load
Top
(lōd) 
n.
v., load·ed, load·ing, loads. v.tr.
n.
- A weight or mass that is supported: the load on an arch.
- The overall force to which a structure is subjected in supporting a weight or mass or in resisting externally applied forces.
- Something that is carried, as by a vehicle, person, or animal: a load of firewood.
- The quantity that is or can be carried at one time.
- The share of work allocated to or required of a person, machine, group, or organization.
- The demand for services or performance made on a machine or system.
- The amount of material that can be inserted into a device or machine at one time: The camera has a full load of film.
- A single charge of ammunition for a firearm.
- A mental weight or burden: Good news took a load off my mind.
- A responsibility regarded as oppressive.
- The external mechanical resistance against which a machine acts.
- Electricity.
- The power output of a generator or power plant.
- A device or the resistance of a device to which power is delivered.
- A front-end load.
- Informal. A great number or amount. Often used in the plural: loads of parties during the holiday season.
- Slang. A heavy or overweight person.
- Genetic load.
v., load·ed, load·ing, loads. v.tr.
- To put (something) into or onto a structure or conveyance: loading grain onto a train.
- To put something into or onto (a structure or conveyance): loaded the tanker with crude oil.
- To provide or fill nearly to overflowing; heap: loaded the table with food.
- To weigh down; burden: was loaded with worries.
- To insert (a necessary material) into a device: loaded film into the camera; loaded rounds into the rifle.
- To insert a necessary material into: loaded the camera with film.
- Games. To make (dice) heavier on one side by adding weight.
- To charge with additional meanings, implications, or emotional import: loaded the question to trick the witness.
- To dilute, adulterate, or doctor. See synonyms at adulterate.
- To raise the power demand in (an electrical circuit), as by adding resistance.
- To increase (an insurance premium or mutual fund share price) by adding expenses or sale costs.
- Baseball. To have or put runners on (first, second, and third base).
- Computer Science.
- To transfer (data) from a storage device into a computer's memory.
- To mount (a diskette) onto a floppy disk drive.
- To mount (a magnetic tape) onto a tape drive.
- To receive a load: Container ships can load rapidly.
- To charge a firearm with ammunition.
- To put or place a load into or onto a structure, device, or conveyance.
get a load of
- SlangTo look at; notice. To look at; notice.
- To listen to: Get a load of this!
- SlangTo be intoxicated. To be intoxicated.
- To sit or lie down.
[Middle English lode, alteration (influenced by laden, to load) of lade, course, way, from Old English lād.]
Top
(1) To copy a program from some source, such as the hard disk or CD-ROM, into memory for execution. In the early days, programs were loaded first and then run. Today, when referring to applications, loading implies load and run. Thus, "load" the program, "run" the program and "launch" the program are synonymous.
People often use the term erroneously to refer to installation; therefore, "load the program" may really mean "install the program."
(2) To fill up a disk with data or programs.
(3) To insert a disk or tape into a drive.
(4) In programming, to store data in a register.
(5) In performance measurement, the current use of a system as a percentage of total capacity.
(6) The flow of current through a circuit. The load is the amount of power used by electrical and electronic equipment.
(7) The volume of traffic in a network.
Download Computer Desktop Encyclopedia to your PC, iPhone or Android.
Roget's Thesaurus:
Top
load
noun
- Something carried physically: burden1, cargo, freight, haul. Sports impost. See heavy/light, over/under.
- A quantity of explosive put into a weapon: charge. See explosion/collapse.
- An indeterminately great amount or number. jillion, million (often used in plural), multiplicity, ream, trillion. Informal bushel, gob1 (often used in plural), heap (often used in plural), lot, oodles, passel, peck2, scad (often used in plural), slew, wad, zillion. See big/small/amount.
verb
- To place a burden or heavy load on: burden1, charge, cumber, encumber, freight, lade, saddle, tax, weight. See over/under.
- To make or become full; put as much into as can be held: charge, fill, freight, heap, pack, pile. See full/empty/capacity.
- To fill to overflowing: heap, lade, pile. See full/empty/capacity.
- To fill to excess by compressing or squeezing tightly: cram, crowd, jam, mob, pack, stuff. Informal jam-pack. See full/empty/capacity, tighten/loosen.
- To put (explosive material) into a weapon: charge. See put in/take out.
- To give an inaccurate view of by representing falsely or misleadingly: belie, color, distort, falsify, misrepresent, misstate, pervert, twist, warp, wrench, wrest. Idioms: give a false coloring to. See true/false.
- To make impure or inferior by deceptively adding foreign substances: adulterate, debase, doctor, sophisticate. See clean/dirty.
Idioms beginning with load:
loaded for bear
loaded question
load the dice
See also bricks shy of a load; carbo load; get a load of; take the load off.
Top
n
Definition: burden, pressure
Antonyms: benefit, blessing
v
Definition: burden, saddle
Antonyms: aid, assist, benefit, bless, help
v
Definition: overburden, pressure
Antonyms: relieve, remove, unburden, unload
Top
The matter transported by a river or stream. Solution load is dissolved in the water. Suspension load refers to undissolved particles which are held in the stream. On the river bed, the material of the bed load jumps by saltation, or rolls along the bed. The deposits forming a channel bed are known as bed-material load.
1. A force, or system of forces, carried by a structure, or a part of the structure.
2. Any device or piece of electric equipment that receives electric power.
3. The power delivered to such a device or piece of equipment.
4. The amount of heat per unit time imposed on a refrigeration system; the required rate of heat removal.
The sum of all the forces and moments acting on a body. In a human movement, the load is the bone, the overlying tissue, and anything else resisting that particular movement.
Top
A source drives a load. Whatever component or piece of equipment is connected to a source and draws current from a source is a load on that source.
(DOD, NATO) The total weight of passengers and/or freight carried on board a ship, aircraft, train, road vehicle, or other means of conveyance. See also airlift capability; airlift requirement; allowable load.
Top
The total weight of passengers and/or freight carried on board an aircraft.
Top
noun
noun, orig US
1: A large amount of alcohol drunk; esp. in phr. to get (or have) a load on. (1598 —) .
V. Palmer We're not to blame if men get a load on and begin to fight (1948).
2: to get a load of To look at or listen to attentively; to notice. (1929 —) .
D. Bloodworth Get a load of that chick over there (1972).
3: A dose of venereal infection. (1937 —) .
F. Sargeson They displayed their rubber goods, and...were doubly protected against finding themselves landed with either biological consequences or a load (1965).
noun, orig US
1: A large amount of alcohol drunk; esp. in phr. to get (or have) a load on. (1598 —) .
V. Palmer We're not to blame if men get a load on and begin to fight (1948).
2: to get a load of To look at or listen to attentively; to notice. (1929 —) .
D. Bloodworth Get a load of that chick over there (1972).
3: A dose of venereal infection. (1937 —) .
F. Sargeson They displayed their rubber goods, and...were doubly protected against finding themselves landed with either biological consequences or a load (1965).
| live stock, littley, lit | |
| loaded, loadsa, loaf |
Top
Top
the quantity of a measurable form of work, e.g. metabolic or circulatory, borne by an organism, especially when it exceeds the normal amount of work for that process. Called also workload.
Random House Word Menu:
Top
categories related to 'load'
- Materials, Formations, and Substances - load: soil particles and rock carried by running water, wind, or glaciers
- Firearm Parts, Accessories, and Processes - load: charge; single cartridge with bullet and powder; (vb) fill weapon with cartridges
- Electricity and Electronics - load: object of power delivery in circuit
- General Technology - load: (vb) move data or program instructions from storage medium into computer memory for execution
- Memory and Data Storage - load: (vb) move data or program instructions from storage medium into computer memory for execution; move disk drive read/write head into operation
- Aviation and Aerodynamics - load: in-flight weight carried by aircraft, including cargo, fuel, passengers, crew, and weight of aircraft when empty
- Anatomy and Physiology of Sex - load: Vulgar slang. sperm in one ejaculation; wad
- Intrigues, Plots, and Corruption - load: (vb) alter balance of dice to make them predictable
See crossword solutions for the clue Wikipedia on Answers.com:
Top
Load (computing)
 |
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2010) |
In UNIX computing, the system load is a measure of the amount of work that a computer system performs. The load average represents the average system load over a period of time. It conventionally appears in the form of three numbers which represent the system load during the last one-, five-, and fifteen-minute periods.
|
Contents
|
Unix-style load calculation
All Unix and Unix-like systems generate a metric of three "load average" numbers in the kernel. Users can easily query the current result from a Unix shell by running the uptime command:
$ uptime 14:34:03 up 10:43, 4 users, load average: 0.06, 0.11, 0.09
The w and top commands show the same three load average numbers, as do a range of graphical user interface utilities. In Linux, they can also be accessed by reading the /proc/loadavg file.
An idle computer has a load number of 0 and each process using or waiting for CPU (the ready queue or run queue) increments the load number by 1. Most UNIX systems count only processes in the running (on CPU) or runnable (waiting for CPU) states. However, Linux also includes processes in uninterruptible sleep states (usually waiting for disk activity), which can lead to markedly different results if many processes remain blocked in I/O due to a busy or stalled I/O system. This, for example, includes processes blocking due to an NFS server failure or to slow media (e.g., USB 1.x storage devices). Such circumstances can result in an elevated load average, which does not reflect an actual increase in CPU use (but still gives an idea on how long users have to wait).
Systems calculate the load average as the exponentially damped/weighted moving average of the load number. The three values of load average refer to the past one, five, and fifteen minutes of system operation. [1]
For single-CPU systems that are CPU bound, one can think of load average as a percentage of system utilization during the respective time period. For systems with multiple CPUs, one must divide the number by the number of processors in order to get a comparable percentage.
For example, one can interpret a load average of "1.73 0.50 7.98" on a single-CPU system as:
- during the last minute, the CPU was overloaded by 73% (1 CPU with 1.73 runnable processes, so that 0.73 processes had to wait for a turn)
- during the last 5 minutes, the CPU was underloaded 50% (no processes had to wait for a turn)
- during the last 15 minutes, the CPU was overloaded 698% (1 CPU with 7.98 runnable processes, so that 6.98 processes had to wait for a turn)
This means that this CPU could have handled all of the work scheduled for the last minute if it were 1.73 times as fast, or if there were two (the ceiling of 1.73) times as many CPUs, but that over the last five minutes it was twice as fast as necessary to prevent runnable processes from waiting their turn.
In a system with four CPUs, a load average of 3.73 would indicate that there were, on average, 3.73 processes ready to run, and each one could be scheduled into a CPU.
On modern UNIX systems, the treatment of threading with respect to load averages varies. Some systems treat threads as processes for the purposes of load average calculation: each thread waiting to run will add 1 to the load. However, other systems, especially systems implementing so-called M:N threading, use different strategies, such as counting the process exactly once for the purpose of load (regardless of the number of threads), or counting only threads currently exposed by the user-thread scheduler to the kernel, which may depend on the level of concurrency set on the process.
Many systems generate the load average by sampling the state of the scheduler periodically, rather than recalculating on all pertinent scheduler events. They adopt this approach for performance reasons, as scheduler events occur frequently, and scheduler efficiency impacts significantly on system efficiency. As a result, sampling error can lead to load averages inaccurately representing actual system behavior. This can pose a particular problem for programs that wake up at a fixed interval that aligns with the load-average sampling, in which case a process may be under- or over-represented in the load average numbers.
CPU load vs CPU utilization
The comparative study of different load indices carried out by Ferrari et al.[2] reported that CPU load information based upon the CPU queue length does much better in load balancing compared to CPU utilization. The reason CPU queue length did better is probably because when a host is heavily loaded, its CPU utilization is likely to be close to 100% and it is unable to reflect the exact load level of the utilization. In contrast, CPU queue lengths can directly reflect the amount of load on a CPU. As an example, two systems, one with 3 and the other with 6 processes in the queue, will probably have utilizations close to 100% although they obviously differ.
Reckoning CPU load
On Linux systems, the load-average is not calculated on each clock tick, but driven by a variable value that is based on the HZ frequency setting and tested on each clock tick. (HZ variable is the pulse rate of particular Linux kernel activity. 1HZ is equal to one clock tick; 10ms by default.) Although the HZ value can be configured in some versions of the kernel, it is normally set to 100. The calculation code uses the HZ value to determine the CPU Load calculation frequency. Specifically, the timer.c::calc_load() function will run the algorithm every 5 * HZ, or roughly every five seconds. Following is that function in its entirety:
unsigned long avenrun[3]; static inline void calc_load(unsigned long ticks) { unsigned long active_tasks; /* fixed-point */ static int count = LOAD_FREQ; count -= ticks; if (count < 0) { count += LOAD_FREQ; active_tasks = count_active_tasks(); CALC_LOAD(avenrun[0], EXP_1, active_tasks); CALC_LOAD(avenrun[1], EXP_5, active_tasks); CALC_LOAD(avenrun[2], EXP_15, active_tasks); } }
The avenrun array contains 1-minute, 5-minute and 15-minute average. The CALC_LOAD macro and its associated values are defined in sched.h :
#define FSHIFT 11 /* nr of bits of precision */ #define FIXED_1 (1<<FSHIFT) /* 1.0 as fixed-point */ #define LOAD_FREQ (5*HZ) /* 5 sec intervals */ #define EXP_1 1884 /* 1/exp(5sec/1min) as fixed-point */ #define EXP_5 2014 /* 1/exp(5sec/5min) */ #define EXP_15 2037 /* 1/exp(5sec/15min) */ #define CALC_LOAD(load,exp,n) \ load *= exp; \ load += n*(FIXED_1-exp); \ load >>= FSHIFT;
Other system performance commands
Other commands for assessing system performance include:
- uptime the system reliability and load average
- top for an overall system view
- htop interactive process viewer
- iftop interactive network traffic viewer
- iotop interactive I/O viewer - iotop homepage
- iostat for storage I/O statistics
- netstat for network statistics
- mpstat for CPU statistics
- tload load average graph for terminal
- xload load average graph for X
See also
External links
- Neil J. Gunther. "UNIX Load Average – Part 1: How It Works" (pdf). TeamQuest. http://www.teamquest.com/pdfs/whitepaper/ldavg1.pdf. Retrieved 2009-08-12.[note 1]
- Andre Lewis (31 July 2009). "Understanding Linux CPU Load - when should you be worried?". http://blog.scoutapp.com/articles/2009/07/31/understanding-load-averages. Retrieved 2011-07-21. Explanation using an illustrated traffic analogy.
- Ray Walker (1 December 2006). "Examining Load Average". Linux Journal. http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/9001. Retrieved 2011-07-21.
Notes
- ^ This paper's discussion is useful, but it contains at least one error, in equation 3 (Section 4.2, page 12): The equation should be load(t) = n e-5/60 + load(t-1) (1 - e-5/60) instead of load(t) = load(t-1) e-5/60 + n (1 - e-5/60).
References
- ^ Ray Walker (01 December 2006). "Examining Load Average". Linux Journal. http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/9001. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
- ^ Domenico Ferrari and Songnian Zhou, “An Empirical Investigation of Load Indices For Load Balancing Applications” Proc. Performance ’87, the 12th Int’l Symp. On Computer Performance Modeling, Measurement, and Evaluation, North Holland Publishers, Amsterdam. The Netherlands 1988. pp. 515-528
This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)
Translations:
Top
Load
Dansk (Danish)
n. - byrde, vægt, mængde, læs, last, ladning, pligt, belastning, strømbelastning, kønssygdom
v. tr. - læsse, belaste, belæsse, lade, indtage narkotika
v. intr. - læsse, belaste, belæsse, lade, indtage narkotika
idioms:
- a load of en (rædsom) masse, en bunke
- a load off one's mind der faldt en sten fra hjertet
- get a load of høre, se
- load down belaste, belæsse, tynge
- load the dice forfalske terningerne
- load the dice against have alle odds imod sig, stå over for en stor overmagt
- loads of masser af, massevis af
Nederlands (Dutch)
laden, opladen, beladen, bevrachten, belasten, verzekeringspremie verhogen, verzwaren met lood, knoeien met (dobbelsteen etc.), lading, vracht, belasting, elektrische lading, last
Français (French)
n. - charge, chargement, cargaison, (fig) fardeau, (Tech, Méd) charge, fournée, (Élec) charge, (fig) travail, des tas ou des quantités
v. tr. - (gén) charger, (Élec) surcharger, majorer (une prime d'assurance), (Comput) charger, combler/couvrir qn de, piper (un dé)
v. intr. - charger
idioms:
- a load of cargaison, chargement
- get a load of vise un peu, regarde un peu, écoute un peu
- get a load on regarder, écouter
- load down charger, accabler
- load the dice piper les dés
- load the dice against piper les dés contre
- loads of des tas de, une masse de, en quantité
- take a load off one's mind enlever un poids de sa conscience
Deutsch (German)
n. - Last, Bürde, Ladung
v. - laden, beladen, einlegen, überhäufen
idioms:
- a load of eine Menge, eine Ladung von
- get a load of genau aufpassen
- get a load on (AmE) (inf) betrunken werden, blau werden
- load down ausladen
- load the dice die Würfel präparieren
- load the dice against (unfair) benachteiligen
- loads of eine Menge, massenhaft
- take a load off one's mind ein Stein vom Herzen
Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - φορτίο, βάρος, "παρτίδα", σύνολο φορτίου, "φόρτωμα", γέμιση, γόμωση, εμπύρευμα, φόρτος (έργου κ.λπ.), ανδρικό σπέρμα
v. - φορτώνω, "γεμίζω", οπλίζω, φορτίζω, βάζω μολύβι (σε μπαστούνι, ζάρια)
idioms:
- a load of αφθονία, πλήθος από
- a load off one's mind ανακούφιση
- get a load of δίνω ιδιαίτερη προσοχή σε
- load down φορτώνω, βαραίνω
- load the dice στήνω ζάρια
- load the dice against επηρεάζω τις εξελίξεις σε βάρος
- loads of αφθονία/πλήθος από, ένα σωρό
Italiano (Italian)
caricare, carico, carica
idioms:
- a load of un carico di, una quantità di
- get a load of fare il pieno di
- load down scaricare
- load the dice barare
- loads of una quantità di
Português (Portuguese)
n. - carga (f)
v. - carregar
idioms:
- a load of grande quantidade
- get a load of ter muito
- load down estar sobrecarregado
- load the dice chumbar os dados
- loads of montes de, grande quantidade de
Русский (Russian)
грузить, производить посадку, обременять, осыпать чем-л., заряжать, насыщать, нагрузка, груз, бремя, заряд, мера веса
idioms:
- a load of бремя чего-л.
- get a load of понять что-л., смотреть на что-л., осознавать, внимательно слушать
- load down загружать
- load the dice наливать свинцом игральные кости, предрешать исход игры, настраивать против кого-л.
- loads of множество, толпы
Español (Spanish)
n. - peso, cargamento, cabida, cargo
v. tr. - cargar, poner, embarcar, armar
v. intr. - hacer más pesado
idioms:
- a load of gran cantidad de, montones, una sarta de
- get a load of ¡mira esto!, ¡escucha esto!
- get a load on mirar, escuchar, observar
- load down cargar, sobrecargar
- load the dice cargar los dados, hacer trampa
- load the dice against hacer algo tramposo que da ventajas a uno
- loads of la mar de, cantidades, montones
- take a load off one's mind quitarse un peso de encima, sacarse una carga de la mente
Svenska (Swedish)
n. - last, lass, börda (äv. bildl.), (tekn.) belastning, laddning (i skjutvapen)
v. - lasta, lassa, fylla, lägga in i, belasta, tynga ner, komma att digna, överhopa, överösa, ladda, förse med blytyngd, förfalska, höja en premie, ta in (ombord) last, ta in (ombord) passagerare, (bö
中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
负荷, 装载量, 重担, 装载, 使担负, 装填, 装货, 装料, 装弹药
idioms:
- a load of 一车的, 一大堆的
- a load off one's mind 消除某人思想负担, 使某人安心
- get a load of 打量
- load down 满载
- load the dice 使用不正当手段, 使用灌铅骰子
- load the dice against 使用不正当手段
- loads of 很多
中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 負荷, 裝載量, 重擔
v. tr. - 裝載, 使擔負, 裝填
v. intr. - 裝貨, 裝料, 裝彈藥
idioms:
- a load of 一車的, 一大堆的
- a load off one's mind 消除某人思想負擔, 使某人安心
- get a load of 打量
- load down 滿載
- load the dice 使用不正當手段, 使用灌鉛骰子
- load the dice against 使用不正當手段
- loads of 很多
한국어 (Korean)
n. - 적하, 고민, 적재랑, 장전, 취한 상태
v. tr. - 짐을 싣다, 태우다, 채우다, 탄환을 재다
v. intr. - 짐을 싣다, 올라타다, 총에 장전하다
idioms:
- a load of 다수 , 다량, 듬뿍
- a load off one's mind 마음의 짐을 덜어주다
- get a load of ~을 듣다, ~을 보다
- load down 부담을 주다
日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 積み荷, 負担, 負担量, 仕事量, 一台分の積み荷, 積載量, 負荷, 荷重
v. - 荷を積む, 積む, …にどっさり与える, 詰め込む, …にどっさり載せる, 装填する
idioms:
- a load of ～の重荷, 多量の
- a load off one's mind 安心する
- get a load of 見る
- load down …にどっさり積み込む, たくさん負わせる
- load the dice さいころに仕込む
- load the dice against 人に不利になるように仕組む
- loads of たくさんの
العربيه (Arabic)
(الاسم) حمل, حموله, شحنه, ثقل, عبء, مسؤوليه ثقيله, مقدار مسكر من شراب كحولي, عدد وافر, حشوة أو شحنه سلاح ناري (فعل) يحمل, يثل, يرهق, يغمر, يزود بوفرة, يغش, يضيف إليه مبلغا بعد حساب النفقات والأرباح, يحشو سلاحا ناريا أو يلقمه
עברית (Hebrew)
n. - משא, מיטען, מעמסה, מועקה, כמות עבודה (של מנוע), עומס חשמלי, יחידת-משקל לחומרים מסוימים, משימה בעבודה, התנגדות מכונה לכוח המניע
v. tr. - הטעין (אוניה), טען (כלי-נשק, סרט למצלמה וכו'), העלה (דמי-ביטוח) בשל הגדלת הסיכון, הוסיף משקולת, הכביד
v. intr. - הטעין (אוניה)
If you are unable to view some languages clearly, click here.
Post a question - any question - to the WikiAnswers community:
Copyrights:
American Heritage Dictionary
The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2007, 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Read more
Computer Desktop Encyclopedia
THIS DEFINITION IS FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY.
All other reproduction is strictly prohibited without permission from the publisher.
© 1981-2012 The Computer Language Company Inc. All rights reserved. Read more
All other reproduction is strictly prohibited without permission from the publisher.
© 1981-2012 The Computer Language Company Inc. All rights reserved. Read more
Roget's Thesaurus
Roget's II: The New Thesaurus, Third Edition by the Editors of the American Heritage® Dictionary Copyright © 1995 byHoughton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Read more
American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms
The American Heritage® Dictionary of Idioms by Christine Ammer. Copyright © 1997 by The Christine Ammer 1992 Trust. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Read more
Oxford Dictionary of Geography
A Dictionary of Geography. Copyright © Susan Mayhew 1992, 1997, 2004. All rights reserved.
Read more
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture & Construction
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture and Construction. Copyright © 2003 by McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Read more
Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science & Medicine
The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science & Medicine. Copyright © Michael Kent 1998, 2006, 2007. All rights reserved.
Read more
US Defense Department Military Dictionary
US Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Words, 2003.
Read more
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Aviation
An Illustrated Dictionary of Aviation.. Copyright © 2005 by McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Read more
Oxford Dictionary of Modern Slang
Oxford University Press. © 1997, 2008, 2010
All rights reserved.
Read more
Wiley Dictionary of Flavors
Copyright © 2008 by Wiley-Blackwell. Wiley and the Wiley logo are registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates in the United States and other countries. Used here by license. Read more
Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry
Oxford University Press. Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology © 1997, 2000, 2006 All rights reserved.
Read more
Saunders Veterinary Dictionary
Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary 3rd Edition. Copyright © 2007 by D.C. Blood, V.P. Studdert and C.C. Gay, Elsevier. All rights reserved.
Read more
Mosby's Dental Dictionary
Mosby's Dental Dictionary. Copyright © 2004 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.
Read more
Random House Word Menu
© 2010 Write Brothers Inc. Word Menu is a registered trademark of the Estate of Stephen Glazier.
Write Brothers Inc.
All rights reserved.
Read more
Bradford's Crossword Solver's Dictionary
Collins Bradford's Crossword Solver's Dictionary © Anne Bradford, 1986, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2008
HarperCollins Publishers
All rights reserved.
Read more
Wikipedia on Answers.com
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article Load (computing).
Read more
