List of subjects in Gray's Anatomy: II. Osteology

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The subjects listed below are covered by the 2nd chapter of the 1858 anatomy textbook, Gray's Anatomy.

Contents 1 Introduction (Gray's s17) 1.1 Gray's page #79 1.2 Gray's page #80 1.3 Development of the skeleton 1.3.1 Gray's page #80 1.3.2 Gray's page #81 1.3.3 Gray's page #82 1.3.4 Gray's page #83 1.3.5 Gray's page #84 1.3.6 Gray's page #85 2 Bone (Gray's s18) 2.1 Gray's page #86 2.2 Gray's page #87 2.3 Gray's page #88 2.4 Gray's page #89 2.5 Gray's page #90 2.6 Gray's page #91 2.7 Gray's page #92 2.8 Gray's page #93 2.9 Gray's page #94 2.10 Gray's page #95 3 The vertebral column (Gray's s19) 3.1 Gray's page #96 3.2 General characteristics of a vertebra (Gray's s20) 3.2.1 Gray's page #96 3.2.2 Gray's page #97 3.2.3 The cervical vertebrae (Gray's s21) 3.2.3.1 Gray's page #97 3.2.3.2 Gray's page #98 3.2.3.3 Gray's page #99 3.2.3.4 Gray's page #100 3.2.3.5 Gray's page #101 3.2.3.6 Gray's page #102 3.2.4 The thoracic vertebrae (Gray's s22) 3.2.4.1 Gray's page #102 3.2.4.2 Gray's page #104 3.2.5 The lumbar vertebrae (Gray's s23) 3.2.5.1 Gray's page #104 3.2.5.2 Gray's page #106 3.2.6 The sacral and coccygeal vertebrae (Gray's s24) 3.2.6.1 Gray's page #106 3.2.6.2 Gray's page #107 3.2.6.3 Gray's page #108 3.2.6.4 Gray's page #110 3.2.6.5 Gray's page #111 3.2.6.6 Gray's page #112 3.2.6.7 Gray's page #113 3.3 The vertebral column as a whole (Gray's s25) 3.3.1 Gray's page #114 3.3.2 Gray's page #115 4 The thorax (Gray's s26) 4.1 Gray's page #116 4.2 Gray's page #117 4.3 Gray's page #118 4.4 The sternum (Gray's s27) 4.4.1 Gray's page #119 4.4.2 Gray's page #120 4.4.3 Gray's page #121 4.4.4 Gray's page #123 4.5 The ribs (Gray's s28) 4.5.1 Gray's page #123 4.5.2 Gray's page #124 4.5.3 Gray's page #125 4.5.4 Gray's page #126 4.6 The costal cartilages (Gray's s29) 4.6.1 Gray's page #127 5 The skull (Gray's s30) 5.1 Gray's page #128 5.2 The cranial bones 5.2.1 The occipital bone (Gray's s31) 5.2.1.1 Gray's page #129 5.2.1.2 Gray's page #130 5.2.1.3 Gray's page #131 5.2.1.4 Gray's page #132 5.2.2 The parietal bone (Gray's s32) 5.2.2.1 Gray's page #133 5.2.2.2 Gray's page #134 5.2.2.3 Gray's page #135 5.2.3 The frontal bone (Gray's s33) 5.2.3.1 Gray's page #135 5.2.3.2 Gray's page #136 5.2.3.3 Gray's page #137 5.2.3.4 Gray's page #138 5.2.4 The temporal bone (Gray's s34) 5.2.4.1 Gray's page #138 5.2.4.2 Gray's page #139 5.2.4.3 Gray's page #140 5.2.4.4 Gray's page #141 5.2.4.5 Gray's page #142 5.2.4.6 Gray's page #143 5.2.4.7 Gray's page #144 5.2.4.8 Gray's page #145 5.2.4.9 Gray's page #146 5.2.5 The sphenoid bone (Gray's s35) 5.2.5.1 Gray's page #147 5.2.5.2 Gray's page #148 5.2.5.3 Gray's page #149 5.2.5.4 Gray's page #150 5.2.5.5 Gray's page #151 5.2.5.6 Gray's page #152 5.2.6 ethmoid bone (Gray's s36) 5.2.6.1 Gray's page #153 5.2.6.2 Gray's page #154 5.2.6.3 Gray's page #155 5.2.6.4 Gray's page #156 5.3 The facial bones 5.3.1 The nasal bones (Gray's s37) 5.3.1.1 Gray's page #156 5.3.2 The maxillæ (upper jaw) (Gray's s38) 5.3.2.1 Gray's page #157 5.3.2.2 Gray's page #158 5.3.2.3 Gray's page #159 5.3.2.4 Gray's page #160 5.3.2.5 Gray's page #161 5.3.2.6 Gray's page #162 5.3.2.7 Gray's page #163 5.3.3 The lacrimal bone (Gray's s39) 5.3.3.1 Gray's page #163 5.3.3.2 Gray's page #164 5.3.4 The zygomatic bone (Gray's s40) 5.3.4.1 Gray's page #164 5.3.4.2 Gray's page #165 5.3.4.3 Gray's page #166 5.3.5 The palatine bone (Gray's s41) 5.3.5.1 Gray's page #166 5.3.5.2 Gray's page #167 5.3.5.3 Gray's page #168 5.3.5.4 Gray's page #169 5.3.6 The inferior nasal concha (Gray's s42) 5.3.6.1 Gray's page #169 5.3.7 The vomer (Gray's s43) 5.3.7.1 Gray's page #170 5.3.7.2 Gray's page #171 5.3.8 The mandible (lower jaw) (Gray's s44) 5.3.8.1 Gray's page #172 5.3.8.2 Gray's page #173 5.3.8.3 Gray's page #174 5.3.8.4 Gray's page #175 5.3.9 The hyoid bone (Gray's s45) 5.3.9.1 Gray's page #177 5.3.9.2 Gray's page #178 5.4 The exterior of the skull (Gray's s46) 5.4.1 Norma verticalis 5.4.1.1 Gray's page #178 5.4.2 Norma basalis 5.4.2.1 Gray's page #179 5.4.2.2 Gray's page #180 5.4.2.3 Gray's page #181 5.4.2.4 Gray's page #182 5.4.3 Norma lateralis 5.4.3.1 Gray's page #182 5.4.3.2 Gray's page #183 5.4.3.3 Gray's page #184 5.4.3.4 Gray's page #185 5.4.4 Norma occipitalis 5.4.4.1 Gray's page #185 5.4.5 Norma frontalis 5.4.5.1 Gray's page #185 5.4.5.2 Gray's page #186 5.4.5.3 Gray's page #187 5.4.5.4 Gray's page #188 5.4.6 Orbits 5.4.6.1 Gray's page #188 5.4.6.2 Gray's page #189 5.5 The interior of the skull (Gray's s47) 5.5.1 Gray's page #189 5.5.2 Gray's page #190 5.5.3 Gray's page #191 5.5.4 Gray's page #192 5.5.5 Gray's page #193 5.5.6 Gray's page #194 5.5.7 Gray's page #195 5.5.8 Gray's page #196 5.5.9 Gray's page #197 5.5.10 Gray's page #198 5.5.11 Gray's page #199 6 The extremities (Gray's s48) 6.1 The bones of the upper extremity 6.1.1 The clavicle (Gray's s49) 6.1.1.1 Gray's page #200 6.1.1.2 Gray's page #202 6.1.2 The scapula/Shoulder blade (Gray's s50) 6.1.2.1 Gray's page #202 6.1.2.2 Gray's page #203 6.1.2.3 Gray's page #204 6.1.2.4 Gray's page #205 6.1.2.5 Gray's page #206 6.1.2.6 Gray's page #207 6.1.2.7 Gray's page #208 6.1.3 The humerus (Gray's s51) 6.1.3.1 Gray's page #209 6.1.3.2 Gray's page #211 6.1.3.3 Gray's page #212 6.1.3.4 Gray's page #213 6.1.4 The ulna (Gray's s52) 6.1.4.1 Gray's page #214 6.1.4.2 Gray's page #215 6.1.4.3 Gray's page #218 6.1.4.4 Gray's page #219 6.1.5 The radius (Gray's s53) 6.1.5.1 Gray's page #219 6.1.5.2 Gray's page #220 6.2 The hand 6.2.1 The carpus (Gray's s54) 6.2.1.1 Gray's page #221 6.2.1.2 Gray's page #224 6.2.1.3 Gray's page #225 6.2.1.4 Gray's page #226 6.2.1.5 Gray's page #227 6.2.2 The metacarpus (Gray's s55) 6.2.2.1 Gray's page #227 6.2.2.2 Gray's page #228 6.2.3 The phalanges of the hand (Gray's s56) 6.2.3.1 Gray's page #230 6.3 The bones of the lower extremity 6.3.1 The hip bone (Gray's s57) 6.3.1.1 Gray's page #231 6.3.2 Ilium 6.3.2.1 Gray's page #231 6.3.2.2 Gray's page #232 6.3.2.3 Gray's page #233 6.3.2.4 Gray's page #234 6.3.3 Ischium 6.3.3.1 Gray's page #235 6.3.4 Pubis 6.3.4.1 Gray's page #236 6.3.4.2 Gray's page #237 6.3.5 The pelvis (Gray's s58) 6.3.5.1 Gray's page #238 6.3.5.2 Gray's page #239 6.3.5.3 Gray's page #240 6.3.5.4 Gray's page #241 6.3.6 The femur (Gray's s59) 6.3.6.1 Gray's page #242 6.3.6.2 Gray's page #243 6.3.6.3 Gray's page #244 6.3.6.4 Gray's page #245 6.3.6.5 Gray's page #246 6.3.6.6 Gray's page #247 6.3.6.7 Gray's page #248 6.3.6.8 Gray's page #255 6.3.7 The patella (Gray's s60) 6.3.7.1 Gray's page #255 6.3.8 The tibia (Gray's s61) 6.3.8.1 Gray's page #256 6.3.8.2 Gray's page #257 6.3.8.3 Gray's page #258 6.3.8.4 Gray's page #259 6.3.8.5 Gray's page #260 6.3.9 The fibula (Gray's s62) 6.3.9.1 Gray's page #260 6.3.9.2 Gray's page #261 6.3.9.3 Gray's page #262 6.4 The foot 6.4.1 The tarsus (Gray's s63) 6.4.1.1 Gray's page #263 6.4.1.2 Gray's page #266 6.4.1.3 Gray's page #267 6.4.1.4 Gray's page #269 6.4.1.5 Gray's page #270 6.4.1.6 Gray's page #271 6.4.2 The metatarsus (Gray's s64) 6.4.2.1 Gray's page #272 6.4.2.2 Gray's page #273 6.4.2.3 Gray's page #274 6.4.3 The phalanges of the foot (Gray's s65) 6.4.3.1 Gray's page #275 6.4.4 comparison of the bones of the hand and foot (Gray's s66) 6.4.4.1 Gray's page #276 6.4.5 The sesamoid bones (Gray's s67) 6.4.5.1 Gray's page #277 7 See also

Introduction (Gray's s17)

Gray's page #79

• classes
  • Long bones
    • body, or diaphysis
    • medullary canal
    • epiphyses
  • Short bones
  • Flat bones
    • tables of the skull
    • vitreous table

Gray's page #80

• classes
  • Flat bones
    • diploë
  • Irregular bones
• Surfaces of bones
  • articular eminences
  • articular depressions
  • non-articular eminences
    • tuberosity, protuberance, or process
    • tubercle
    • spine
    • ridge, crest, or line
  • non-articular depressions
    • fossæ, pits, depressions, grooves, furrows, fissures, notches
  • perforation/passage
    • foramen
    • canal

Development of the skeleton

Gray's page #80

• Skeleton
  • axial skeleton
  • appendicular skeleton
• Vertebral column
  • primitive segments
  • intersegmental septa
  • myocœl
  • cutis-plate
  • muscle-plate
  • sclerotome
  • sclerotogenous layer

Gray's page #81

• Vertebral column
  • membranous vertebral column

Gray's page #82

• Vertebral column
  • cartilaginous vertebral column
  • hypochordal bar or brace
  • nucleus pulposus
• Ribs
  • primitive costal arches

Gray's page #83

• Sternum
  • sternal plate
• Skull

Gray's page #84

• Skull
  • membranous cranium
  • chondrocranium
  • chordal or vertebral portion
  • prechordal or prevertebral portion
  • trabeculae cranii
  • parachordal cartilages

Gray's page #85

• • cartilaginous ear-capsules
  • trabeculae cranii
  • ethmoidal plate
  • dermal or covering bones

Bone (Gray's s18)

Gray's page #86

• Structure and Physical Properties
  • compact tissue
  • cancellous tissue

Gray's page #87

• medullary mem
• Periosteum
  • granular corpuscles or osteoblasts
• Marrow

Gray's page #88

• Marrow
  • myelocytes
  • erythroblasts or normoblasts
  • Giant cells (myeloplaxes, osteoclasts)
  • Howship's foveolæ
• Vessels and Nerves of Bone
  • blood vessels
  • medullary artery or nutrient artery

Gray's page #89

• Vessels and Nerves of Bone
  • veins
  • Lymphatic vessels
  • Nerves
• Minute Anatomy
  • Haversian systems
  • Haversian canal
  • lamellæ
  • lacunæ
  • canaliculi
  • interstitial lamellæ
  • circumferential lamellæ

Gray's page #90

• Minute Anatomy
  • primary or fundamental lamellæ
  • secondary or special lamellæ
  • Haversian canals
  • lamellæ
  • perforating fibers
  • Lacunæ

Gray's page #91

• Minute Anatomy
  • bone-cell
  • bone-corpuscle
  • Canaliculi
  • bone cells
• Ossification
  • intramembranous ossification

Gray's page #92

• Ossification
  • intramembranous ossification
    • osteoblasts
    • Osteogenetic fibers

Gray's page #93

• Ossification
  • intercartilaginous ossification
    • epiphysial cartilage
    • center of ossification
    • primary areolæ
    • perichondrium

Gray's page #94

• Ossification
  • osteoblasts, or bone-formers
  • osteoclasts, or bone-destroyers
  • secondary areolæ or medullary spaces

Gray's page #95

• Ossification
  • epiphyses
    • pressure epiphyses
    • traction epiphyses
    • atavistic epiphyses

The vertebral column (Gray's s19)

Gray's page #96

• Columna Vertebralis; Spinal column

General characteristics of a vertebra (Gray's s20)

Gray's page #96

• typical vertebra
• vertebral foramen
• intervertebral foramina
• body of vertebra (corpus vertebræ)

Gray's page #97

• body of vertebra (corpus vertebræ)
• vertebral arch or neural arch (posterior part)
  • pedicle of vertebral arch (radices arci vertebræ)
    • vertebral notches
  • lamina of the vertebral arch
• processes of vertebra
  • 1 Spinous process (processus spinosus)
  • 4 Articular processes
  • 2 Transverse processes (processus transversi)

The cervical vertebrae (Gray's s21)

Gray's page #97

• cervical vertebræ
  • body
  • anterior surface
  • posterior surface

Gray's page #98

• upper surface
• lower surface
• pedicles
• laminae
• vertebral foramen
• spinous process
• superior articular process
• inferior articular process
• transverse processes
• foramen transversarium
• costal process or costal element
• anterior tubercle
• posterior tubercle

Gray's page #99

• First cervical vertebra (atlas)
  • anterior arch
  • anterior tubercle
  • posterior arch
  • posterior tubercle
  • fovea dentis
  • dens (anatomy)
  • sulcus arteriae vertebralis
  • inferior vertebral notches
  • lateral masses
  • superior facets

Gray's page #100

• First cervical vertebra (atlas)
  • inferior articular facets
  • transverse processes
• second cervical vertebra (epistropheus or axis)
  • body
  • dens or odontoid process
  • apex

Gray's page #101

• second cervical vertebra (epistropheus or axis)
  • pedicles
  • laminae
  • transverse processes
  • superior articular surfaces
  • inferior articular surfaces
  • superior vertebral notches
  • inferior vertebral notches
  • spinous process
• Seventh cervical vertebra (Vertebra prominens )
  • transverse processes

Gray's page #102

• Seventh cervical vertebra (Vertebra prominens )
  • cervical rib

The thoracic vertebrae (Gray's s22)

Gray's page #102

• thoracic vertebræ

Gray's page #104

• First thoracic vertebra
• Ninth thoracic vertebra
• Tenth thoracic vertebra
• Eleventh thoracic vertebra
• Twelfth thoracic vertebra

The lumbar vertebrae (Gray's s23)

Gray's page #104

• lumbar vertebræ

Gray's page #106

• tubercles
  • mammillary process
  • accessory process
• Fifth lumbar vertebra

The sacral and coccygeal vertebrae (Gray's s24)

Gray's page #106

• Sacrum (os sacrum)
  • sacrovertebral angle
• Pelvic surface of sacrum (facies pelvina)
  • transverse ridges
  • anterior sacral foramina
  • lateral parts of the sacrum

Gray's page #107

• Dorsal surface of sacrum (facies dorsalis)
  • middle sacral crest
  • sacral groove
  • sacral articular crests

Gray's page #108

• Dorsal surface of sacrum (facies dorsalis)
  • sacral cornua
  • posterior sacral foramina
  • lateral crests
• Lateral surface of sacrum
  • auricular surface
  • sacral tuberosity
  • inferior lateral angle
• base of the sacrum (basis oss. sacri)

Gray's page #110

• base of the sacrum (basis oss. sacri)
  • ala of sacrum
• Apex of the sacrum (apex oss. sacri)
• Vertebral canal (canalis sacralis; sacral canal)

Gray's page #111

• Differences in the Sacrum of the Male and Female
• Coccyx (os coccygis)
  • coccygeal cornua
• Ossification of the Vertebral column

Gray's page #112

• neurocentral synchondroses

Gray's page #113

• Ossification of the Vertebral column

The vertebral column as a whole (Gray's s25)

Gray's page #114

• Curves of vertebral column

Gray's page #115

• Posterior surface
• vertebral groove
• Lateral surfaces

The thorax (Gray's s26)

Gray's page #116

• thorax or chest

Gray's page #117

• Thorax: boundaries of:
• Thorax: skeleton of:
• upper opening of the thorax

Gray's page #118

• lower opening of the thorax
• subcostal angle

The sternum (Gray's s27)

Gray's page #119

• sternum (breast bone)

Gray's page #120

• Manubrium (manubrium sterni)
  • jugular notch or presternal notch
• Body of sternum (corpus sterni; gladiolus)

Gray's page #121

• Body of sternum (corpus sterni; gladiolus)
  • sternal foramen
  • sternal angle (angulus Ludovici)
• Xiphoid process (processus xiphoideus; ensiform or xiphoid appendix)

Gray's page #123

• fissura sterni

The ribs (Gray's s28)

Gray's page #123

• ribs (Costæ)
  • true ribs or vertebro-sternal ribs
  • false ribs
  • vertebro-chondral ribs
  • floating ribs or vertebral ribs
  • intercostal spaces
• Common Characteristics of the Ribs
• Posterior Extremity
  • crista colli costœ

Gray's page #124

• Posterior Extremity
  • head of rib
  • neck of rib
  • tubercle of rib
    • articular portion
    • non-articular portion
• body or shaft
  • angle
  • costal groove

Gray's page #125

• Anterior extremity or sternal extremity
• Peculiar ribs
  • First rib
    • scalene tubercle
  • Second rib

Gray's page #126

• Peculiar ribs
  • Tenth rib
  • Eleventh rib and Twelfth rib

The costal cartilages (Gray's s29)

Gray's page #127

• costal cartilages (Cartilagines Costales)

The skull (Gray's s30)

Gray's page #128

• skull
• cranium
• skeleton of the face

The cranial bones

The occipital bone (Gray's s31)

Gray's page #129

• occipital bone
• foramen magnum
• squama (squama occipitalis)
  • external surface
    • external occipital protuberance
    • highest nuchal line

Gray's page #130

• squama (squama occipitalis)
  • external surface
    • superior nuchal line
    • planum occipitale
    • planum nuchale
    • median nuchal line
    • inferior nuchal line
  • internal surface
    • cruciate eminence
    • internal occipital protuberance

Gray's page #131

• squama (squama occipitalis)
  • internal surface
    • sagittal sulcus
    • internal occipital crest
    • vermian fossa
    • confluence of the sinuses
• Lateral parts of occipital bone (pars lateralis)
  • under surfaces of the lateral part
    • condyles
    • hypoglossal canal (anterior condyloid foramen)
    • condyloid fossa
    • condyloid canal
    • jugular process
    • jugular notch
    • intrajugular process
    • paramastoid process
  • upper surface of the lateral part
    • jugular tubercle

Gray's page #132

• Basilar part of occipital bone (pars basilaris)
  • pharyngeal tubercle
• Foramen magnum
• Angles
  • superior angle
  • posterior fontanelle
  • inferior angle
  • lateral angles
• Borders
  • superior borders
  • lambdoidal suture
  • inferior borders
• Ossification of occipital bone

The parietal bone (Gray's s32)

Gray's page #133

• external surface
  • parietal eminence (tuber parietale)

Gray's page #134

• external surface
  • superior temporal line and inferior temporal line
  • parietal foramen
• internal surface
  • sagittal sulcus
  • arachnoid granulations (Pacchionian bodies)
• Borders
  • sagittal border
  • squamous border

Gray's page #135

• Borders
  • coronal suture
  • occipital border
  • lambdoidal suture
• Angles
  • frontal angle
  • bregma
  • anterior fontanelle
  • sphenoidal angle
  • occipital angle
  • lambda
  • posterior fontanelle
  • mastoid angle
  • asterion

The frontal bone (Gray's s33)

Gray's page #135

• Squama (squama frontalis)
  • metopic suture
  • frontal eminence (tuber frontale)
  • superciliary arches
  • glabella
  • supraorbital margin

Gray's page #136

• Squama (squama frontalis)
  • supraorbital notch or supraorbital foramen
  • zygomatic process
  • temporal line
  • upper temporal line and lower temporal line
  • nasal part
  • nasal notch
  • nasion
  • nasal process
  • spine of squama
  • sagittal sulcus
  • frontal crest

Gray's page #137

• Squama (squama frontalis)
  • foramen cecum
• Orbital or Horizontal Part (pars orbitalis)
  • orbital plates
  • ethmoidal notch
  • lacrimal fossa
  • fovea trochlearis
  • trochlear spine
  • ethmoidal notch
  • anterior ethmoidal canal

Gray's page #138

• Orbital or Horizontal Part (pars orbitalis)
  • posterior ethmoidal canal
  • frontal air sinuses
  • frontonasal duct
• border of the squama
• posterior borders of the orbital plates
• Ossification of frontal bone

The temporal bone (Gray's s34)

Gray's page #138

• temporal bone

Gray's page #139

• Squama (squama temporalis)
  • temporal line, or supramastoid crest
  • zygomatic process
  • anterior root and posterior root
  • articular tubercle (eminentia articularis)

Gray's page #140

• Squama (squama temporalis)
  • suprameatal triangle, or mastoid fossa
  • mandibular fossa (glenoid fossa)
  • petrotympanic fissure (Glaserian fissure)

Gray's page #141

• parietal notch
• antero-inferior border
• Mastoid portion (pars mastoidea)
  • mastoid foramen
  • mastoid process
  • mastoid notch (digastric fossa)
  • occipital groove

Gray's page #142

• Mastoid portion (pars mastoidea)
  • sigmoid sulcus
  • mastoid cells
  • tympanic antrum
  • tegmen tympani
  • attic or epitympanic recess
• Petrous portion (pars petrosa)
  • petrosquamous suture
  • eminence (eminentia arcuata)
  • tegmen tympani
  • hiatus of the facial canal

Gray's page #143

• Petrous portion (pars petrosa)
  • Trigeminal impression
  • posterior surface
    • Internal acoustic meatus
    • Crista falciformis
    • Area cribrosa media
    • Foramen singulare
    • Tractus spiralis foraminosus
    • Canalis centralis cochleœ
    • Area cribrosa superior
    • Area facialis
    • Aquæductus Fallopii
    • Aquæductus vestibuli
    • Subarcuate fossa
  • inferior surface
    • Carotid canal

Gray's page #144

• Petrous portion (pars petrosa)
  • inferior surface
    • aquæductus cochleæ
    • jugular fossa
    • inferior tympanic canaliculus
    • mastoid canaliculus
    • jugular surface
    • vaginal process
    • styloid process
    • stylomastoid foramen
  • angles
    • superior angle
    • posterior angle
    • jugular fossa

Gray's page #145

• Petrous portion (pars petrosa)
  • angles
    • jugular foramen
    • anterior angle
    • petrosquamous suture
    • septum canalis musculotubarii (processus cochleariformis)
• Tympanic part (pars tympanica)
  • tympanic sulcus
  • antero-inferior surface
  • vaginal process
  • foramen of Huschke
  • external acoustic meatus
  • suprameatal spine
• Styloid process (processus styloideus)
• Ossification of temporal bone

Gray's page #146

• Ossification of temporal bone
  • Proötic center of temporal bone
  • Pterotic center of temporal bone
  • Epiotic center of temporal bone
  • tympanic ring

The sphenoid bone (Gray's s35)

Gray's page #147

• body of sphenoid bone
• sphenoidal air sinuses
• superior surface of sphenoid
  • ethmoidal spine
  • chiasmatic groove (optic groove)
  • optic foramen
  • tuberculum sellæ
  • sella turcica
  • fossa hypophyseos
  • middle clinoid processes
  • dorsum sellæ
  • posterior clinoid processes
  • petrosal process

Gray's page #148

• superior surface of sphenoid
  • clivus
• lateral surfaces of sphenoid
  • carotid groove
  • lingula
• posterior surface of sphenoid

Gray's page #149

• anterior surface of sphenoid
  • sphenoidal crest
  • sphenoidal air sinus
  • sphenoidal conchæ
• inferior surface of sphenoid
• sphenoidal rostrum
• vaginal process
• Great wings (alæ magnæ) (ali-sphenoids)

Gray's page #150

• Great wings (alæ magnæ) (ali-sphenoids)
  • spina angularis (sphenoidal spine)
  • foramen rotundum
  • foramen ovale
  • foramen Vesalii
  • foramen spinosum
  • infratemporal crest
  • sulcus tubæ

Gray's page #151

• Great wings (alæ magnæ) (ali-sphenoids)
  • pterion
• Small wings (alæ parvæ)
  • orbito-sphenoids
• Surfaces
  • superior orbital fissure
• Borders
  • anterior clinoid process
  • optic foramen
• Pterygoid processes (processus pterygoidei)
  • pterygopalatine groove
  • pterygoid fissure
  • pterygoid fossa
  • scaphoid fossa
  • lateral pterygoid plate
  • Medial pterygoid plate
  • pterygoid hamulus
  • vaginal process

Gray's page #152

• Pterygoid processes (processus pterygoidei)
  • pterygoid tubercle
  • processus tubarius
• Sphenoidal conchæ (conchæ sphenoidales; sphenoidal turbinated processes)

ethmoid bone (Gray's s36)

Gray's page #153

• Cribiform plate (lamina cribrosa; horizontal lamina)
  • crista galli
  • alæ

Gray's page #154

• Perpendicular plate (lamina perpendicularis; vertical plate)
• Labyrinth or Lateral mass (labyrinthus ethmoidalis)
  • ethmoidal cells
• Surfaces
  • upper surface
    • anterior and posterior ethmoidal canals
  • posterior surface

Gray's page #155

• Surfaces
  • lateral surface
    • lamina papyracea (os planum)
    • uncinate process

Gray's page #156

• Surfaces
  • medial surface
    • middle nasal concha
    • superior meatus
    • superior nasal concha
    • middle meatus of the nose
    • infundibulum
• sutural or Wormian bones

The facial bones

The nasal bones (Gray's s37)

Gray's page #156

• nasal bones

The maxillæ (upper jaw) (Gray's s38)

Gray's page #157

• maxillæ

Gray's page #158

• Body of maxilla (corpus maxillæ)
  • maxillary sinus (antrum of Highmore)
  • Surfaces
    • anterior surface of the body of the maxilla
      • incisive fossa
      • canine fossa
      • canine eminence
      • infraorbital foramen
      • nasal notch
      • anterior nasal spine
    • infratemporal surface of the body of the maxilla
      • alveolar canals
      • maxillary tuberosity

Gray's page #159

• Body of maxilla (corpus maxillæ)
  • Surfaces
    • orbital surface of the body of the maxilla
      • lacrimal notch
      • infraorbital groove
      • infraorbital canal

Gray's page #160

• Body of maxilla (corpus maxillæ)
  • Surfaces
    • nasal surface of the body of the maxilla
      • pterygopalatine canal
      • lacrimal groove
      • conchal crest

• Maxillary sinus or Antrum of Highmore (sinus maxillaris)

Gray's page #161

• Body of maxilla (corpus maxillæ)
  • alveolar canals
• Zygomatic process (processus zygomaticus; malar process)
• Frontal process (processus frontalis; nasal process)
  • ethmoidal crest
  • agger nasi
  • lacrimal fossa
  • anterior lacrimal crest
  • lacrimal tubercle
• Alveolar process (processus alveolaris)
  • alveolar arch
  • alveolar point

Gray's page #162

• Palatine process (processus palatinus; palatal process)
  • incisive foramen
  • incisive canals
  • foramina of Stenson
  • foramina of Scarpa
  • premaxilla (os incisivum)

Gray's page #163

• Palatine process (processus palatinus; palatal process)
  • nasal crest
  • incisor crest
  • anterior nasal spine
• Ossification of maxilla

The lacrimal bone (Gray's s39)

Gray's page #163

• lacrimal bone

Gray's page #164

• posterior lacrimal crest
• lacrimal sulcus (sulcus lacrimalis)
• lacrimal hamulus
• lesser lacrimal bone

The zygomatic bone (Gray's s40)

Gray's page #164

• Surfaces
  • malar surface
    • zygomaticofacial foramen
  • temporal surface
    • zygomaticotemporal foramen

• Processes
  • frontosphenoidal process

Gray's page #165

• Processes
  • orbital process
    • zygomaticoörbital foramina

Gray's page #166

• Processes
  • maxillary process
  • temporal process

• Borders
  • antero-superior border or orbital border
  • antero-inferior border or maxillary border
  • postero-superior border or temporal border
  • postero-inferior border or zygomatic border

• Ossification of zygomatic bone

• Articulations

The palatine bone (Gray's s41)

Gray's page #166

• pterygopalatine fossa and pterygoid fossa
• inferior orbital fissure

Gray's page #167

• Horizontal part of palatine bone (pars horizontalis; horizontal plate of palatine bone)
  • posterior nasal spine
• Vertical part of palatine bone (pars perpendicularis; perpendicular plate of palatine bone)
  • conchal crest
  • ethmoidal crest

Gray's page #168

• Vertical part of palatine bone (pars perpendicularis; perpendicular plate of palatine bone)
  • pterygopalatine canal
  • maxillary process
  • sphenopalatine notch
  • sphenopalatine foramen
• processes
  • Pyramidal process of palatine bone or Tuberosity (processus pyramidalis)
  • Orbital process of palatine bone (processus orbitalis)

Gray's page #169

• processes
  • Sphenoidal process of palatine bone (processus sphenoidalis)
• sphenopalatine notch
• Ossification of sphenoid

The inferior nasal concha (Gray's s42)

Gray's page #169

• inferior nasal concha
• lacrimal process
• ethmoidal process
• maxillary process

The vomer (Gray's s43)

Gray's page #170

• nasopalatine groove

Gray's page #171

• ethmovomerine cartilage

The mandible (lower jaw) (Gray's s44)

Gray's page #172

• Body of mandible (corpus mandibulae)
  • external surface of mandible
    • symphysis menti
    • mental protuberance
    • mental tubercle
    • incisive fossa
    • mental foramen
    • oblique line
  • internal surface of mandible
    • mental spines

Gray's page #173

• Body of mandible (corpus mandibulae)
  • internal surface of mandible
    • mylohyoid line
• Ramus of mandible (ramus mandibulae; perpendicular portion of mandible)
  • mandibular foramen
  • lingula mandibulae
  • mylohyoid groove
  • mandibular canal

Gray's page #174

• Ramus of mandible (ramus mandibulae; perpendicular portion of mandible)
  • angle of the mandible
  • Coronoid process (processus coronoideus)
  • Condyloid process (processus condyloideus)
    • condyle of condyloid process
    • neck of condyloid process
  • mandibular notch

Gray's page #175

• articulations of mandible
• Changes produced in the mandible by age
• Ossification of the mandible

The hyoid bone (Gray's s45)

Gray's page #177

• Basihyal of hyoid bone

Gray's page #178

• Greater Cornua or Thyrohyals (cornua majora)
• Lesser Cornua or Ceratohyals (cornua minora)

The exterior of the skull (Gray's s46)

Norma verticalis

Gray's page #178

• Norma verticalis
• coronal sutures
• sagittal sutures
• lambdoidal suture
• bregma
• lambda
• parietal eminence and parietal foramen
• obelion
• glabella
• superciliary arches
• frontal eminences
• frontal suture
• temporal lines

Norma basalis

Gray's page #179

• Norma basalis

Gray's page #180

• incisive foramen
• incisive canals (foramina of Stenson)
• foramina of Scarpa
• greater palatine foramen
• pyramidal process of the palatine bone
• lesser palatine foramina
• posterior nasal spine
• choanæ
• pharyngeal canals
• pterygoid canal
• scaphoid fossa
• hamulus
• pharyngeal tubercle
• foramen ovale
• foramen spinosum
• spina angularis (sphenoidal spine)
• mandibular fossa
• petrotympanic fissure
• articular tubercle

Gray's page #181

• styloid process
• stylomastoid foramen
• tympanomastoid fissure
• mastoid notch
• occipital groove
• foramen lacerum
• pterygoid canal
• carotid canal
• sulcus tubæ auditivæ
• petrosphenoidal fissure
• carotid canal
• aquæductus cochleæ
• jugular foramen
• inferior tympanic canaliculus
• mastoid canaliculus
• petroöccipital fissure
• foramen magnum
• jugular process
• basion
• opisthion
• condyloid fossa

Gray's page #182

• median nuchal line
• external occipital protuberance
• superior nuchal line and inferior nuchal line

Norma lateralis

Gray's page #182

• Norma lateralis
• zygomaticotemporal suture
• zygomaticofrontal suture
• sphenozygomatic suture
• sphenofrontal suture
• sphenoparietal suture
• sphenosquamosal suture
• pterion

Gray's page #183

• squamosal suture
• parietomastoid suture
• coronal suture and lambdoidal suture
• occipitomastoid suture
• mastoid foramen
• asterion
• superciliary arch
• frontal eminence
• parietal eminence
• external occipital protuberance
• temporal lines
• Temporal fossa (fossa temporalis)
• stephanion
• zygomaticotemporal foramen
• infratemporal crest
• inferior orbital fissure or sphenomaxillary fissure
• zygomatic arch
• external acoustic meatus
• suprameatal triangle
• suprameatal spine
• mandibular fossa

Gray's page #184

• Infratemporal fossa (fossa infratemporalis; zygomatic fossa)
• zygomatic arch
• foramen ovale and foramen spinosum
• alveolar canals
• inferior orbital fissure (fissura orbitalis inferior; sphenomaxillary fissure)

Gray's page #185

• pterygomaxillary fissure
• Pterygopalatine fossa (fossa pterygopalatina; sphenomaxillary fossa)
• foramen rotundum
• pterygoid canal
• pharyngeal canal
• sphenopalatine foramen
• pterygopalatine canal

Norma occipitalis

Gray's page #185

• Norma occipitalis
• sagittal suture
• lambdoidal suture
• parietomastoid suture
• occipitomastoid suture
• external occipital protuberance or inion
• planum occipitale
• planum nuchale
• mastoid foramen

Norma frontalis

Gray's page #185

• Norma frontalis
• anterior nasal aperture

Gray's page #186

• frontal eminences
• superciliary arches
• glabella
• frontal suture
• nasion
• supraorbital notch or supraorbital foramen

Gray's page #187

• anterior nasal spine
• infraorbital foramen
• zygomaticofacial foramen

Gray's page #188

• incisive fossa
• mental foramen

Orbits

Gray's page #188

• Orbits (orbitæ)
• roof of orbit
  • trochlear fovea
  • lacrimal fossa
• floor of orbit
  • infraorbital groove

Gray's page #189

• medial wall
  • lacrimal groove
  • posterior lacrimal crest
  • dacryon
  • anterior ethmoidal foramen
  • posterior ethmoidal foramen
• lateral wall
  • superior orbital fissure
  • inferior orbital fissure
• base of the orbit
  • supraorbital notch or supraorbital foramen
• apex of orbit

The interior of the skull (Gray's s47)

Gray's page #189

• Inner Surface of the Skull-cap

Gray's page #190

• Skull: upper surface of base of:
• Skull: fossa of:

• Anterior cranial fossa (fossa cranii anterior)
  • Frontoethmoidal suture
  • Sphenoethmoidal suture
  • sphenofrontal suture
  • frontal crest
  • foramen cecum
  • crista galli
  • olfactory groove
  • anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina
  • ethmoidal spine

• Middle cranial fossa (fossa cranii media)
  • squamosal suture
  • sphenoparietal suture
  • sphenosquamosal suture
  • sphenopetrosal suture

Gray's page #191

• Middle cranial fossa (fossa cranii media)
  • carotid groove

Gray's page #192

• Middle cranial fossa (fossa cranii media)
  • lingula
  • superior orbital fissure
  • foramen rotundum
  • foramen ovale
  • foramen Vesalii
  • foramen spinosum
  • foramen lacerum
  • hiatus of the facial canal

• Posterior cranial fossa (fossa cranii posterior)
  • occipitomastoid suture
  • parietomastoid suture
  • foramen magnum

Gray's page #193

• Posterior cranial fossa (fossa cranii posterior)
  • petro-occipital fissure
  • jugular foramen
  • internal acoustic meatus
  • inferior occipital fossæ
  • internal occipital crest
  • transverse sinuses
  • mastoid foramen
  • condyloid canal

Gray's page #194

• Nasal cavity (cavum nasi; nasal fossa)
  • roof of nasal cavity
  • floor of nasal cavity
  • medial wall (septum nasi)

Gray's page #195

• Nasal cavity (cavum nasi; nasal fossa)
  • lateral wall
    • superior meatus
    • sphenopalatine foramen
    • posterior ethmoidal cells
    • sphenoethmoidal recess
    • middle meatus
    • hiatus semilunaris
    • bulla ethmoidalis
    • infundibulum
    • frontonasal duct
    • ostium maxillare
    • inferior meatus

Gray's page #196

• Anterior nasal aperture
  • choanæ
• Fontanelles
  • anterior fontanelle (bregmatic fontanelle)
  • posterior fontanelle
  • lateral fontanelles

Gray's page #197

• Skull: sexual differences in:
• Craniology

Gray's page #198

• The Points in the Median plane
• The Points on Either Side of the Median plane

Gray's page #199

• Cleft palate
• Endognathion
• Mesognathion

The extremities (Gray's s48)

The bones of the upper extremity

The clavicle (Gray's s49)

Gray's page #200

• (Ossa Extremitatis Superioris) & (Clavicula; Collar bone)
• clavicle
• coracoid tuberosity (conoid tubercle)
• oblique or trapezoid ridge

Gray's page #202

• costal tuberosity (rhomboid impression)
• subclavian groove
• Sternal extremity (extremitas sternalis; internal extremity)
• Acromial extremity (extremitas acromialis; outer extremity)

The scapula/Shoulder blade (Gray's s50)

Gray's page #202

• Surfaces
  • subscapular fossa

Gray's page #203

• Surfaces
  • subscapular angle
  • supraspinatous fossa
  • infraspinatous fossa
• Spine of scapula (spina scapulæ)
  • crest of the spine
  • great scapular notch
• Acromion

Gray's page #204

• Borders
  • superior border
    • scapular notch

Gray's page #205

• Borders
  • axillary border
  • infraglenoid tuberosity

Gray's page #206

• Borders
  • vertebral border
• Angles
  • medial angle
  • inferior angle

Gray's page #207

• Angles
  • lateral angle
    • glenoid cavity
    • glenoidal labrum
    • supraglenoid tuberosity
• Coracoid process (processus coracoideus)

Gray's page #208

• Ossification of scapula

The humerus (Gray's s51)

Gray's page #209

• Upper extremity of humerus
  • head of humerus (caput humeri)
  • surgical neck
  • Anatomical neck (collum anatomicum)
  • Greater tubercle (tuberculum majus; greater tuberosity)
  • Lesser tubercle (tuberculum minus; lesser tuberosity)
  • intertubercular groove (bicipital groove)
  • crests of the greater and lesser tubercles (bicipital ridges)
• body of humerus or shaft of humerus (corpus humeri)

Gray's page #211

• body of humerus or shaft of humerus (corpus humeri)
  • radial sulcus (musculospiral groove)
  • lateral supracondylar ridge
  • crest of the lesser tubercle
  • medial supracondylar ridge
  • deltoid tuberosity
  • radial sulcus

Gray's page #212

• Lower extremity of humerus
  • articular surface
  • capitulum of the humerus
  • radial fossa
  • trochlea
  • coronoid fossa
  • olecranon fossa
  • supratrochlear foramen
  • lateral epicondyle
  • medial epicondyle

Gray's page #213

• Ossification of humerus

The ulna (Gray's s52)

Gray's page #214

• Upper extremity of ulna (proximal extremity of ulna)
  • Olecranon (olecranon process)
  • Coronoid process (processus coronoideus)
  • tuberosity of the ulna
  • radial notch

Gray's page #215

• Upper extremity of ulna (proximal extremity of ulna)
  • Semilunar notch (incisura semilunaris; greater sigmoid cavity)
  • Radial notch (incisura radialis; lesser sigmoid cavity)
• Body of ulna or Shaft of ulna (corpus ulnæ)

Gray's page #218

• Body of ulna or Shaft of ulna (corpus ulnæ)
  • perpendicular line
  • medial surface (facies medialis; internal surface)
• Lower extremity (distal extremity)
  • head of ulna
  • styloid process

Gray's page #219

• ossification of ulna

The radius (Gray's s53)

Gray's page #219

• Upper extremity of radius (proximal extremity)
  • head of radius
  • neck of radius
  • radial tuberosity
• Body of radius or Shaft of radius (corpus radii)
  • oblique line of the radius

Gray's page #220

• Lower extremity of radius
  • ulnar notch of the radius (sigmoid cavity)
  • styloid process
• Ossification of radius

The hand

The carpus (Gray's s54)

Gray's page #221

• Bones of the Proximal Row (upper row)
  • Navicular bone (os naviculare manus; scaphoid bone)

Gray's page #224

• Bones of the Proximal Row (upper row)
  • Lunate bone (os lunatum; semilunar bone)
  • Triangular bone (os triquetum; cuneiform bone)

Gray's page #225

• Bones of the Proximal Row (upper row)
  • Pisiform bone (os pisiforme)
• Bones of the Distal Row (lower row)
  • Greater multangular bone (os multangulum majus; trapezium)
  • Lesser multangular bone (os multangulum minus; trapezoid bone)

Gray's page #226

• Bones of the Distal Row (lower row)
  • Capitate bone (os capitatum; os magnum)

Gray's page #227

• Bones of the Distal Row (lower row)
  • Hamate bone (os hamatum; unciform bone)
    • Hamulus of hamate bone

The metacarpus (Gray's s55)

Gray's page #227

• metacarpus

Gray's page #228

• Metacarpal bones (Ossa metacarpalia I-V )
  • First metacarpal bone
  • Second metacarpal bone
  • Third metacarpal bone
  • Fourth metacarpal bone
  • Fifth metacarpal bone

The phalanges of the hand (Gray's s56)

Gray's page #230

• phalanges (Phalanges digitorum manus)
• body
• proximal extremities
• distal extremities
• ungual phalanges
• Articulations

The bones of the lower extremity

The hip bone (Gray's s57)

Gray's page #231

• Ossa Extremitatis Inferioris & Os Coxæ; Innominate bone
• hip bone
• acetabulum
• obturator foramen

Ilium

Gray's page #231

• Ilium (os ilii)
• arcuate line
• Body of ilium (corpus oss. ilii)

Gray's page #232

• Ala (ala oss. ilii)
  • External surface
    • dorsum ilii
    • posterior gluteal line (superior curved line)

Gray's page #233

• Ala (ala oss. ilii)
  • External surface
    • anterior gluteal line (middle curved line)
    • inferior gluteal line (inferior curved line)

Gray's page #234

• Ala (ala oss. ilii)
  • Internal surface of the ala
    • iliac fossa
    • arcuate line
    • anterior surface (auricular surface)
    • iliac tuberosity
    • preauricular sulcus
  • Crest of the ilium
  • Anterior border of the ala
    • anterior superior iliac spine and posterior superior iliac spine
    • anterior inferior iliac spine
    • iliopectineal eminence
  • Posterior border of the ala
    • posterior superior iliac spine
    • posterior inferior iliac spine
    • greater sciatic notch

Ischium

• Ischium (os ischii)
• body of ischium (corpus ossis ischii)

Gray's page #235

• body of ischium (corpus ossis ischii)
  • posterior obturator tubercle
  • ischial spine
  • greater sciatic notch
  • lesser sciatic notch
• Superior ramus (ramus superior ossis ischii; descending ramus)
  • tuberosity of the ischium
• Inferior ramus (ramus inferior ossis ischii; ascending ramus)

Pubis

Gray's page #236

• Pubis (os pubis)
• Body of pubis (corpus oss. pubis)
• Superior ramus (ramus superior oss. pubis; ascending ramus)
  • Medial portion of superior ramus
    • pubic tubercle (pubic spine)
    • subcutaneous inguinal ring (external abdominal ring)
    • inguinal ligament (Poupart's ligament)
    • inguinal falx (conjoined tendon of Obliquus internus and Transversus)
    • lacunar ligament (Gimbernat's ligament)
    • reflected inguinal ligament (triangular fascia)
    • pubic crest
  • Lateral portion of superior ramus
    • iliopectineal eminence
    • obturator crest

Gray's page #237

• Inferior ramus (ramus inferior oss. pubis; descending ramus)
• Acetabulum (cotyloid cavity)
  • glenoidal labrum (cotyloid ligament)
  • acetabular notch
  • acetabular fossa
  • lunate surface
• Obturator foramen (foramen obturatum; thyroid foramen)
  • obturator groove
  • posterior obturator tubercle
  • anterior obturator tubercle

The pelvis (Gray's s58)

Gray's page #238

• bones comprising pelvis
  • left and right hip bones
  • sacrum
  • coccyx
• linea terminalis (pelvic brim)
• Greater pelvis or False pelvis (pelvis major)

Gray's page #239

• Lesser pelvis or True pelvis (pelvis minor)
  • Superior circumference
    • superior aperture or inlet
    • anteroposterior or conjugate diameter
    • transverse diameter
    • oblique diameter

Gray's page #240

• Lesser pelvis or True pelvis (pelvis minor)
  • Lower circumference
    • inferior aperture or outlet
    • pubic arch
    • sciatic notches
    • antero-posterior diameter
    • transverse diameter

Gray's page #241

• Pelvis: male and female, differences between:

The femur (Gray's s59)

Gray's page #242

• Femur (Thigh bone)

Gray's page #243

• Upper extremity of femur (proximal extremity)
  • Head of femur (caput femoris)
  • fovea capitis femoris
  • Neck of femur (collum femoris)

Gray's page #244

• Upper extremity of femur (proximal extremity)
  • Trochanters
  • Greater trochanter (trochanter major; great trochanter)
    • trochanteric fossa (digital fossa)

Gray's page #245

• Upper extremity of femur (proximal extremity)
  • Lesser trochanter (trochanter minor; small trochanter)
  • tubercle of the femur
  • intertrochanteric line (spiral line of the femur)

Gray's page #246

• Upper extremity of femur (proximal extremity)
  • intertrochanteric crest
  • linea quadrata
• Body of femur or Shaft of femur (corpus femoris)
  • linea aspera
  • gluteal tuberosity
  • third trochanter
  • pectineal line
  • popliteal surface
  • adductor tubercle
  • medial lip
  • lateral lip

Gray's page #247

• Lower extremity of femur (distal extremity)
  • condyles
  • patellar surface
  • intercondyloid fossa
  • lateral condyle
  • medial condyle
  • intercondyloid line
  • medial epicondyle
  • lateral epicondyle

Gray's page #248

• Lower extremity of femur (distal extremity)
  • articular surface
  • patellar surface
  • tibial surfaces

Gray's page #255

• Ossification of femur

The patella (Gray's s60)

Gray's page #255

• Patella (Knee cap)

The tibia (Gray's s61)

Gray's page #256

• Tibia (Shin bone)
• Upper extremity of tibia (proximal extremity)
  • medial condyle and lateral condyle
  • superior articular surface
  • intercondyloid eminence (spine of tibia)
  • anterior surfaces
  • tuberosity of the tibia
  • posterior intercondyloid fossa

Gray's page #257

• Body of tibia or Shaft of tibia (corpus tibiæ)
  • interosseous crest or lateral border

Gray's page #258

• Body of tibia or Shaft of tibia (corpus tibiæ)
  • popliteal line

Gray's page #259

• Body of tibia or Shaft of tibia (corpus tibiæ)
  • nutrient foramen
• Lower extremity of tibia
  • medial malleolus
  • inferior articular surface

Gray's page #260

• Lower extremity of tibia
  • malleolar sulcus
• Ossification of tibia

The fibula (Gray's s62)

Gray's page #260

• Fibula (Calf bone)
• Upper extremity or Head of fibula (capitulum fibulœ; proximal extremity)
  • apex (styloid process)
• Body of fibula or shaft of fibula (corpus fibulæ)
  • antero-lateral border
  • antero-medial border, or interosseous crest

Gray's page #261

• Body of fibula or shaft of fibula (corpus fibulæ)
  • postero-lateral border
  • postero-medial border (oblique line)

Gray's page #262

• Lower extremity or Lateral malleolus (malleolus lateralis; distal extremity; external malleolus)
  • malleolar sulcus

yeaahh

The foot

The tarsus (Gray's s63)

Gray's page #263

• Tarsal bones (Ossa tarsi)
• Calcaneus (Os calcis)
  • Calcaneal sulcus

Gray's page #266

• Calcaneus (Os calcis)
  • Calcaneal tuberosity
  • Sustentaculum tali
  • Trochlear process of calcaneus
• Talus (Astragalus, Ankle bone)

Gray's page #267

• Talus (Astragalus, Ankle bone)
  • Corpus tali
  • sulcus tali
  • sinus tarsi

Gray's page #269

• Talus (Astragalus, Ankle bone)
  • Os trigonum
  • Collum tali
  • Caput tali
• Cuboid bone (Os cuboideum)
  • Tuberosity of cuboid

Gray's page #270

• Navicular bone of tarsus (Os naviculare pedis)
  • Tuberosity of navicular bone
• Cuneiform bones
  • First cuneiform bone (Os cuneiforme primum)

Gray's page #271

• Cuneiform bones
  • Second cuneiform bone (Os cuneiforme secundum)
  • Third cuneiform bone (Os cuneiforme tertium)

The metatarsus (Gray's s64)

Gray's page #272

• Metatarsus
• Metatarsal bones (Ossa metatarsalia)
• First metatarsal bone

Gray's page #273

• Second metatarsal bone

Gray's page #274

• Third metatarsal bone
• Fourth metatarsal bone
• Fifth metatarsal bone
  • Tuberosity: of fifth metatarsal bone

The phalanges of the foot (Gray's s65)

Gray's page #275

• phalanges of the foot (Phalanges Digitorum Pedis)
• ungual phalanges

comparison of the bones of the hand and foot (Gray's s66)

Gray's page #276

• Comparison of bones of hand and foot

The sesamoid bones (Gray's s67)

Gray's page #277

• Sesamoid bones (Ossa sesamoidea )

See also

• List of images and subjects in Gray's Anatomy

v t e Bones (TA A02, GA 2) Axial Vertebral column vertebrae (cervical, thoracic, lumbar) · sacrum · coccyx Thoracic skeleton sternum · rib Skull Neurocranium occipital · parietal · frontal · temporal  · sphenoid · ethmoid Facial bones nasal · maxilla · lacrimal · zygomatic · palatine · inferior nasal conchae · vomer · mandible · THROAT: hyoid (greater cornu, lesser cornu, body) Ossicles malleus · incus · stapes Appendicular Upper SHOULDER GIRDLE:clavicle · scapula · ARM: humerus · ulna · radius- HAND:carpals (scaphoid · lunate bone · triquetral · pisiform · trapezium · trapezoid · capitate · hamate) · metacarpals · phalanges (prox, int, dist) Lower PELVIS:pelvis (ilium, ischium, pubis) · LEG: femur · patella · fibula · tibia · FOOT: tarsals (calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiform, cuboid ) · metatarsals · phalanges (prox, int, dist) M: BON/CAR anat(c/f/k/f, u, t/p, l)/phys/devp/cell noco/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr proc, drug(M5)

v t e Embryology of bones, joints, and muscles (GA 2.80, TE E5.0-2) Ossification Upper limb Ossification of humerus · Ossification of ulna · Ossification of radius Lower limb Ossification of tibia Head cranium: Ossification of occipital bone · Ossification of frontal bone · Ossification of temporal bone · Ossification of sphenoid · Ossification of ethmoid facial bones: Ossification of vomer (Sutura vomerina · Foramen vomerinum · Meatus vomerinus · Fissura vomerina) · Ossification of maxilla · Ossification of mandible Other Ossification of scapula Other Limb development: Limb bud · Apical ectodermal ridge/AER · Zone of polarizing activity Sclerotome/Myotome Septum transversum M: BON/CAR anat(c/f/k/f, u, t/p, l)/phys/devp/cell noco/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr proc, drug(M5) M: JNT anat(h/c, u, t, l)/phys noco(arth/defr/back/soft)/cong, sysi/epon, injr proc, drug(M01C, M4) M: MUS, DF+DRCT anat (h/n, u, t/d, a/p, l)/phys/devp/hist noco(m, s, c)/cong(d)/tumr, sysi/epon, injr proc, drug (M1A/3)

v t e Musculoskeletal system · connective tissue: bone and cartilage (TA A02.0, TH H3.01, GA 2.86–95) Cartilage perichondrium · fibrocartilage callus · metaphysis cells (chondroblast · chondrocyte) types (hyaline · elastic · fibrous) Bone Ossification intramembranous · endochondral Cycle osteoblast · osteoid · osteocyte · osteoclast Types cancellous · cortical Regions subchondral bone · epiphysis · epiphyseal plate/metaphysis · diaphysis · Condyle · Epicondyle Structure osteon / Haversian system · Haversian canals · Volkmann's canals · connective tissue (endosteum · periosteum) · Sharpey's fibres · enthesis · lacunae · canaliculi · trabeculae · medullary cavity · bone marrow Shapes long · short · flat · irregular · sesamoid M: BON/CAR anat(c/f/k/f, u, t/p, l)/phys/devp/cell noco/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr proc, drug(M5)

v t e Bones of torso (TA A02.2,3, GA 2.96–128) Vertebra General structures body of vertebra, vertebral arch (pedicle, lamina, vertebral notch), foramina (vertebral, intervertebral), processes (transverse, articular/zygapophysis, spinous), spinal canal Cervical vertebrae Uncinate process of vertebra · Transverse foramen · Anterior tubercle · Carotid tubercle · Posterior tubercle C1 (lateral mass, anterior arch, posterior arch), C2 (dens), C3, C4, C5, C6, C7 Thoracic vertebrae T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11, T12 costal facets (superior, inferior, transverse) · Uncinate process of vertebra Lumbar vertebrae L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, processes (accessory, mammillary) Sacrum Base: sacral promontory · ala of sacrum Lateral surface: sacral tuberosity · pelvic surface (anterior sacral foramina) Dorsal surface: posterior sacral foramina · median sacral crest · medial sacral crest · lateral sacral crest · sacral canal (sacral hiatus) Coccyx Coccygeal cornu Thoracic skeleton Rib specific ribs (1, 2, 9, 10, 11, 12, true – 1–7, false – 8–12, floating – 11–12) · parts (Angle, Tubercle, Costal groove, Neck, Head) Sternum Suprasternal notch, Manubrium, Sternal angle, Body of sternum, Xiphisternal joint, Xiphoid process Thoracic cage Superior thoracic aperture · Inferior thoracic aperture · Intercostal space · Costal margin · Infrasternal angle M: BON/CAR anat(c/f/k/f, u, t/p, l)/phys/devp/cell noco/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr proc, drug(M5)

v t e Bones of head and neck: the neurocranium of the skull (TA A02.1.01–07, GA 2.129–155) Occipital Squama external (Inion/External occipital protuberance, Nuchal lines) · planes (Occipital, Nuchal) · internal (Cruciform eminence, Internal occipital protuberance, Sagittal sulcus, Internal occipital crest) Lateral parts Condyle (Condyloid fossa, Condylar canal) · Hypoglossal canal · jugular (Jugular process, Jugular tubercle) Basilar part Pharyngeal tubercle Other Foramen magnum (Basion, Opisthion) Parietal Parietal eminence · Temporal line · Parietal foramen Frontal Squama Frontal suture · Frontal eminence · external (Superciliary arches, Glabella) · foramina (Supraorbital, Cecum) · Zygomatic process · internal (Sagittal sulcus, Frontal crest) Orbital part Ethmoidal notch · Fossa for lacrimal gland · Trochlear fovea · Frontal sinus · Frontonasal duct Temporal Squama Articular tubercle · Suprameatal triangle · Mandibular fossa · Petrotympanic fissure · Zygomatic process Mastoid part Mastoid foramen · Mastoid process (Mastoid cells) · Mastoid notch · Occipital groove · Sigmoid sulcus · Mastoid antrum (Aditus) Petrous part Carotid canal · Facial canal (Hiatus) · Internal auditory meatus · Cochlear aqueduct · Stylomastoid foramen fossae (Subarcuate fossa, Jugular fossa) · canaliculi (Inferior tympanic, Mastoid) · Styloid process · Petrosquamous suture (note: ossicles in petrous part, but not part of temporal bone) Tympanic part Suprameatal spine Sphenoid Surfaces Superior surface: Sella turcica (Dorsum sellae, Tuberculum sellae, Hypophysial fossa, Posterior clinoid processes) · Ethmoidal spine · Chiasmatic groove · Middle clinoid process · Petrosal process · Clivus Lateral surface: Carotid groove · Sphenoidal lingula Anterior surface: Sphenoidal sinuses Great wings foramina (Rotundum, Ovale, Vesalii, Spinosum) · Spine · Infratemporal crest · Sulcus for auditory tube Small wings Superior orbital fissure · Anterior clinoid process · Optic canal Pterygoid processes fossae (Pterygoid, Scaphoid) · pterygoid plates (Lateral, Medial) · Pterygoid canal · Hamulus Other Body · Sphenoidal conchae Ethmoid Plates Cribriform plate (Crista galli, Olfactory foramina) · Perpendicular plate Surfaces Lateral surface Orbital lamina · Uncinate process Medial surface Superior nasal concha · Superior meatus · Middle nasal concha · Middle meatus Labyrinth Ethmoid sinus · ethmoidal foramina (Posterior, Anterior) M: BON/CAR anat(c/f/k/f, u, t/p, l)/phys/devp/cell noco/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr proc, drug(M5)

v t e Bones of head and neck: the facial skeleton of the skull (TA A02.1.08–15, GA 2.156–177) Maxilla Surfaces Anterior: fossae (Incisive fossa, Canine fossa) · Infraorbital foramen · Anterior nasal spine Infratemporal: Alveolar canals · Maxillary tuberosity Orbital: Infraorbital groove · Infraorbital canal Nasal: Greater palatine canal Processes Zygomatic process Frontal process (Agger nasi, Anterior lacrimal crest) Alveolar process Palatine process (Incisive foramen, Incisive canals, Foramina of Scarpa, Incisive bone, Anterior nasal spine) Other Body of maxilla · Maxillary sinus Zygomatic Orbital process (Zygomatico-orbital) · Temporal process (Zygomaticotemporal) · Lateral process (Zygomaticofacial) Palatine Fossae Pterygopalatine fossa · Pterygoid fossa Plates Horizontal plate (Posterior nasal spine) · Perpendicular plate (Greater palatine canal, Sphenopalatine foramen, Pyramidal process) Processes Orbital · Sphenoidal Mandible Body external surface (Symphysis menti, Lingual foramen, Mental protuberance, Mental foramen, Mandibular incisive canal) · internal surface (Mental spine, Mylohyoid line, Sublingual fovea, Submandibular fovea) · Alveolar part of mandible Ramus Mylohyoid groove (Mandibular canal, Lingula) · Mandibular foramen · Angle Coronoid process · Mandibular notch · Condyloid process · Pterygoid fovea Minor/ nose Nasal bone: Internasal suture · Nasal foramina Inferior nasal concha: Ethmoidal process · Maxillary process Vomer: Vomer anterior · Synostosis vomerina · Vomer posterior (Wing) Lacrimal: Posterior lacrimal crest · Lacrimal groove · Lacrimal hamulus M: BON/CAR anat(c/f/k/f, u, t/p, l)/phys/devp/cell noco/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr proc, drug(M5)

v t e Bones of head and neck: compound structures of skull (TA A02.1.00.002–052, GA 2.178–199) Neurocranium Calvaria (Diploë) Asterion · Pterion · Stephanion · Bregma · Lambda Fossae: anterior cranial fossa · middle cranial fossa · posterior cranial fossa · cranial cavity Base of skull Fontanelles: anterior · posterior · sphenoidal · mastoid Facial skeleton Nasion · Gonion Both dacryon · zygomatic arch · temporal fossa · infratemporal fossa · pterygomaxillary fissure · pterygopalatine fossa M: BON/CAR anat(c/f/k/f, u, t/p, l)/phys/devp/cell noco/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr proc, drug(M5)

v t e Bones of head and neck: Foramina of the skull (and canals, fissures, meati, and hiati) (TA A02.1.00.053–097, GA 2.178–199) Anterior cranial fossa to Orbit: ethmoidal foramina (anterior, posterior) to Nasal cavity: olfactory foramina (CN-I) · foramen cecum Middle cranial fossa to Orbit: optic canal (CN-II) · superior orbital fissure (CN-III,IV,V1,VI) to Pterygopalatine fossa: foramen rotundum (CN-V2) · pterygoid canal to Infratemporal fossa: foramen ovale (CN-V3) · foramen spinosum/carotid canal other: foramen lacerum · hiatus for greater petrosal nerve · hiatus for lesser petrosal nerve · sphenoidal emissary foramen Posterior cranial fossa internal auditory meatus/facial canal/stylomastoid foramen (CN-VII,VIII) · jugular foramen (CN-IX,X,XI) · foramen magnum (CN-XI) · hypoglossal canal (CN-XII) · condylar canal · mastoid foramen Orbit to Nasal cavity: nasolacrimal canal to Face: supraorbital (notch, foramen) · infraorbital (foramen, groove) · zygomatic foramen (-facial, -temporal) to Pterygopalatine fossa: inferior orbital fissure other: Inferior orbital fissure · Fossa for lacrimal sac Pterygopalatine fossa to Nasal cavity: sphenopalatine foramen to Oral cavity: greater palatine canal/greater palatine foramen · lesser palatine canals/lesser palatine foramina to Infratemporal fossa: pterygomaxillary fissure to Nasopharynx: palatovaginal canal to Oral cavity: incisive canals · incisive foramen to Nasal cavity: Foramen vomerinum · Meatus vomerinus · Fissura vomerina · Hiatus vomerinus Other external acoustic meatus · mandibular foramen · mental foramen · parietal foramen · petrotympanic fissure · semilunar hiatus M: BON/CAR anat(c/f/k/f, u, t/p, l)/phys/devp/cell noco/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr proc, drug(M5)

v t e Bones of head and neck, joints: cranial fibrous joints (A03.1.01–03, GA 2.178–199) Cranial syndesmoses Pterygospinous ligament · Stylohyoid ligament Cranial sutures Cranial: frontoethmoidal · frontal or metopic (frontal/frontal) · coronal (frontal/parietal) · occipitomastoid (occipital/temporal) · lambdoid (parietal/temporal) · sagittal (parietal/parietal) · sphenoethmoidal · sphenofrontal · sphenoparietal · sphenosquamosal (sphenoid/temporal) · sphenopetrosal (sphenoid/temporal) · squamosal (temporal/parietal) · petrosquamous (temporal/temporal) Facial: palatomaxillary suture · Sutura embryonica · Sutura embryonica accessoria Cranial–facial: sphenozygomatic · zygomaticotemporal · zygomaticofrontal Dento-alveolar syndesmosis Gomphosis: Periodontal fiber · Periodontium · Dental alveolus · Gingiva · Cementum Synostoses Synostosis vomerina · Synostosis mandibularis · Synostosis frontalis · Synostosis petrosquamosa · Synostosis incisiva M: JNT anat(h/c, u, t, l)/phys noco(arth/defr/back/soft)/cong, sysi/epon, injr proc, drug(M01C, M4)

v t e Bones of upper limbs (TA A02.4, GA 2.200–230) Pectoral girdle, clavicle conoid tubercle · trapezoid line · costal tuberosity · subclavian groove Scapula fossae (subscapular, supraspinatous, infraspinatous) · scapular notch · glenoid cavity tubercles (infraglenoid, supraglenoid) · spine of scapula · acromion · coracoid process borders (superior, lateral/axillary, medial/vertebral) · angles (superior, inferior, lateral) Humerus upper extremity: necks (anatomical, surgical) · tubercles (greater, lesser) · intertubercular sulcus body: radial sulcus · deltoid tuberosity lower extremity: capitulum · trochlea · epicondyles (lateral, medial) · supracondylar ridges (lateral, medial) · fossae (radial, coronoid, olecranon) Forearm radius: upper extremity (head, tuberosity) · body · lower extremity (ulnar notch, styloid process) ulna: upper extremity (tuberosity, olecranon, coronoid process, radial notch, trochlear notch) · body · lower extremity (head, styloid process) Hand carpus: scaphoid · lunate · triquetral · pisiform · trapezium · trapezoid · capitate · hamate (hamulus) metacarpus: 1st metacarpal · 2nd · 3rd · 4th · 5th phalanges of the hand: proximal · intermediate · distal M: BON/CAR anat(c/f/k/f, u, t/p, l)/phys/devp/cell noco/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr proc, drug(M5)

v t e Bones of pelvis / pelvic cavity (TA A02.5.01–03, GA 2.231–241) General sacrum · coccyx · hip bone Ilium body arcuate line wing gluteal lines (posterior, anterior, inferior) iliac spines (anterior superior, anterior inferior, posterior superior, posterior inferior) other: crest · tuberosity · tubercle · fossa Ischium body ischial spine · lesser sciatic notch superior ramus tuberosity of the ischium inferior ramus no substructures Pubis body pubic crest superior ramus pubic tubercle · obturator crest inferior ramus pectineal line Compound acetabulum (acetabular notch) · iliopubic eminence / iliopectineal line · linea terminalis · ischiopubic ramus / pubic arch obturator foramen · greater sciatic foramen / greater sciatic notch · lesser sciatic foramen lesser pelvis (pelvic inlet, pelvic brim, pelvic outlet) · greater pelvis M: BON/CAR anat(c/f/k/f, u, t/p, l)/phys/devp/cell noco/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr proc, drug(M5)

v t e Bones of lower limbs (TA A02.5.04–18, GA 2.242–277) Femur upper extremity head (fovea) · neck · greater trochanter (trochanteric fossa) · lesser trochanter · intertrochanteric line · intertrochanteric crest · quadrate tubercle body linea aspera · gluteal tuberosity / third trochanter · pectineal line lower extremity adductor tubercle · patellar surface · epicondyles (lateral, medial) · condyles (lateral, medial) · intercondylar fossa Crus Tibia upper extremity Gerdy's tubercle · condyles (lateral, medial) · intercondylar eminence (lateral/medial intercondylar tubercle) · posterior/anterior intercondylar area body tuberosity · soleal line lower extremity medial malleolus · fibular notch Fibula head · body · lateral malleolus Other patella (apex of patella) Foot Tarsus calcaneus (sustentaculum tali, trochlear process) · talus (body, neck, head) · navicular · cuboid · cuneiform (medial, intermediate, lateral) Metatarsus 1st metatarsal · 2nd · 3rd · 4th · 5th Other phalanges of the foot M: BON/CAR anat(c/f/k/f, u, t/p, l)/phys/devp/cell noco/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr proc, drug(M5)