Mountbatten of Burma, Adm Louis, Earl (1900-79), related by blood to the British royal family and the son of a First Sea Lord, then Battenberg, who had been hounded out of office in WW I by public hostility towards those of German descent, something that caused the royal family to change its name from Saxe-Coburg to Windsor. Mountbatten followed in his father's footsteps and chose to make the navy his career. He was a glamorous officer with the Mediterranean fleet, first specializing in signals and then commanding a succession of destroyers before becoming ADC to Edward VIII and George VI before WW II.

While it is possible that his royal connections and the wealth he enjoyed through marriage were not instrumental in advancing his career, this was not the opinion of his superiors, who resented him. Doubts about his competence were fairly raised when the destroyer HMS Kelly under his command was, most unusually for the type, sunk by dive-bombers off Crete in May 1941. But he showed great courage during the episode, which inspired Noel Coward's 1942 film In Which We Serve. Thereafter he was appointed to command Combined Operations in October 1941, over the heads of many. The appointment was largely socio-political, although Churchill may also have been influenced by the common touch Mountbatten had revealed during a propaganda visit to the USA in mid-1941. Combined Operations also needed a ‘fixer’ who could steer between inter-service rivalries, and Mountbatten's independent status fitted the role well.

He bears heavy responsibility for the fiasco of the August 1942 Dieppe raid, but arguably something similar along the north French coast would have to have taken place in 1942 in order to learn lessons for the seaborne invasions that, starting with TORCH that November, culminated in OVERLORD. His tenure was considered a success and he was appointed Supreme Commander South-East Asia. A similar style was needed there, that of a behind-the-scenes diplomat rather than a field commander. He and Slim complemented each other perfectly, and his semi-royal status was an advantage in India. He eased relations with the Americans, although ‘Vinegar Joe’ Stilwell was no more impressed by Mountbatten than he was by anyone else ever put in authority over him.

His tour at SEAC (South-East Asia Command) highlighted his love of luxury and ostentation, in sharp contrast to the bare-bones functionality of local military commands. But the post was really a political one, and extended into post-war decolonization, including his appointment as India's last viceroy. His love of pomp and elaborate uniforms and the liaisons formed by his active wife were appropriate to the place and time and helped smooth an extremely edgy transition, although not to prevent the violent partition of the subcontinent at independence.

He was a catalyst in the romance between his relative Philip and the later Queen Elizabeth II, was appointed First Sea Lord in 1956-8 and finally Chief of the Defence Staff in 1959-65, when he played a key role in the creation of an integrated Ministry of Defence. He was killed together with two young boys by an IRA booby trap on the pleasure craft he maintained in Ireland. India and Pakistan expressed the most forceful regrets and both their own and many other heads of state joined the entire royal family at his state funeral.

— Peter Caddick-Adams

Mountbatten, Louis (1900-79) (1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma) British statesman and admiral, born Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas Mountbatten in Windsor, England. As supreme Allied commander for Southeast Asia (1943-45) during World War II, Mountbatten conducted operations against Japanese-occupied Burma. Mountbatten was also the last viceroy (1947) and first governor general of India (1947-48), overseeing its transition to independence. Mountbatten was assassinated when Irish Republican Army terrorists planted a bomb on his yacht.

Mountbatten was the great-grandson of Queen Victoria.

See the Introduction, Abbreviations and Pronunciation for further details.

Louis Mountbatten (1900-1979) was one of the last of Britain's great war heroes. After his assassination by the IRA in 1979, the world joined Britain and India in mourning the loss of one of the most celebrated military men of the twentieth century.

Agreat-grandson of Queen Victoria was born June 25, 1900, on the grounds at Windsor Castle, and one month later was christened Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas. He was Prince Louis of Battenberg, born to Prince Louis and Princess Victoria (granddaughter of Queen Victoria), and his family had a rich and proud history of military service. Louis of Battenberg not only lived up to his family expectations, he surpassed them.

Two popular anecdotes from his early years followed Battenberg the rest of his life. The first was how as an infant he knocked the spectacles off his great-grandmother, Queen Victoria just moments before his christening. The second was how he received his nickname, "Dickie." From early on his family referred to him as "Nicky, " but a visit from Czar Nicholas of Russia prompted a change to Dickie, and the name stayed with him for life.

Early in His Career

Prince Louis of Battenberg was mostly home-schooled during the early years and attended Lockers Park preparatory boarding school before entering Osborne Naval Training College (the Royal Navy) at age 13; he entered Dartmouth Naval College a year later. In 1916 he served in Admiral Sir David Beatty's flagship H.M.S. Lion as a Midshipman.

At this time, Battenberg was making friends with Winston Churchill, his cousin "David, " (the future King Edward VIII) and most of the women he met. Soon he had the reputation of a playboy. Early on, it wasn't evident that Battenberg would be a success. His academic performance was only marginal, and he hadn't made a name for himself anywhere else. A shake-up in his family in regards to their heritage (and name) sobered his outlook.

During World War I, everything German and German-related was vilified in England. King George V, the grandson of the half-German Queen Victoria and the German Prince Albert, feared the wave of anti-German hysteria could reach the British Royal Family. Because of his German lineage, the senior Prince Louis of Battenberg was stripped of his title and position in the navy, and as a result, the title of "prince" was lost for the younger Louis as well. His father became the first Marquess of Milford Haven, and the family anglicized their name to Mountbatten. With newfound determination, Mountbatten gradually climbed the ranks through the navy.

In the summer of 1922 Mountbatten married Edwina Cynthia Annette Ashley. She was the heir to a sizable fortune, providing the couple with a comfortable lifestyle for the rest of their lives. Two years later, they had a daughter, Patricia. Another daughter, Pamela, was born seven years later. Anne Edwards, a biographer of Queen Elizabeth II, noted in her book The Royal Sisters that Mountbatten was "fond of children … a devoted father … and a concerned uncle to his sister's … son, Philip." (Philip, who later married the future Queen Elizabeth II, and his family were members of the exiled royal family of Greece.)

His Contributions to the Royal Navy

Mountbatten was successful in his professional life as well as his personal life. He created a device that bore his name and became standard equipment for all ships in the Royal Navy. The device enabled ships to keep an assured, clear distance from one another while steaming in line. He also pushed for arming British ships with machine guns. These guns provided excellent defense aerial attacks during World War II.

In 1939 he was promoted to Captain. Two years later Prime Minister Winston Churchill appointed Mountbatten Chief of Combined Operations with rank of Acting Vice-Admiral. He was in charge of planning the European Invasion. He also directed the invasion of Madagascar and commando raids on Norway and France. These raids became known as "butcher and bolt" raids and often left more casualties than success.

In 1943 Churchill and Roosevelt named Mountbatten the Supreme Allied Commander for Southeast Asia. He served in that capacity until 1946 and was responsible for the recapture of Burma from Japan. In 1945 he accepted the Japanese surrender at Singapore.

Throughout the war Mountbatten's wife worked near her husband, working for the welfare of the wounded, and after the war, she aided many prisoners of war. Together the press referred to Mountbatten and his wife as "The Fabulous Mountbattens, " and their popularity with servicemen and crew.

After the war, Mountbatten served as the last viceroy (governor of a country who rules as the representative of his king) of India from March through August of 1947. He oversaw the creation of India and Pakistan through negotiations with the Hindus and the Moslems. Although Britain was weakened from the war and could no longer hold onto India, many of the upperclass in England viewed Mountbatten as a traitor to his class and country for being instrumental in the dissolution of the British Empire.

During this time the title Lord Mountbatten of Burma was created; he also served as Governor-General of India for a year, from 1947-1948. He also, according to Edwards, attended "the wedding that had been his lifelong dream-his nephew Philip [married] the future Queen of England" in November, 1947. Edwards noted that it really wasn't a secret that "from early in his youth, Philip had been a pawn in his uncle's ambitions … and was being groomed for the future role of Prince Consort."

The next year Mountbatten was promoted to Vice-Admiral. The rank of Fourth Sea Lord followed in 1950. He also served as Chief of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) forces in the Mediterranean. Promotions continued-to Admiral the following year-and he attained the height of his professional career on April 18, 1955, when he was named First Sea Lord. This was the exact title stripped from his father all those years ago. The following year he was promoted Admiral of the Fleet. In these capacities Mountbatten oversaw numerous changes in Britain's defense system, such as guided missile ships and nuclear submarines.

It was also around this time that he became the confidant of his great-nephew, Prince Charles, the future king of England. According to the A & E Biography profile Prince Charles: Born to be King, Charles turned to Mountbatten for "support and guidance, " and viewed him as a "honorary grandfather."

Throughout his career, Mountbatten was known to be ruthless. He used his status to get his way, and often publically and privately criticized his peers. He also enjoyed both recognition for his successes and ceremonies where he could dress in his military uniform, adorned in medals and honors. In his obituary, The New York Times attributed the following quote to Mountbatten, "I am the most conceited man I have ever known." This attitude often alienated Mountbatten from his peers and simultaneously made him popular with commoners.

The End of His Life

His wife died in 1960, and Mountbatten retired five years later, though he remained a confidant to Queen Elizabeth II and his nephew, Prince Philip. He also continued to advise Prince Charles, according to the A & E profile, encouraging Charles to join the Royal Navy and "to play the field and have lots of affairs before he settled down." Although he was often considered irritating and annoying, Mountbatten was respected by both royalty and ordinary people, and was almost universally loved.

In 1979, a bomb demolished his fishing boat in waters off the northwest coast of Ireland near his family summer home, on August 27. Mountbatten, his 14-year-old grandson, and a friend of his grandson were all killed instantly. He became the IRA's most famous victim. A member of the Provisional wing of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) was later convicted of his murder.

Mountbatten's funeral at Westminster Abbey was considered the most-outstanding tribute to any military personnel since the Duke of Wellington was buried in 1852. His great-nephew, Prince Charles, was one of many who paid tribute to him at the funeral. He was buried in an abbey at Romsey near his Hampshire home. After 50 years of service to the Royal Navy, he was buried facing the sea.

Further Reading

Butler, David, Lord Mountbatten: The Last Viceroy, Methuen, 1985.

Edwards, Anne, The Royal Sisters, Jove Books, 1991.

Hough, Richard, Mountbatten, Random House, 1981.

New York Times Biographical Service, August 1979, p. 1099.

Prince Charles: Born to be King, Arts & Entertainment (A & E) Television Network (April 13, 1998).

For more information on Louis Mountbatten 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, visit Britannica.com.

Mountbatten, Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma (1900-79). Naval commander and statesman. Mountbatten was born to a family closely related to the house of Windsor. After a spectacular career in the navy, in April 1942 he was made commander of combined operations against occupied Europe. In August 1943 he became supreme allied commander for south-east Asia and led the campaign to recover Burma and Malaya from the Japanese. In December 1946 he was appointed the last viceroy of India to oversee the transfer of power, which took place on 15 August 1947. He was chief of the defence staff from 1959 to 1965. He was murdered in Ireland by the IRA.

Earl Mountbatten of Burma (mountbăt'ən) , 1900–1979, British admiral; great-grandson of Queen Victoria and uncle of Philip Mountbatten, duke of Edinburgh. He entered the navy as a cadet in 1913 and saw service as a midshipman in World War I. At the outbreak of World War II he was a commander in the dangerous destroyer service until he returned to England to become adviser to and later director (1942–43) of combined operations; he directed the commando raids upon Norway and France. In 1943 he was appointed to head the Southeast Asia Command and commanded Allied operations against the Japanese in Burma. As the last British viceroy of India (1947) he concluded the negotiations for independence and the creation of the states of India and Pakistan. He then served briefly (1947–48) as governor-general of the dominion of India. He was created an earl in 1947. As chief of the defense staff (1959–65), he worked to integrate the various branches of the armed forces. He became governor (1965) of the Isle of Wight and then lord lieutenant (1974). In 1979 he was assassinated by terrorists affiliated with the Irish Republican Army.

Bibliography

See D. Butler, Lord Mountbatten: The Last Viceroy (1986); P. Ziegler, Mountbatten (1986); A. von Tunzelmann, Indian Summer: The Secret History of the End of an Empire (2007).