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Longshore drift, sometimes known as drifting, longshore current, LSD (not common as it typically refers to a drug) or littoral drift is the movement of sediments, most often sand, along a coast parallel to its shoreline.
Waves approaching the shore break in a region called the surf zone. They carry sediment up the shore in a white, frothy surge called the swash, and down again in the backwash. When the swash approaches the shore at an angle, it will carry and deposit sediment both up and along the beach, but the backwash, acting under gravity, will always carry and deposit its sediment perpendicular to the shoreline, following the line of the steepest gradient. This produces a zig-zag movement of sediment along the beach known as longshore drift. The largest beach sediment is found where the process begins, updrift, and the smallest, most easily moved, downdrift.
Where waves are strong, the coast will be eroded and sediment carried away and where they are weak sediment will be deposited. This causes material to be moved from areas of strong to areas of weak wave activity. The level of wave activity is determined by many factors such as the direction and fetch of the prevailing wind. Constant erosion on the coast works with longshore drift to straighten the overall shape of the beach. Spits are landforms that can form by longshore drift when the headland makes a sharp turn inland.
Longshore drift can have undesirable effects for humans, such as beach erosion. To prevent this, sea defenses such as groynes or gabions may be employed. Groynes are a common, inexpensive way of protecting a shoreline and act as barriers to physically stop sediment transport in the direction of longshore drift. Their purpose is to preserve a wide beachside (the side in which the prevailing wind occurs). This causes a build-up of the beach on the groyne's updrift side.
Where beaches have become severely eroded by longshore drift and little material is replaced by natural processes, then the material may be artificially replaced by beach nourishment.
Notes and references
External links
- Photos, animation and explanation for schools
- Intranet.lissjunior.hants.sch.uk has a brief animation on longshore drift.
- USGS — Coastal Erosion on Cape Cod
- Shore drift
- Longshore drift in South Carolina
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