| Xerxes II of Persia | 424 BC | son of Artaxerxes I |
| Sogdianus of Persia | 424 – 423 BC | half-brother and rival of Xerxes II |
| Darius II of Persia Nothus | 423 – 405 BC | half-brother and rival of Xerxes II |
| Artaxerxes II of Persia Mnemon | 404 – 359 BC | (see also Xenophon) son of Darius II |
| Artaxerxes III of Persia Ochus | 358 – 338 BC | son of Artaxerxes II |
| Arses of Persia (Artaxerxes IV) | 338 – 336 BC | son of Artaxerxes III |
| Darius III of Persia Codomannus | 336 – 330 BC | great-grandson of Darius II |
Hellenistic Babylonia
Further information: Seleucid Empire
Babylon was captured by Alexander the Great in 330 BC. It was captured by the Parthians in 141 BC.
| Ruler | Reigned | Comments |
|---|---|---|
| Alexander the Great | 330 – 323 BC | |
| Alexander IV of Macedon | 323 – 309 BC | |
| Seleucus I Nicator | Satrap 311 – 305 BC, King 305 – 281 BC | |
| Antiochus I Soter | co-ruler from 291, ruled 281 – 261 BC | |
| Antiochus II Theos | 261 – 246 BC | |
| Seleucus II Callinicus | 246 – 225 BC | |
| Seleucus III Ceraunus (or Soter) | 225 – 223 BC | |
| Antiochus III the Great | 223 – 187 BC | |
| Seleucus IV Philopator | 187 – 175 BC | |
| Antiochus IV Epiphanes | 175 – 164 BC | |
| Antiochus V Eupator | 164 – 162 BC | |
| Demetrius I Soter | 161 – 150 BC | |
| Alexander I Balas | 150 – 145 BC | |
| Demetrius II Nicator | first reign, 145 – 141 BC |
See also
References
- ^ Meissner, Bruno (1990). Reallexikon der Assyriologie. 6. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 90. ISBN 3110100517. http://books.google.com/books?id=OIeiZaIo91IC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0#PPA90,M1.
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