London Stock Exchange

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Type: Public
On the web: http://www.londonstockexchange.com

There's no trouble in this river city, not for the London Stock Exchange (LSE). As Europe's largest stock exchange (and one of the oldest), the LSE lists some 3,600 depository receipts, Eurobonds, and company shares. The LSE includes the main market, the Professional Securities Market (or PSM, listed debt securities), and the Alternative Investment Market (or AIM, which lists new and growing companies). The LSE is also a leader in international IPOs. Borse Dubai owns around 21% of the exchange; Qatar Investment Company owns about 15%.

Officers:
Chairman: Christopher S. (Chris) Gibson-Smith
CEO and Director: Xavier Rolet
Deputy CEO and Director: Massimo Capuano

Competitors:
Deutsche Börse
NASDAQ OMX
NYSE Euronext

Founded: 1773 as The Stock Exchange
NAIC: 52321 Securities and Commodity Exchanges
SIC: 6231 Security & Commodity Exchanges

The London Stock Exchange Limited (LSE) is the world's oldest stock exchange and one of the top three stock exchanges in the world, after the New York and Tokyo exchanges. Founded in 1773 and reincorporated as a private limited company in 1986, the LSE is also the world leader in international share trading. The LSE operates a number of market products, including the main board listing, featuring more than 3,000 companies and including over 500 international companies, as well as the secondary AIM (Alternative Investment Market), established in 1995 as a vehicle for trades in small, high-growth companies. More than 70 companies are listed on the AIM board. After launching the Stock Exchange Electronic Trading Services (SETS) in 1997, the LSE introduced a new listing, techMARK, tailored to the specific needs of the high-technology sector and designed to compete with the NASDAQ index. With a total equity turnover value of more than £3.5 billion, the LSE achieved gross revenues of £149.8 million in 1999. The LSE is led by Chairman John Kemp-Welch and CEO Gavin Casey.

Founded in 1773, the LSE reflects more than 200 years of the development of share-based enterprise. The world's first joint-stock company was created in the mid-16th century. Traditionally, companies were either owned by a single individual or through a partnership with two or more owners. While this arrangement sufficed for smaller businesses and stable market sectors, direct financial responsibility for riskier endeavors--such as the great trade exploration voyages of the period--were judged too precarious for an individual or limited group of investors. The organization of such a venture, that of a voyage to trace a northern sea route to the Far East from London in 1553, introduced the world's first shareholder-based company. Selling shares to a larger number of investors reduced the financial risk for each individual investor, while enabling the company itself to raise the capital needed to fund its operations.

This first joint-stock company failed to find a northern sea route to the Far East. However, a meeting with Russian tsar Ivan the Terrible brought the company the exclusive rights to trade between Russia and England. The Muscovy Company, as it came to be called, became a commercial success, rewarded its shareholders with large profits, and inspired the creation of new investment ventures. The Muscovy Company served as the model for future shareholder-based companies. Investors contributed capital funding, while direction of the company's operations remained in the hands of its management. The investors, who were allowed to sell their holdings or buy more shares, were given dividends according to the company's profits.

As more companies were set up following the Muscovy model, a new profession came into being, that of the broker, who acted as a middleman for trades of shares, helping to boost not only the number of joint-stock companies but also the number of investors. Adding impetus to this movement was the foundation of the Bank of England as a joint-stock company by King William III in order to provide funding for England's military campaign against France at the end of the 17th century. The shareholder system was given further support by legislation to limit and punish brokers for malpractice.

By the 18th century, a flourishing "market" for shares was in place--so much so that the period marked the first stock market crash in 1720. While trading took place at the Royal Exchange through the middle of the century, the rowdy behavior--itself to become something of a tradition on the market floor--of certain brokers led to their exclusion. Instead of leaving the business, these brokers began meeting at Jonathan's Coffee House and other coffee shops in the Threadneedle Street area of London. In 1760, some 150 brokers founded their own club to buy and sell stock at Jonathan's. The following decade, in 1773, the members of the club changed its name to the Stock Exchange.

As the individual broker members of the Stock Exchange began to establish brokerage firms, and the number of markets expanded, the Stock Exchange saw a need for new quarters. In 1801, the Stock Exchange began construction on a new building at what was to become its permanent London location. The following year, the Stock Exchange published a Deed of Settlement, formally outlining the operating rules and procedures of the stock market.

If the original joint-stock companies were formed to provide funding for the many voyages of discovery, overseas trading, and foreign military campaigns, the shareholder-based company structure showed itself easily adaptable to the changing economic landscape of the 19th century. The Industrial Revolution, coupled with such major infrastructure undertakings as the building of a national railroad system, provided the basis for the modern period of shareholder-based corporations. The appearance of a great many new companies exploiting a greater number of materials, products, and markets prompted the formation of some 20 other stock exchanges operating in the United Kingdom. Nonetheless, the London Stock Exchange remained the United Kingdom's most important stock exchange. New technologies, such as the telegraph, brought such stock market innovations as the ticker tape--the first, launched in 1872 by the London Stock Exchange, was capable of an output of six words per minute--which in turn enabled trades to take place elsewhere than the market floor. London's position as the world's financial center placed the LSE at the top of the world's stock markets.

At the end of the 19th century, the LSE revised its charters. Changes in the Deed of Settlement in 1875 created a more corporate-based entity for the Exchange, which now operated on behalf of its owner-members--as opposed to being operated by its members--while members remained responsible for the company's debts and operational obligations. A further evolution occurred in 1890, when the country's stock exchanges were linked together for the first time, under an Association of Stock Exchanges. The individual exchanges continued to operate independently, however. At the beginning of the 20th century, a new set of guidelines refined the Stock Exchange's member lists into "broker" and "jobber" classes.

Disruption in European trade caused by the outbreak of World War I led to the closure of the continent's stock exchanges. The LSE was forced to follow suit, suspending trades in July 1914, the last of the European exchanges to close. The Exchange's members quickly joined the war effort, creating the Stock Exchange Battalion of Royal Fusiliers, which succeeded in raising more than 1,600 volunteers. After it became evident that the war was to be a protracted one, the LSE reopened at the beginning of 1915. Normal trading conditions were not restored, however, until the end of the war in 1918, when the British government introduced a highly successful series of "Victory Bonds."

If the British market was largely spared the brunt of the New York stock market crash of 1929, the LSE was nonetheless forced to end trading in U.S. shares. While the buildup to World War II enabled the world's stock markets to regain their momentum, the devastation of the European economy brought on a vast change in the world economic and stock market landscape. The rise of the United States as the world's preeminent economic force saw the New York Stock Exchange outpace the LSE as the world's busiest and richest exchange. The rise of Japan as an economic power beginning in the 1960s and especially into the 1970s and 1980s saw the Tokyo Stock Exchange take over the number two position.

Nonetheless, London remained the center of the European community's financial markets, and the LSE gained increasing importance in the market for international stocks. London was also to figure prominently as the undisputed financial center of the then-forming European Union. Meanwhile, the stock markets were attracting larger numbers of investors, and especially investments from private individuals. The Exchange's member firms saw the need to expand their broker staff to accommodate the new influx of investors as well as the new investment products being introduced at the time. The increasing activity led to the need for new quarters; in 1972, the new LSE building, featuring a new 23,000-square-foot trading floor and a 26-story office building, was completed on the site where the Exchange had operated since 1801. In the same year, women were granted the right to become stockbrokers for the first time.

Increasing competition and technological development had also brought about both the need and the potential to consolidate the United Kingdom's many stock exchanges. The cooperation that had begun under the Association of Stock Exchanges had led to closer coordination among the United Kingdom's stock exchanges, and particularly among the more than 20 exchanges operated outside of London. The new market realities of the late 20th century were increasingly challenging the viability of these smaller exchanges. In 1973, moves were taken to combine the United Kingdom's smaller provincial exchanges into a single national exchange under the LSE.

The year 1986 marked a new era for the LSE. Changes in the legislation governing the United Kingdom's investment businesses, as part of the Companies Act of 1985, enabled the LSE to restructure its operations the following year as a private limited company (plc) with its member broker firms becoming shareholders. Under the company's articles of incorporation, these shareholders were not eligible to receive distribution of any profits. Instead, all profits were to be returned to the company for infrastructure and other development costs.

On October 27, 1986, the LSE underwent a still more visible transformation. Known thereafter as the "Big Bang" of the London financial scene, that day saw the implementation of several changes to the LSE's operations. For one, the company's member firms were now allowed to be purchased by outsider corporations, enabling these brokerages to increase their own capital resources in order to compete with increasingly powerful firms overseas. Another change was the abolition of minimum commission charges; stock exchange member firms were now free to negotiate their commissions with clients. At the same time, the individual members of the exchange no longer held voting rights. Moreover, marking the end of centuries of tradition, trading was moved off the trading floor to so-called "dealing-rooms," where trades were no longer conducted face-to-face but by computer and telephone. The days of the "rowdy" broker were done, at least in London. The introduction of computer technology, which enabled instantaneous pricing displays anywhere in the United Kingdom--or even the world--also allowed brokers to operate offices beyond London. The appearance of new commercial brokerage branch offices soon became commonplace across the United Kingdom.

The LSE's Deed of Settlement, in place since 1885 and originally introduced in 1802, was finally replaced by a Memorandum and Articles of Association in 1991. Under the new articles, the LSE's governing body, the Council of the Exchange, was replaced by a board of directors drawing not only from the Exchange's own management but also from its member and client base.

The LSE faced rising pressures to adapt to the changing nature of the stock market in the 1990s. On the one hand, new technologies-particularly electronic trading systems that were rapidly rendering obsolete the Exchange's reliance on telephone confirmations--were stepping up the pace of trading and enabling trading to continue nonstop around the world; as Western markets closed for the day, their Far Eastern counterparts were just beginning trading. On the other hand, playing the stock market was becoming popular among larger portions of the population, with resulting pressures to make trading more accessible.

At the same time, a new breed of company was making evident the need for a new type of stock exchange. The roaring success of so-called "start-up" companies, that is, high-technology specialists that often went from zero to enormous market capitalization in brief periods of time, gave new impetus to exchanges, such as the NASDAQ, that were able to offer the flexibility these new companies, which often had yet to show a profit, required. In 1995, the LSE responded to this new market with the creation of AIM, the Alternative Investment Market, created specifically for startups and smaller companies. By the end of the decade, AIM had managed to attract nearly 400 companies.

In 1997, the LSE undertook another new venture with the introduction of the Stock Exchange Electronic Trading Service (SETS), which replaced--at least for some brokers and trades--traditional techniques with an electronic interface. Meanwhile, the LSE was preparing to confront the new realities of the European Market, as the EC prepared for the launch of the Euro, the single European currency. With Frankfurt winning the position as the site of the European Central Bank, London suddenly found its position as European financial leader under attack. In order to defend its position, the LSE quickly entered into a partnership agreement with the Deutsche Börse in Frankfurt.

Momentum among high-technology stocks continued to build in the waning years of the century, when much of the world began preparations to enter into a new economic landscape, the so-called Internet Economy. In 1999, in order to provide a more appropriate vehicle for this new breed of stock, the LSE launched the techMark exchange. This new exchange, modeled directly on the NASDAQ and the Neuer Markt of Germany, provided still more flexible listing conditions for high-tech and startup companies.

As the LSE entered its fourth century of trading, it continued to show the willingness to evolve and embrace new economic realities that had enabled it to maintain its position as not only the world's oldest stock exchange, but one of the world's leading exchanges. In early 2000, the LSE began reviewing a number of its policies--including allowing anonymous electronic trades for certain companies--meant to bring London in line with the policies of a new alliance among exchanges in Amsterdam, Brussels, Frankfurt, Paris, Madrid, Milan, and Zurich, scheduled to begin trading in November 2000.

Principal Competitors

New York Stock Exchange, Inc.; Paris Bourse SA; Tokyo Stock Exchange.

Further Reading

Andrew, John, "Understanding Stock Markets: Deals Were Done," Independent, November 1, 1997, p. 5.

Garfield, Andrew, "London Stock Exchange to Launch Rival to NASDAQ," Independent, August 21, 1999, p. 15.

Jagger, Suzy, "Exchange Overhaul Attacked by Dealers," Daily Telegraph (London), January 3, 2000, p. 1.

"London's Quiet Revolution," Economist, October 18, 1997.

"London Under Threat," Economist, November 21, 1998.

— M. L. Cohen

The primary stock exchange in the U.K. and the largest in Europe. Originated in 1773, the regional exchanges were merged in 1973 to form the Stock Exchange of Great Britain and Ireland, later renamed the London Stock Exchange (LSE). The Financial Times Stock Exchange (FTSE) 100 Share Index, or "Footsie", is the dominant index, containing 100 of the top blue chips on the LSE.

Investopedia Says:
The LSE is the most international of all stock exchanges with 350 companies from more than 50 countries, and it is the premier source of equity-market liquidity, benchmark prices and market data in Europe. Linked by partnerships to international exchanges in Asia and Africa, the LSE aims to remove cost and regulatory barriers of capital markets worldwide.

Related Links:
If you're new to the stock market and want the basics, this is the tutorial for you! Stock Basics Tutorial
Knowing how the primary and secondary markets work is key to understanding how stocks trade. Markets Demystified
Find out the answers to all the questions you had about stock exchanges but were afraid to ask! Getting to Know Stock Exchanges
Investing abroad poses risks, but can also help you diversify. Discover ways to invest in foreign stocks. Investing Beyond Your Borders

(LSE) formed in 1760 as a club at Jonathan's Coffee House by 150 brokers who were kicked out of the Royal Exchange for rowdiness. The Stock Exchange name was adopted in 1773 and it became a regulated exchange in 1801. Following deregulation in 1986-the Big Bang-the LSE introduced computerized trading via the SEAQ (Stock Exchange Automatic Quotation) and SEAQ International systems that display share price information in brokers' offices throughout the United Kingdom. The LSE became a public limited company in 2000 and transferred its role as the U.K. Listing Authority to the Financial Services Authority. In 2001, the London Stock Exchange's shares were listed on its Main Market. The Exchange has two equity markets, the Main Market and AIM, the Exchange's international market for growing companies, which was launched in 1995. In 1997, the exchange introduced SETS (Stock Exchange Electronic Trading Service). CRESTCo is its electronic share settlement system. The London Stock Exchange is the most international equities exchange by trading in the world and Europe's largest pool of liquidity. In 2004, 80% of all European IPOs floated in London. By the end of 2004, the market capitalization of U.K. And international companies on the London Stock Exchange's markets amounted to £3.5 trillion, with £4.7 trillion of equity business transacted over the year. Trading hours: Monday through Friday, 8 A.M. To 4:30 P.M. www.londonstockexchange.com.

London Stock Exchange
Type	Stock Exchange
Location	London, United Kingdom
Coordinates	51°30′54″N 0°05′56.5″W / 51.515°N 0.099028°W / 51.515; -0.099028
Founded	1801
Owner	London Stock Exchange Group
Key people	Christopher S. Gibson-Smith, (Chairman) Xavier Rolet, (CEO)
Currency	GBX
No. of listings	2,713 (July 2010)[1]
MarketCap	US$2.4 trillion (June 2010)
Indexes	FTSE 100 Index FTSE 250 Index FTSE 350 Index FTSE SmallCap Index FTSE All-Share Index
Website	londonstockexchange.com

Paternoster Square. The LSE occupies the building that takes up much of the right side of this picture.

The London Stock Exchange is a stock exchange located in London, United Kingdom. As of end-June 2010, the Exchange had a market capitalisation of US$2.4 trillion, making it the fourth largest stock exchange in the world and the largest in Europe.^[2]

The Exchange was founded in 1801 and its current premises are situated in Paternoster Square close to St Paul's Cathedral in the City of London. The Exchange is part of the London Stock Exchange Group.

Contents 1 About the Exchange 1.1 Origin of share trading 1.2 Exchange 1.3 Licensing of brokers 1.4 The South Sea Bubble 1.5 Coat of Arms 1.6 IRA bomb 2 Location 2.1 Threadneedle Street and Capel Court 2.2 The London Stock Exchange Tower 2.3 Paternoster Square 3 Pursuit of LSE by prospective merger partners 3.1 Nasdaq 4 Products & Services 5 Technology 6 Hours 7 Levels 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links

About the Exchange

See also: TAURUS (share trading)

Origin of share trading

The trade in shares in London began with the need to finance two voyages: The Muscovy Company's attempt to reach China via the White Sea north of Russia, and the East India Company voyage to India and the east. The trading in the stocks of the second company began in 1688.

Unable to finance these expensive journeys privately, the companies raised the money by selling shares to merchants, giving them a right to a portion of any profits eventually made.

Exchange

The idea soon caught on (one of the earliest was the Earl of Bedford's scheme to drain The Fens). It is estimated that by 1695, there were 140 joint-stock companies. The trade in shares was centred around the City's Change Alley in two coffee shops: Garraway's and Jonathan's. The broker, John Castaing, published the prices of stocks and commodities called The Course of the Exchange and other things in these coffee shops.

Licensing of brokers

In 1697, a law was passed to "restrain the number and ill-practice of brokers and stockjobbers" following a number of insider trading and market-rigging incidents. It required all brokers to be licensed and to take an oath promising to act lawfully.

The South Sea Bubble

The Change Alley exchange thrived. However, it suffered a setback in 1720.

Much excitement was caused by the South Sea Company, stoked by brokers, the company's owner John Blunt and the government. Having set up the unprofitable company nine years previously, the government hoped to wipe out the large debts accumulated by offering shares to the public.

Shares in the company, which had started at £128 each at the start of the year, were soon fetching as much as £1,050 by June. The bubble inevitably burst, with share prices plunging to £175, then £124.

The incident caused outcry, forcing the government to pass legislation to prevent another bubble, and it took a long time for the stock exchange to recover.

Coat of Arms

The Exchange received its own Coat of Arms in 1923. Its motto is dictum meum pactum, "My word is my bond".^[3]

IRA bomb

On 20 July 1990 a bomb planted by the IRA exploded in the men's toilets behind the visitors' gallery. The area had already been evacuated and nobody was injured.^[4] The long term trend towards electronic trading had been reducing the Exchange's status as a visitor attraction and, although the gallery reopened, it was closed permanently in 1992.

Location

Threadneedle Street and Capel Court

Former LSE premises in Threadneedle Street

LSE reception

Jonathan's burnt down in 1748, and this, plus dissatisfaction with the overcrowding in the Alley, made the brokers build a New Jonathan's on Threadneedle Street, as well as charging an entrance fee. The building was soon renamed the Stock Exchange, only to be renamed again as the Stock Subscription Room in 1801, with new membership regulations.

However, this too proved unsatisfactory, and the Exchange moved to the newly built Capel Court in the same year. The Exchange had recovered by the 1820s, bolstered by the growth of the railways, canals, mining and insurance industries (there were, however, problems with stags and dividend payments). Regional stock exchanges were formed across the UK. Bonds (or gilt-edged securities) also began to be traded.

The London Stock Exchange Tower

The former Stock Exchange Tower, based in Threadneedle Street/Old Broad Street was opened by Queen Elizabeth II in 1972 and housed the Trading Floor where traders would traditionally meet to conduct business. This became largely redundant with the advent of the Big Bang on 27 October 1986, which deregulated many of the Stock Exchange's activities. It eliminated fixed commissions on security trades and allowed securities firms to act as brokers and dealers. It also enabled an increased use of computerised systems that allowed dealing rooms to take precedence over face to face trading.

Paternoster Square

In July 2004, the London Stock Exchange moved from Threadneedle Street to Paternoster Square (EC4) close to St Paul's Cathedral, still within the "Square Mile" (the City of London).

It was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II once again, accompanied by The Duke of Edinburgh, on 27 July 2004.

Pursuit of LSE by prospective merger partners

Nasdaq

In December 2005, the London Stock Exchange rejected a £1.6 billion takeover offer from Macquarie Bank. The London Stock Exchange described the offer as "derisory", a sentiment echoed by shareholders in the Exchange. Shortly after Macquarie withdrew its offer, the LSE received an unsolicited approach from NASDAQ valuing the company at £2.4 billion. This too it rejected. NASDAQ later pulled its bid, and less than two weeks later on 11 April 2006, struck a deal with LSE's largest shareholder, Ameriprise Financial's Threadneedle Asset Management unit, to acquire all of that firm's stake, consisting of 35.4 million shares, at £11.75 per share.^[5] NASDAQ also purchased 2.69 million additional shares, resulting in a total stake of 15%. While the seller of those shares was undisclosed, it occurred simultaneously with a sale by Scottish Widows of 2.69 million shares.^[6] The move was seen as an effort to force LSE to the negotiating table, as well as to limit the Exchange's strategic flexibility.^[7]

Subsequent purchases increased NASDAQ's stake to 25.1%, holding off competing bids for several months.^[8][9][10] United Kingdom financial rules required that NASDAQ wait for a period of time before renewing its effort. On 20 November 2006, within a month or two of the expiration of this period, NASDAQ increased its stake to 28.75% and launched a hostile offer at the minimum permitted bid of £12.43 per share, which was the highest NASDAQ had paid on the open market for its existing shares.^[11] The LSE immediately rejected this bid, stating that it "substantially undervalues" the company.^[12]

NASDAQ revised its offer (characterized as an "unsolicited" bid, rather than a "hostile takeover attempt") on 12 December 2006, indicating that it would be able to complete the deal with 50% (plus one share) of LSE's stock, rather than the 90% it had been seeking. The U.S. exchange did not, however, raise its bid. Many hedge funds had accumulated large positions within the LSE, and many managers of those funds, as well as Furse, indicated that the bid was still not satisfactory. NASDAQ's bid was made more difficult because it had described its offer as "final", which, under British bidding rules, restricted their ability to raise its offer except under certain circumstances.

In the end, NASDAQ's offer was roundly rejected by LSE shareholders. Having received acceptances of only 0.41% of rest of the register by the deadline on 10 February 2007, Nasdaq's offer duly lapsed.^[13] Responding to the news, Chris Gibson-Smith, the LSE's chairman, said: "The Exchange’s strategy has produced outstanding results for shareholders by facilitating a structural shift in volume growth in an increasingly international market at the centre of the world’s equity flows. The Exchange intends to build on its exceptionally valuable brand by progressing various competitive, collaborative and strategic opportunities, thereby reinforcing its uniquely powerful position in a fast evolving global sector."^[14]

On 20 August 2007, NASDAQ announced that it was abandoning its plan to take over the LSE and subsequently look for options to divest its 31% (61.3 million shares) shareholding in the company in light of its failed takeover attempt.^[15] In September 2007, NASDAQ agreed to sell the majority of its shares to Borse Dubai, leaving the United Arab Emirates-based exchange with 28% of the LSE.^[16]

Products & Services

The London Stock Exchange has four core areas:

• Equity markets: enables companies from around the world to raise capital. There are four primary markets:
  • The Main Market.
  • AIM, established in 1995 for smaller companies.^[17]
  • The Professional Securities Market, for raising capital through debt securities or depositary receipts.^[18]
  • The Specialist Fund Market, "designed purely for the needs of highly specialised investment entities seeking institutional, professional and highly knowledgeable investors."^[19]
• Trading services: market for trading in a range of securities, including UK and international equities, debt, covered warrants, exchange traded funds (ETFs), Exchange Traded Commodities (ETCs), reits, fixed interest, contracts for difference (CFDs) and depositary receipts.
• Information Services: the London Stock Exchange provides real-time prices, news and other financial information.
• Derivatives: the Exchange manages EDX London, a contributor to derivatives business created in 2003 with an aim of bringing the cash equity and derivatives markets closer together.

Technology

The original LSE trading platform, based on Microsoft's .NET framework, was developed by Microsoft and Accenture. Microsoft used the LSE software as an example of the supposed superiority of Windows over Linux in the "Get the Facts" campaign, claiming that the LSE system provided "five nines" reliability. For Microsoft, LSE was a good combination of a highly visible exchange and yet a relatively modest IT problem.^[20] After suffering extended downtime and unreliability^[21][22] the LSE announced in 2009 that it was planning to switch to Linux in 2010.^[23][24]

Hours

Normal trading sessions are from 08:00 to 16:30 every day of the week except Saturdays, Sundays and holidays declared by the Exchange in advance.^[25]

Levels

As at 31 July 2010, the Exchange listed 2,713 companies,^[1] consisting of:

• UK Main Market: 1,114
• International Main Market: 327
• AIM: 1,222
• Professional Securities Market (PSM): 44
• Specialist Fund Market (SFM): 6

See also

London portal

• London Stock Exchange Group plc
• Exchange Alley
• Chi-X
• Borsa Italiana
• Market maker
• Alternative Investment Market
• List of stock exchanges
• Mandatory quote period
• PSQ Analytics

References

1. ^ ^{a b} "All Companies on the London Stock Exchange" (XLS). London Stock Exchange. 2010-07-31. http://www.londonstockexchange.com/statistics/companies-and-issuers/list-of-all-companies.xls. Retrieved 2010-08-19. 
2. ^ "Market highlights for first half 2010". World Federation of Exchanges. http://www.world-exchanges.org/files/file/stats%20and%20charts/July%202010%20WFE%20Market%20Highlights.pdf. Retrieved 18 August 2010. 
3. ^ London Stock Exchange - Our history
4. ^ "On This Day: 20 July 1990: IRA bombs Stock Exchange". BBC News. 1990-07-20. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/20/newsid_2515000/2515667.stm. 
5. ^ Patrick, M.; Lucchetti, A., Reilly, D., Taylor, E. (2006-04-11). "Nasdaq Acquires 15% of LSE". The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB114477409808123029.html. 
6. ^ "Scottish Widows says has sold 2.7 mln LSE shares at 1,175 pence". Forbes. 2006-04-12. http://www.forbes.com/finance/feeds/afx/2006/04/12/afx2665242.html. 
7. ^ Ortega, E. (2006-04-11). "Nasdaq Buys 15 Percent Stake in LSE for $782 Million". Bloomberg News. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000103&sid=aY106PolhKUQ&refer=us. 
8. ^ MacDonald, A.; Lucchetti, A. (2006-05-04). "In LSE Stakes, Nasdaq Advances, Euronext Falls". The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB114670228362743269-search.html. 
9. ^ Lucchetti, A.; MacDonald, A. (2006-05-11). "Nasdaq Lifts Its LSE Stake to 24%". The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB114729205685149301-search.html. 
10. ^ Goldsmith, B.; Elliott, M. (2006-05-19). "Nasdaq raises LSE stake, making rival bids harder". Reuters. http://today.reuters.com/business/newsArticle.aspx?type=bankingFinancial&storyID=nL1923903. 
11. ^ Lucchetti, A.; MacDonald, A. (2006-11-20). "Nasdaq Makes Bid to Buy Rest of London Stock Exchange". The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB116400769286328180.html. 
12. ^ "LSE rejects £2.7bn Nasdaq offer". BBC News. 2006-11-20. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6164376.stm. 
13. ^ http://www.londonstockexchange.com/LSECWS/IFSPages/MarketNewsPopup.aspx?id=1403962&source=RNS
14. ^ "Statement re lapse of Nasdaq’s offer". londonstockexchange.com. 2007-02-10. http://www.londonstockexchange.com/LSECWS/IFSPages/MarketNewsPopup.aspx?id=1403960&source=RNS. 
15. ^ "Sale Update". reuters.co.uk. 2007-08-20. http://investing.reuters.co.uk/news/articleinvesting.aspx?type=mergersNews&storyID=2007-08-20T091233Z_01_L2025258_RTRIDST_0_LSE-NASDAQ-SALE-UPDATE-1.XML. 
16. ^ Magnusson, N.; McSheehy, W. (2007-09-20). "Dubai to Buy Stakes in Nasdaq, LSE; Strikes OMX Deal". bloomberg.com. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aqzGAS7oAezg&refer=home. 
17. ^ "Companies". London Stock Exchange. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. http://www.webcitation.org/5s8DE81PN. 
18. ^ "About the Professional Securities Market". London Stock Exchange. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. http://www.webcitation.org/5s8Di91xF. 
19. ^ "Frequently asked questions". London Stock Exchange. Can I use this market for a public offer of securities to less sophisticated investors?. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. http://www.webcitation.org/5s8EEIxLb. 
20. ^ Ajay Shah (2009-07-04). "Microsoft inside the exchange". Blogspot. http://ajayshahblog.blogspot.com/2009/07/microsoft-inside-exchange.html. 
21. ^ Rowena Mason (2008-09-10). "Seven-hour LSE blackout caused by double glitch". The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/markets/4676369/Seven-hour-LSE-blackout-caused-by-double-glitch.html. 
22. ^ "London Stock Exchange trading hit by technical glitch". BBC News. 2009-11-26. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8380607.stm. 
23. ^ David M. Williams (2009-10-08). "London Stock Exchange gets the facts and dumps Windows for Linux". ITWire. http://www.itwire.com/opinion-and-analysis/the-linux-distillery/28359-london-stock-exchange-gets-the-facts-and-dumps-windows-for-linux. 
24. ^ "London Stock Exchange Rejects .NET For Open Source". Slashdot. 2009-10-06. http://linux.slashdot.org/story/09/10/06/1742203/London-Stock-Exchange-Rejects-NET-For-Open-Source. 
25. ^ Market Hours, London Stock Exchange via Wikinvest

Further reading

• Michie, R. C. (1999). The London Stock Exchange: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198295081. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: London Stock Exchange

• London Stock Exchange website
• London Stock Market general information
• European Value Report
• Good Value Shares- Specialising in UK Value shares

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