Louis XIII of France

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Louis XIII (1601-1643) was king of France from 1610 to 1643. A soldier and an austere, active Catholic, he was intent on securing the majesty of his crown, rendering justice, and protecting his subjects.

Born in Fontainebleau on Sept. 16, 1601, Louis XIII was the eldest of the six children of Henry IV and Marie de Médicis. He spent his early years with his brothers, sisters, and the children of the royal mistresses, as well as a governess, doctor, and tutor. But, deprived of maternal tenderness, frequently whipped, and usually in bad health, he was a solitary child, melancholy and fearful but at times suspicious, irritable, haughty, and stubborn. These traits were important in the politics of his reign.

Louis was not yet 9 years old when his father was stabbed to death. His mother was regent until 1614 and ruled in fact until 1617 amidst a continuing political crisis. She planned marriages to unite Louis with Anna of Hapsburg (Anne of Austria), daughter of Philip III of Spain, and Louis's sister Elizabeth with the future Philip IV of Spain. This aroused strong opposition from Catholic defenders of the independence of the Gallican Church as well as from Protestants. Another cause of discontent was Marie's favor for two greedy foreigners, Leonora Galigai and her husband, Concino Concini. The great magnates, led by Louis's second cousin, the Prince of Condé, opposed the Spanish marriages, but above all they resented their exclusion from the regency government; they took up arms. The queen regent convoked the representatives of the clergy, nobility, and Third Estate in the Estates General of 1614. Sharp divergences between the three orders, and royalist sentiment in the clergy and in the Third Estate, enabled her to exercise control. The Spanish marriages were celebrated in 1615. After some further difficulties with the Prince of Condé, she returned to her dependence on Concini.

Conflict with the Queen Mother

Louis entered political life suddenly in April 1617 as the head of a plot against his mother. A captain of the guards shot and killed Concini on the steps of the Louvre; the judges in the Parlement of Paris condemned Leonora as a witch, and she was beheaded. The King exiled his mother to the château of Blois. Relying for advice on his former falconer, Charles d'Albert, whom he named Duke of Luynes, he sent troops to help the Duke of Savoy against an invading Spanish army and reestablished Catholic worship and property in Béarn in 1620. It required 2 years to come to terms with the resulting Protestant rebellion.

Without consulting his mother, Louis had agreed to the marriage of his sister Chrétienne to a son of the Duke of Savoy. Infuriated, the queen entered into a plot and, having climbed down a rope ladder on a winter night in 1619 to escape from Blois, joined in armed risings against Louis. He mastered them easily. Through the mediation of her adviser, Richelieu, she was sufficiently reconciled with her son in 1620 to reside in Paris. After Luynes's death, she entered the King's council in 1622. Richelieu was made a cardinal, and finally, acceding to his mother's advice, the King appointed Richelieu to his council in April 1624.

King and Cardinal

Louis never became the helpless instrument of a tyrannical ecclesiastic that various 19th-century novelists depicted. The relations between the King and his minister were complex, based on growing trust and constant communication between them and supported by the collaboration of a group of councilors assembled gradually by Richelieu.

The King pursued the policy of reducing the military and political independence of the Protestants, although continuing to allow protestant worship. The principal events were the siege of La Rochelle, lasting more than a year and ending in October 1628, and the King's descent on Languedoc, where his troops razed Privas in blood and flames, leading other Protestant towns to surrender. He issued the pacification edict of Alès in June 1629.

Louis's most consequential decision was to persist in intervening in northern Italy in 1630 in order to maintain a French garrison in Pinerolo at the foot of the Alps. This entailed the active hostility of the Hapsburgs in Madrid and Vienna and the likelihood of war against them for the sake of the international role that Richelieu suggested. It involved renouncing the program of reform at home and peace with all Catholic powers abroad urged by the keeper of the seals, Michel de Marillac, and supported by the queen mother. It led directly to the "great storm" in the Luxembourg palace on Nov. 10, 1630: a conversation between Louis and his mother, interrupted by Richelieu's entrance, became a scene in which she screamed and sobbed imprecations against the cardinal, who fell to his knees, weeping, until Louis, silent and pale, left for Versailles. To the surprise of courtiers, the King sent for Richelieu next day ("the day of the dupes"). Louis dismissed Marillac and ordered Marillac's brother, a general, arrested, tried, and finally beheaded. Marie de Médicis fled to Brussels, where she spent the rest of her life.

The King's feckless brother Gaston long remained the heir apparent, a source of hope for highly placed conspirators and hence the center of plots smashed by the implacable king. The Queen, after three miscarriages during the 1620s, finally gave birth to a son in 1638 and another son in 1640.

Throughout the reign, especially during the war against Spain which began in 1635 and brought increasing taxation and popular distress, there were revolts in various provinces. The misery of the populace troubled Louis. But he gave a higher priority to warfare, and on horseback he accompanied his soldiers to invade Lorraine (1635), to recover the French town of Corbie (1636), and to be present at sieges in Spanish territories along the frontier, Artois (1639, 1640) and Roussillon (1642).

Five months after Richelieu's death, Louis died, apparently of complications of intestinal tuberculosis, on May 14, 1643, in the Louvre.

Further Reading

The best history of the reign is by Victor L. Tapié but has not yet been translated from French. Louis's personal life is well presented in three books by Louis Batiffol, only one of which is in English, Marie de Médicis and the French Court in the XVIIth Century, translated by Mary King and edited by H. W. Carless Davis (1908). See also Hester W. Chapman, Privileged Persons: Four Seventeenth-century Studies (1966).

Louis XIII (France) (1601–1643; ruled 1610–1643), king of France. The historical reputation of Louis XIII has been overshadowed by two figures close to him—his chief minister, Cardinal Richelieu (1585–1642), and his son and successor, Louis XIV (ruled 1643–1715). Cardinal Richelieu stands as the personification of seventeenth-century statecraft, and his steely brilliance is generally credited for bringing France from its sorry state following the Wars of Religion to the verge of greatness. And history has enshrined Louis XIV as the French king par excellence, the very embodiment of royalty in all its grandeur and power. In comparison, the stammering Louis XIII—sickly, dependent on a series of favorites, beleaguered by a quarrelsome family and a factious court—seems a ruler of diminished stature indeed. This second of the Bourbon kings, however, deserves a more exalted place in history, if only because his reign witnessed the decisive consolidation of monarchical power and France's rise to European prominence.

Rise to Power

Louis's reign formally began upon the assassination of his father Henry IV (ruled 1589–1610) in 1610, but the government remained in the hands of his mother, Marie de Médicis (1573–1642), who ruled as regent until 1617. The regency was a turbulent time, marred by noble conspiracies and revolts, the ascendancy of Concino Concini, Marie's Italian favorite, over the court, and the calling of the Estates-General in 1614. In 1617 Louis took power in a veritable coup d'état that ended with the ignominious execution of Concini and his wife. Historians looking to credit Louis with more initiative and political savvy than he is usually accorded have pointed to this decisive act by a fifteen-year-old. And in general it should be noted that Louis faced a series of daunting challenges, both at home and abroad, including near-permanent opposition, often rebellion, from his mother and brother and the growing crisis of the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), while still a teenager and a young man in his twenties.

Louis and Richelieu

The coup d'état of 1617 was the first in a series of acts that served as turning points in Louis's reign, demonstrating his deep and precocious appreciation of the craft of kingship. In fact, despite his sometime obsessive predilection for the hunt, Louis was, like his son, a dutiful ruler, fully cognizant of the demands of his position. His initiative was next displayed in 1624, when he appointed Richelieu to the royal council. This was a move fraught with potential difficulties, for Richelieu was his mother's man, a figure of formidable and widely recognized talents yet still identified with the dévot ('devout') position that saw alliance with the Habsburgs as France's proper course. The choice, however, turned out to be a brilliant stroke of talent spotting. Richelieu brought discipline, intellectual rigor, and an enormous capacity for work to the royal cabinet. He also made himself a student of Louis's personality, taking pains to learn how to balance the delicate task of both coaxing and respecting his king's will. Together they managed to concentrate royal power in a partnership that many great noblemen and especially the queen mother and the king's brother Gaston (duc d'Orléans; 1608–1660) deeply resented. But it was a partnership that soon bore fruit in the successful siege of the Huguenot stronghold La Rochelle in 1627–1628, which not only demonstrated the royal resolve in the face of a Calvinist threat but also freed France to pursue an anti-Habsburg policy in Europe.

Despite the success of La Rochelle, the partnership of Louis and Richelieu and the foreign policy course they had set upon nearly foundered the following year. The so-called Day of Dupes was another crisis that illustrated Louis's ability to act on his own. On the night of 10–11 November 1630 the queen mother demanded that Louis dismiss his minister, a move that would have altered both the king's authority and France's European alignments. To everyone's surprise, including Marie's, the king chose to keep Richelieu as his chief minister. Soon Marie de Médicis was in exile in Brussels, not to return to the realm for the rest of her life. Louis and Richelieu were free to pursue their anti-Habsburg foreign policy. In 1635 France formally entered the Thirty Years' War.

Even before that, Louis was preoccupied with martial matters. He had to face down a series of revolts, rebellions, and conspiracies—from his mother, brother, great noblemen like Henry II de Montmorency, Huguenots, peasants, and even court favorites. Backed by Richelieu, he responded in most cases with what many considered as shocking severity: his reign was the most costly in terms of noble heads lost to the executioner's axe. The notorious duelist François-Henri de Montmorency-Bouteville ended up on the block in 1627, as did his rebellious cousin Henri II de Montmorency in 1632, despite their family's long history of royal service, their personal popularity and charm, and the pleas for clemency from the highest ranks of society. Louis's last favorite, Henri Coeffier-Ruzé d'Effiat, marquis de Cinq-Mars, along with his supposed coconspirator François-Auguste de Thou, also died on the scaffold in 1642 for plotting with the Spanish. In war Louis displayed the same resolve. Well before France's formal entry into the Thirty Years' War, he engaged the Spanish and Habsburgs on several fronts, especially in northern Italy. He saw himself as a warrior-king, frequently exposing himself to great danger by personally leading his armies into battle.

Louis's martial bent contrasted with other aspects of his personality. He was constantly ill and several times at death's door. He abhorred ceremony and indeed cut a poor figure in public. He suffered from neglect, even abuse, as a child and received a poor education at court. (His childhood and youth were documented in extraordinary detail in a journal kept by his personal physician Jean Héroard, providing a remarkable, unequaled view of the upbringing of an early modern ruler.) Unlike his mother and Richelieu, Louis displayed little interest in the arts outside of the dance. He was a sincere Catholic, modeling himself on his saintly predecessor Louis IX (ruled 1226–1270), and in 1638 he placed himself under the personal protection of the Virgin. His marriage to Anne of Austria in 1615 took four years to consummate, and their married life was marked by long periods of estrangement. Louis, however, seems to have remained faithful to his wife, despite a series of attachments to male and female courtiers alike. The birth of the dauphin in 1638, after years of inactivity in the marriage bed, was considered a minor miracle. Only five years later—and a year after the death of his cardinal-minister—Louis died at the age of forty-two. His legacy was a mixed one: on the one hand, a stronger France and a refurbished monarchy; on the other, deepening involvement in a costly European war that only fueled discontent at home.

Bibliography

Chevallier, Pierre. Louis XIII, roi cornélien. Paris, 1979.

Marvick, Elizabeth Wirth. Louis XIII: The Making of a King. New Haven, 1986.

Moote, A. Lloyd. Louis XIII, the Just. Berkeley, 1989.

—ROBERT A. SCHNEIDER

Louis XIII
King of France and Navarre,
Reign	14 May 1610 – 14 May 1643
Coronation	17 October 1610
Predecessor	Henry IV
Successor	Louis XIV
Spouse	Anne of Austria
Issue
Louis XIV Philippe I, Duke of Orléans
Father	Henry IV
Mother	Marie de' Medici
Born	27 September 1601(1601-09-27) Château de Fontainebleau, France
Died	14 May 1643 (aged 41) Paris, France
Burial	Saint Denis Basilica, France

For the cognac, see Louis XIII de Rémy Martin.

Louis XIII (27 September 1601 – 14 May 1643) reigned as King of France and Navarre from 1610 to 1643.

Contents 1 Early life, 1601—1610 2 Speech impediment 3 Rule of Marie de' Medici, 1610—1617 4 Ascendancy of Charles de Luynes, 1617—1621 5 Rule by Council, 1622—1624 6 Ministry of Cardinal Richelieu, 1624—1643 7 Relationships and issue 7.1 Duke of Orléans 7.2 Marriage 7.3 Issue 7.4 Sexuality 8 Louis XIII in fiction and film 9 Notes 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links 14 Ancestors 15 References

Early life, 1601—1610

Born at the Château de Fontainebleau, Louis XIII was the eldest child of Henri IV of France (1589-1610) and Marie de' Medici (1575-1642). As son of the king, he was a Fils de France, and as the eldest son, the Dauphin. His father was the first Bourbon King of France, having succeeded his ninth cousin, Henry III of France (1574–1589), in application of Salic law. Louis XIII's paternal grandparents were Antoine de Bourbon, duc de Vendôme and Jeanne d'Albret, Queen of Navarre; his maternal grandparents were Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and Johanna, archduchess of Austria, and Eleonora de' Medici, his maternal aunt, was his godmother^[1]

Speech impediment

James I’s ambassador to Paris, Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury, who presented his credentials to Louis XIII in 1619, remarked on Louis’ extreme congenital speech impediment, and his double teeth:

…I presented to the king [Louis] a letter of credence from the king [James] my master: the king [Louis] assured me of a reciprocal affection to the king [James] my master, and of my particular welcome to his court: his words were never many, as being so extream [sic] a stutterer that he would sometimes hold his tongue out of his mouth a good while before he could speak so much as one word; he had besides a double row of teeth, and was observed seldom or never to spit or blow his nose, or to sweat much, 'tho he were very laborious, and almost indefatigable in his exercises of hunting and hawking, to which he was much addicted…^[2]

Rule of Marie de' Medici, 1610—1617

Coin of Louis XIII, struck 1612
Obverse: (French) LOYS XIII, ROY DE FRANCE ET NAVARRE, in English: "Louis XIII, King of France and Navarre."	Reverse: (French) DOVBLE TOVRNOIS, 1612, in English: "Double Tournois, 1612."

Louis XIII ascended to the throne in 1610, at the age of eight and a half, upon the assassination of his father. His mother, Marie de' Medici, acted as Regent until Louis XIII came of age at thirteen. Marie maintained most of her husband's ministers, with the exception of Maximilien de Béthune, duc de Sully, who was unpopular in the country. She mainly relied on Nicolas de Neufville, seigneur de Villeroy, Noël Brûlart de Sillery, and Pierre Jeannin. Marie pursued a moderate policy, confirming the Edict of Nantes. She was not, however, able to prevent rebellion by nobles like Henry II de Bourbon, prince de Condé, the next-in-line to the throne. Condé did squabble with Marie in 1614, briefly raising an army, but he received little support, and Marie was able to raise her own army. Nevertheless, Marie agreed to call an Estates General assembly to address Condé's grievances.

Louis in 1616.

This Estates General assembly was delayed until Louis XIII formally came of age on his thirteenth birthday. Although Louis's coming of age formally ended Marie's regency, she remained the de facto ruler of France. The Estates General accomplished little, spending its time discussing the relationship of France to the Papacy and the venality of offices, but not reaching any resolutions.

Beginning in 1615, Marie came to rely increasingly on Concino Concini, who now assumed the role of her favourite. This further antagonized Condé, who launched another rebellion in 1616. Huguenot leaders supported Condé's rebellion, which led the young Louis XIII to conclude that they would never be loyal subjects. Soon, however, the bishop of Luçon joined this rebellion.

In the meantime, Charles d'Albert, the Grand Falconer of France, convinced Louis XIII that he should break with his mother and support the rebels. As a result, Concino Concini was assassinated (24 April 1617) and Marie was sent into exile in Blois. Louis created Charles d'Albert, his new favourite, the first duke of Luynes.

Ascendancy of Charles de Luynes, 1617—1621

Charles de Luynes (1578-1621), royal favourite, 1617-1621.

Luynes soon became as unpopular as Concini had been. Other nobles resented what they saw as Luynes's monopolization of the king. Luynes was seen as not as competent as Henri IV's ministers, who had surrounded Marie de' Medici, and who were now dying off.

The Thirty Years' War broke out in 1618. The French court was initially unsure what side to support. On the one hand, France's traditional rivalry with the House of Habsburg argued in favour of intervening on behalf of the Protestant powers. On the other hand, Louis XIII had had a strict religious Catholic upbringing, and his natural inclination was therefore to support the Catholic Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand II.

The French nobles were further antagonized against Luynes by the 1618 revocation of the paulette tax and by the sale of offices in 1620. From her exile in Blois, Marie de' Medici became the obvious rallying point for this discontent, and the bishop of Luçon was allowed to act as her chief adviser, serving as a go-between to Marie and the King.

French nobles launched a rebellion in 1620, but their forces were easily routed by royal forces at Les Ponts-de-Cé in August 1620. Louis then launched an expedition against the Huguenots of Béarn who had defied a number of royal decisions. This expedition managed to re-establish Catholicism in Béarn. However, the Béarn expedition drove Huguenots in other provinces into a rebellion led by Henri, duc de Rohan.

In 1621, Louis XIII was formally reconciled with his mother. Luynes was created Constable of France and Louis and Luynes set out to quell the Huguenot rebellion. The siege at the Huguenot stronghold of Montauban had to be abandoned after three months, owing to the large number of royal troops who had succumbed to camp fever. One of the victims of camp fever was Luynes, who died in December 1621.

Rule by Council, 1622—1624

A young Louis XIII.

Following the death of Luynes, Louis determined that he would rule by council. His mother returned from exile and, in 1622, entered this council where Henry II de Bourbon, prince de Condé recommended violent suppression of the Huguenots. The 1622 campaign, however, followed the pattern of the previous year: royal forces won some early victories, but were unable to complete a siege, this time at the fortress of Montpellier.

The rebellion was ended by the Treaty of Montpellier, signed by Louis XIII and Henri, duc de Rohan in October 1622. The treaty confirmed the tenets of the Edict of Nantes: several Huguenot fortresses were to be razed, but the Huguenots retained control of Montauban and La Rochelle.

Louis ultimately dismissed Noël Brûlart de Sillery and Pierre Brulart, vicomte de Puisieux in 1624 because of his displeasure with how they handled the diplomatic situation over the Valtellina with Spain. Valtellina was an area with Catholic inhabitants under the suzerainty of the Protestant Grisons. It served as an important route to Italy for France. Spain was constantly interfering in the Valtellina, which angered Louis.

Ministry of Cardinal Richelieu, 1624—1643

Louis XIII on horseback, with Cardinal Richelieu.

Cardinal Richelieu played a major role in Louis XIII's administration from 1624, decisively shaping the destiny of France for the next eighteen years. As a result of Richelieu's work, Louis XIII became one of the first examples of an absolute monarch. Under Louis and Richelieu, the crown successfully intervened in the Thirty Years' War against the Habsburgs, managed to keep the French nobility in line, and retracted the political and military privileges granted to the Huguenots by Henry IV (while maintaining their religious freedoms). In addition, Louis had the port of Le Havre modernized and he built a powerful navy.

Unfortunately, time and circumstances never permitted the King and the Cardinal to attend to the administrative reforms (particularly of France's tax system) which were urgently needed.

Louis also worked to reverse the trend of promising French artists leaving for Italy to work and study. He commissioned the painters Nicolas Poussin and Philippe de Champaigne to decorate the Louvre. In foreign matters, Louis organized the development and administration of New France, expanding its settlements westward along the Saint Lawrence River from Quebec City to Montreal.

Royal styles of King Louis XIII Par la grâce de Dieu, Roi de France et de Navarre Reference style His Most Christian Majesty Spoken style Your Most Christian Majesty Alternative style Monsieur Le Roi

Relationships and issue

Duke of Orléans

On two occasions the King's younger brother, Gaston, Duke of Orléans had to leave France for conspiring against the King's government, and for attempting to undermine the influence of both his mother and of Cardinal Richelieu. After waging an unsuccessful war in Languedoc, he took refuge in Flanders. In 1643, on the death of Louis XIII, Gaston became lieutenant-general of the kingdom, and fought against Spain on the northern frontiers of France.

Marriage

On 24 November 1615, Louis XIII married Anne of Austria, daughter of Philip III of Spain. This marriage followed a tradition of cementing military and political alliances between the Catholic powers of France and Spain with royal marriages. The tradition went back to the marriage of Philip II of Spain with the French princess, Elisabeth of Valois. The marriage was only briefly happy, and the king's duties often kept them apart. After twenty-three years of marriage and four miscarriages, Anne finally gave birth to a son in 1638, the future Louis XIV.

Many regarded this birth as a divine miracle and, in show of gratitude to God for the long-awaited birth of an heir, his parents named him Louis-Dieudonné (“God-given”). As another sign of gratitude, according to several interpretations, seven months before his birth, France was dedicated by Louis XIII to the Virgin Mary, who, many believed, had interceded for the perceived miracle.^[3][4][5] However, the text of the dedication does not mention the royal pregnancy and birth as one of its reasons. Also, Louis XIII himself is said to have expressed his skepticism with regards to the miracle after his son's birth.^[6]

Issue

The couple had the following children:

Name	Lifespan	Notes
stillborn child	December 1619
stillborn child	14 March 1622
stillborn child	1626
stillborn child	April 1631
Louis de France, King of France	5 September 1638 – 1 September 1715	Married Maria Theresa of Austria (1638-1683) in 1660. Had issue.
Philippe de France, Duke of Orléans	21 September 1640 – 8 June 1701	married (1) Princess Henrietta Anne of England (1644-1670) in 1661. Had issue. Married (2) Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate (1652-1722) in 1671. Had issue.

Sexuality

There is no evidence that Louis had mistresses (consequently earning the title of 'Louis the Chaste'), but persistent rumours insinuated that he may have been homosexual or at least bisexual. Tallemant des Réaux, drawing from rumors told to him by a critic of the king (the marquise de Rambouillet), explicitly speculated in his Historiettes what happened in the king's bed. A liaison with an equerry, François de Baradas, ended when the latter lost favour fighting a duel after duelling had been forbidden by royal decree.^[7] He was also allegedly captivated by Marquis de Cinq-Mars, who was later executed for conspiring with the Spanish enemy in time of war. Tallemant described how on a royal journey, the king "sent M. le Grand [de Cinq-Mars] to undress, who returned, adorned like a bride. 'To bed, to bed' he said to him impatiently... and the mignon was not in before the king was already kissing his hands."^[8]

Louis XIII in fiction and film

Louis XIII as painted by Justus van Egmont in the 1670s.

• Louis XIII, his wife Anne, and Cardinal Richelieu all became central figures in Alexandre Dumas, père's novel, The Three Musketeers and subsequent film adaptations. The book depicts Louis as a man willing to have Richelieu as a powerful advisor but aware of his scheming; he is depicted as a bored and sour man, dwarfed by Richelieu's intellect. Films such as the 1948 version or the 1973 version tend to treat Louis XIII as comical character by depicting him as bumbling and incompetent.
• Louis XIII, his wife Anne, Cardinal Richelieu, Cardinal Mazarin and members of the royal family are mentioned throughout the course of the 1632 Series.
• Louis XIII also appears in novels of Robert Merle's Fortune de France series.
• Ken Russell directed the film The Devils, in which Louis XIII is a significant character, albeit one with no resemblance to the real man. Louis XIII is portrayed as an effeminate homosexual who amuses himself by shooting Protestants dressed up as birds. The film was based on Aldous Huxley's book The Devils of Loudun.
• Louis XIII also appears in the Doctor Who audio drama The Church and the Crown.
• In the opening of the comic adaptation of the movie, "GI Joe: The Rise of Cobra", Louis XIII is referenced. Destro's ancestor is forced to wear an iron mask for the crime of selling arms to both Louis XIII and his enemies. The year given for this event is 1641.

Notes

1. ^ James, Ralph N. (1897). Painters and Their Works. Michigan: University of Michigan. pp. 421. http://books.google.com/books?id=LoSQhHjfwpoC&printsec=titlepage&dq=#PPP1,M1. 
2. ^ Herbert of Cherbury, 1830, p.116.
3. ^ Our Lady of Graces and the birth of Louis XIV The website of the Sanctuary of Our Lady at Cotignac, Provence. Retrieved on 2008-01-24
4. ^ Henri Bremond, La Provence mystique au XVIIe siècle, Paris: Plon-Nourrit, 1908. p. 381. "Sans l'assurance d'avoir un fils, Louis XIII n'aurait pas fait le voeu de 1638." Translation: "Without the assurance of having a son, Louis XIII would not have made the vow of 1638."
5. ^ "Louis XIV". MSN Encata. 2008. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572792/Louis_XIV.html. Retrieved 2008-01-20. 
6. ^ Dulong, Claude, Anne d’Autriche. Paris: Hachette, 1980. "Irrité de voir tant de courtisans parler de "miracle", Louis XIII aurait répliqué que "ce n'était point là si grand miracle qu'un mari couchât avec sa femme et lui fasse un enfant." Translation: "Irritated to see so many courtiers speak of a “miracle”, Louis XIII is said to have replied: “it was not such a great miracle that a husband slept with his wife and made her a child.”"^{[page needed]}
7. ^ Cromption, Louis, Homosexuality and Civilization, London, 1991. The grandson of Henry III, Saint-Luc, penned the irreverent rhyme: 'Become a bugger, Baradas / if you are not already one / like Maugiron my grandfather / and La Valette'.^{[page needed]}
8. ^ Cromption, Louis, Homosexuality and Civilization, London, 1991.^{[page needed]}

See also

• Absolute monarchy in France
• French monarchs family tree
• Charles II of Guise-Lorraine, Duke of Elbeuf

References

• Bremond, Henri, La Provence mystique au XVIIe siècle, Paris: Plon-Nourrit, 1908.
• Cromption, Louis, Homosexuality and Civilization, London, 1991.
• Dulong, Claude, Anne d’Autriche. Paris: Hachette, 1980.
• Herbert of Cherbury, Edward, The Life of Edward, Lord Herbert of Cherbury, Whittaker, Treacher, and Arnot:London, 1830.
• James,Ralph N., Painters and Their Works , University of Michigan, 1897.

Further reading

• Howell, James "Louis XIII" English historiographer Royal 1661-1666
• Huxley, Aldous. "The Devils of Loudun". The 1952 book tells the story of the trial of Urbain Grandier, priest of the town who was tortured and burned at the stake in 1634.
• Knecht, Robert, Renaissance France, genealogies, Baumgartner, genealogical tables.
• Moote, A. Lloyd. Louis XIII, the Just. Berkeley; Los Angeles; London: University of California Press, 1991, (paperback), ISBN 0-520-07546-3).
• Willis, Daniel A. (comp). The Descendants of Louis XIII. Clearfield, 1999.

External links

• The Three Musketeers at Project Gutenberg
• The French Army 1600-1900
• Free scores by Louis XIII of France in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)

Ancestors

Ancestors of Louis XIII of France

16. François de Bourbon, Count of Vendôme

8. Charles de Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme

17. Marie de Luxembourg

4. Antoine of Navarre

18. René of Alençon

9. Françoise of Alençon

19. Marguerite de Lorraine

2. Henry IV of France

20. John III of Navarre

10. Henry II of Navarre

21. Catherine of Navarre

5. Jeanne III of Navarre

22. Charles, Count of Angoulême

11. Marguerite de Navarre

23. Louise of Savoy

1. Louis XIII of France

24. Giovanni dalle Bande Nere

12. Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany

25. Maria Salviati

6. Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany

26. Pedro Álvarez de Toledo

13. Eleonora di Toledo

27. Maria Osorio

3. Marie de' Medici

28. Philip I of Castile

14. Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor

29. Joanna of Castile

7. Johanna of Austria

30. Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary

15. Anna of Bohemia and Hungary

31. Anna of Foix-Candale

Louis XIII of France House of Bourbon Cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty Born: 27 September 1601 Died: 14 May 1643
Regnal titles
Preceded by Henri IV	King of France 14 May 1610 – 20 October 1620	Titles unified
	King of Navarre as Louis II 14 May 1610 – 20 October 1620
	Co-Prince of Andorra 14 May 1610 – 20 October 1620	Title merged into French crown
New title former Titles unified	King of France and Navarre 20 October 1620 – 14 May 1643	Succeeded by Louis XIV
Preceded by Felipe IV of Spain	Count of Barcelona as Lluís I 1641 – 14 May 1643
French royalty
Preceded by François II	Dauphin of France 27 September 1601 – 14 May 1610	Succeeded by Louis XIV
Preceded by Henri IV	Dauphin of Viennois as Louis IV 27 September 1601 – 14 May 1610
Preceded by Henry II de Bourbon, prince de Condé	Heir to the Throne as Heir apparent 27 September 1601 — 14 May 1610	Succeeded by Nicholas Henri, Duke of Orléans

v • d • e Princes of France The first generation are the children of Henri IV; these males held the rank of Son of France or Grand son of France; 1st Generation Louis XIII  · Nicolas Henri, Duke of Orléans*  · Gaston, Duke of Orléans* 2nd Generation Louis XIV  · Philippe, Duke of Orléans  · Jean Gaston, Duke of Valois* 3rd Generation Louis, Dauphin of France  · Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou*  · Louis François, Duke of Anjou*  · Philippe Charles, Duke of Valois*  · Alexandre Louis, Duke of Valois*  · Philippe, Duke of Orléans 4th Generation Louis, Duke of Burgundy  · King Felipe of Spain  · Charles, Duke of Berry* 5th Generation Louis, Duke of Brittany*  · Louis, Duke of Brittany*  · Louis XV 6th Generation Louis, Dauphin of France  · Philippe, Duke of Anjou* 7th Generation Louis, Duke of Burgundy*  · Xavier, Duke of Aquitaine*  · Louis XVII*  · Louis XVIII*  · Charles X 8th Generation Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France*  · Louis XVII*  · Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême*  · Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry *died without surviving issue

v • d • e Dauphins of France and their Dauphine The generations indicate descent form Henry IV of France, founder of the Royal Bourbon line in France. 1st Generation none 2nd Generation Louis, 18th Dauphin* (1601-1610) 3rd Generation Louis, 19th Dauphin* (1638-1643) 4th Generation Louis, 20th Dauphin (1661-1711) - Duchess Maria Anna of Bavaria  · 5th Generation Louis, 21st Dauphin (1711-1712) - Princess Maria Adelaide of Savoy 6th Generation Louis, 22nd Dauphin (1712)  · Louis, 23rd Dauphin* (1712-1715) 7th Generation Louis-Ferdinand, 24th Dauphin (1729–1765) - Infanta Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain - Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony 8th Generation Louis Auguste, 25th Dauphin* (1765-1770) - Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria 9th Generation Louis Joseph, 26th Dauphin (1781-1789)  · Louis Charles, 27th Dauphin* (1789-1791)  · Louis Antoine, 28th Dauphin - Princess Marie Thérèse Charlotte of France *later succeeded as King of France and Navarre

v • d • e List of French monarchs Carolingians (843–888, 898–922, 936–987) Pepin (751–768) • Carloman I (768–771) • Charlemagne (768–814) • Louis I (814–840) • Charles I (843–877) • Louis II (877–879) • Louis III (879–882) • Carloman II (879–884) • Charles II (885–888) • Charles III (898–922) • Louis IV (936–954) • Lothair (954–986) • Louis V (986–987) Robertians (888–898, 922–923) Odo of Paris (888–898) • Robert I (922–923) Bosonids (923–936) Rudolph (923–936) House of Capet (987–1328) Hugh (987–996) • Robert II (996–1031) • Henry I (1031–1060) • Philip I (1060–1108) • Louis VI (1108–1137) • Louis VII (1137–1180) • Philip II (1180–1223) • Louis VIII (1223–1226) • Louis IX (1226–1270) • Philip III (1270–1285) • Philip IV (1285–1314) • Louis X (1314–1316) • John I (1316) • Philip V (1316–1322) • Charles IV (1322–1328) House of Valois (1328–1498) Philip VI (1328–1350) • John II (1350–1364) • Charles V (1364–1380) • Charles VI (1380–1422) • Charles VII (1422–1461) • Louis XI (1461–1483) • Charles VIII (1483–1498) House of Lancaster (1422–1453) Henry VI of England (1422–1453) (disputed) House of Valois-Orléans (1498–1515) Louis XII (1498–1515) House of Valois-Angoulême (1515–1589) Francis I (1515–1547) • Henry II (1547–1559) • Francis II (1559–1560) • Charles IX (1560–1574) • Henry III (1574–1589) House of Bourbon (1589–1792) Henry IV (1589–1610) • Louis XIII (1610–1643) • Louis XIV (1643–1715) • Louis XV (1715–1774) • Louis XVI (1774–1792) • Louis XVII (claimant, 1792–1795) House of Bonaparte First Empire (1804–1814, 1815) Napoleon I (1804–1814, 1815) • Napoleon II (1815) House of Bourbon Bourbon Restoration (1814, 1815–1830) Louis XVIII (1814–1815, 1815–1824) • Charles X (1824–1830) • Louis XIX (1830) (disputed) • Henry V (1830) (disputed) House of Orléans July Monarchy (1830–1848) Louis Philippe I (1830–1848) House of Bonaparte Second Empire (1852–1870) Napoleon III (1852–1870)

v • d • e House of Bourbon   Henry IV of France Spouse(s) HH Marguerite de Valois  · Lady Marie de' Medici Children Louis XIII  · Elisabeth, Queen of Spain  · Christine Marie, Duchess of Savoy  · Nicolas Henri, Duke of Orléans  · Gaston, Duke of Orléans  · Henriette Marie, Queen of England, Ireland and Scotland Siblings Henri, Duke of Beaumont (1551–1553)  · Louis, Count of Marle (1555–1557)  · Madeleine (1556)  · Catherine, Duchess of Lorraine Illegitimate Children César, Duke of Vendôme  · Catherine Henriette, Duchess of Elbeuf  · Alexandre, Chevalier de Vendôme  · Henri, Duke of Verneuil  · Gabrielle Angelique, Duchess of La Valette and Epernon  · Antoine, Count of Moret · Jeanne Baptiste, Abess of Fontevraud  · Marie Henriette, Abess of Chelles Grandchildren Anne Marie Louise, Duchess of Montpensier  · Marguerite Louise, Grand Duchess of Tuscany  · Élisabeth Marguerite, Duchess of Alençon and Angoulême  · Françoise Madeleine, Duchess of Savoy  · Princess Marie Anne  · Gaston, Duke of Valois  · Louis XIV of France  · Philippe, Duke of Orléans   Louis XIII of France Spouse(s) HRH Infanta Ana Maria Mauricia of Spain*** Children Louis XIV of France  · Philippe I, Duke of Orléans Grandchildren Louis, Dauphin of France  · Princess Anne Élisabeth  · Princess Marie Anne  · Princess Marie Therèse, Madame Royale  · Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou · Louis François, Duke of Anjou  · Marie Louise, Queen of Spain  · Philippe Charles, Duke of Valois  · Anne Marie, Queen of Sardinia  · Alexandre Louis, Duke of Valois  · Philippe Charles, Duke of Orléans  · Élisabeth Charlotte, Duchess of Lorraine Great grandchildren Louis, Duke of Burgundy  · King Felipe of Spain  · Charles, Duke of Berry  · Louis, Duke of Orléans   Louis XIV of France Spouse(s) HRH Infanta María Teresa of Spain***  · Françoise d'Aubigné, Madame de Maintenon Children Louis, Dauphin of France  · Princess Anne Élisabeth  · Princess Marie Anne  · Princess Marie Therèse, Madame Royale  · Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou · Louis François, Duke of Anjou Illegitimate Children Charles de Bourbon  · Philippe de Bourbon  · Marie Anne, Princess of Conti  · Louis, Count of Vermandois  · Louis Auguste, Duke of Maine  · Louis César, Count of Vexin  · Louise Françoise, Princess of Condé  · Louise Marie Anne, Mademoiselle de Tours  · Françoise Marie, Duchess of Orléans  · Louis Alexandre, Count of Toulouse  · Louise, Baroness of La Queue Grandchildren Louis, Duke of Burgundy  · King Felipe of Spain+  · Charles, Duke of Berry  · Louis Auguste, Prince of Dombes  · Louis Charles, Count of Eu  · Louise Françoise, Mademoiselle du Maine  · Louis Jean Marie, Duke of Penthièvre Great grandchildren Louis, Duke of Brittany  · Louis, Duke of Brittany  · Louis XV of France  · Louis I of Spain*  · Felipe of Spain*  · Felipe of Spain*  · Ferdinand VI of Spain*  · Charles III of Spain*  · Francisco of Spain*  · Mariana Víctoria, Queen of Portugal*  · Philip, Duke of Parma*  · Maria Teresa Rafaela, Dauphine of France*  · Luis, Count of Chinchón*  · Maria Antonietta, Queen of Sardinia*  · X d'Alençon  · Charles, Duke of Alençon  · Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Alençon   Louis XV of France Spouse(s) Maria Carolina Sophia Felicity Leszczyńska Children Marie Louise Élisabeth, Duchess of Parma  · Princess Henriette Anne  · Princess Marie Louise  · Louis, Dauphin of France  · Philippe, Duke of Anjou  · Marie Adélaïde, Duchess of Louvois  · Princess Victoire  · Sophie Philippine, Duchess of Louvois  · Princess Félicité  · Princess Louise Marie Grandchildren Princess Marie Therèse, Madame Royale  · Princess Marie Zéphyrine  · Louis, Duke of Burgundy  · Xavier, Duke of Aquitaine  · Louis XVI of France  · Louis XVIII of France  · Charles X of France  · Clothilde, Queen of Sardinia  · Princess Élisabeth Illegitimate children included Charles de Vintimille  · Agathe Louise de Saint-Antoine  · Philippe, Duke of Narbonne-Lara  · Louis, Count of Narbonne-Lara   Louis XVI of France Spouse(s) HI&RH Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria** Children Marie Thérèse, Duchess of Angoulême  · Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France  · Louis XVII of France  · Princess Sophie Hélène   Louis XVII of France Note Louis had no children; he died aged 10 in 1795. His uncle, future Louis XVIII of France proclaimed himself regent but both titles were disputed. See Bourbon Restoration.   Louis XVIII of France Spouse(s) HRH Princess Marie Josephine Louise of Savoy   Charles X of France Spouse(s) HRH Princess Maria Teresa of Savoy Children Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême  · Sophie, Mademoiselle  · Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry  · Marie Thérèse, Mademoiselle d'Angoulême Grandchildren Princess Louise Élisabeth  · Prince Louis  · Louise Marie Thérèse, Duchess of Parma  · Henri, Count of Chambord *also an Infante or Infanta of Spain **also an Archduchess of Austria ***both +Philip was the first Bourbon king of Spain, the country's present ruling house

References

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