Low-cost carrier

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A low-cost carrier or low-cost airline (also known as a no-frills, discount or budget carrier or airline) is an airline that generally has lower fares. To make up for revenue lost in decreased ticket sales, the airline may charge for extras like food, priority boarding, seat allocating, and baggage etc.

The term originated within the airline industry referring to airlines with a lower operating cost structure than their competitors. While the term is often applied to any carrier with low ticket prices and limited services, regardless of their operating models, low-cost carriers should not be confused with regional airlines that operate short flights without service, or with full-service airlines offering some reduced fares.

Contents 1 Business model 2 History 2.1 Americas 2.1.1 Brazil 2.1.2 Canada 2.1.3 Mexico 2.1.4 United States 2.2 Asia 2.2.1 Australia 2.2.2 India 2.2.3 Japan 2.2.4 Malaysia 2.2.5 Middle East 2.2.6 New Zealand 2.2.7 Philippines 2.2.8 Singapore 2.2.9 Thailand 2.3 Europe 2.3.1 Finland 2.3.2 Germany 2.3.3 Netherlands 2.3.4 Norway 2.3.5 Romania 2.3.6 Russia 2.3.7 Slovakia 2.3.8 Turkey 2.3.9 United Kingdom and Ireland 3 Criticism 4 No-frills long-haul flights 5 Low-cost business only carriers 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links

Business model

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Low-cost carrier business model practices include:

• a single passenger class
• a single type of aircraft (commonly the Airbus A320 or Boeing 737 families), reducing training and servicing costs
• a minimum set of optional equipment on the aircraft, further reducing costs of acquisition and maintenance, as well as keeping the weight of the aircraft lower and thus saving fuel:
  • no AVOD etc.; often excluding conveniences such as ACARS and autothrottle
  • no in-flight entertainment systems made available
  • no seat recliners, seat pockets, window blinds or seat headrest covers
• a simple fare scheme, such as charging one-way tickets half that of round-trips (typically fares increase as the plane fills up, which rewards early reservations)
• flying to cheaper, less congested secondary airports and flying early in the morning or late in the evening to avoid air traffic delays and take advantage of lower landing fees
• fast turnaround times (allowing maximum use of aircraft)
• unreserved seating (encouraging passengers to board early and quickly, thus further decreasing turnaround times)
• simplified routes, emphasizing point-to-point transit instead of transfers at hubs (again enhancing aircraft use and eliminating disruption due to delayed passengers or luggage missing connecting flights)
• encourage the use of direct flights. Luggage is not automatically transferred from one flight to another, even if both flights are with the same company.
• generation of ancillary revenue from a variety of activities, such as à la carte features and commission-based products
• emphasis on direct sales of tickets, especially over the Internet (avoiding fees and commissions paid to travel agents and computer reservations systems)
• employees working in multiple roles, for instance flight attendants also cleaning the aircraft or working as gate agents (limiting personnel costs)
• a disinclination to handle Special Service passengers, for instance by placing a higher age limit on unaccompanied minors^[1] than full service carriers
• aggressive fuel hedging programs
• passengers paying charges for extras, such as hold luggage, online check in and priority boarding
• avoiding using jetways to board and alight passengers by using a mobile stairway which is a cheaper alternative.
• not supplying meals in a flight, but offering snacks, sandwiches and drinks instead to purchase on board

Not every low-cost carrier implements all of the above points. For example, some try to differentiate themselves with allocated seating, while others operate more than one aircraft type, still others will have relatively high operating costs but lower fares.

The price policy of the low cost carriers is usually very dynamic, with discounts and tickets in promotion. Even if the advertised price may be very low, sometimes it does not include charges & taxes.

As the number of low-cost carriers has grown, these airlines have begun to compete with one another in addition to the traditional carriers. In the US, airlines have responded by introducing variations to the model. Frontier Airlines and JetBlue Airways advertise satellite television. Advertiser-supported Skybus Airlines launched from Columbus in 2007, but ceased operations in April, 2008. In Europe, the emphasis has remained on reducing costs and no-frills service. In 2004, Ryanair announced proposals to eliminate reclining seats, window blinds, seat headrest covers, and seat pockets from its aircraft.^[2]

The budget airlines frequently offer flights at low prices – often flights are advertised as free (plus applicable taxes, fees and charges.) Perhaps as many (or as few) as ten percent of the seats on any flight are offered at the lowest price, and are the first to sell. The prices steadily rise thereafter to a point where they can be comparable or more expensive than a flight on a full-service carrier.

Additional expenses charged can border on the fraudulent, such as levying a credit card charge while credit card is the only payment method accepted.

Traditional perceptions of the "low-cost carrier" as a stripped-down, no-frills airline, as seen on Southwest Airlines, have been changing as new entrants to the market adapt the business model in new ways. AirTran Airways and Spirit Airlines offer a premium cabin while Frontier and JetBlue offer live in-flight television, sometimes for an extra fee. AirTran has XM Satellite Radio available at every seat. Frontier, JetBlue, and AirTran all use assigned seating. Some airlines even have services not available on some legacy carriers, such as mood lighting, found in Virgin America.

History

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The first successful low-cost carrier was Pacific Southwest Airlines in the United States, which pioneered the concept in 1949.^[3] Often, this credit has been incorrectly given to Southwest Airlines which began service in 1971 and has been profitable every year since 1973.^[4] With the advent of aviation deregulation the model spread to Europe as well, the most notable successes being Ireland's Ryanair, which began low-fares operations in 1990, and EasyJet, formed in 1995. Low cost carriers developed in Asia and Oceania from 2000 led by operators such as Malaysia's AirAsia, India's Air Deccan and Australia's Virgin Blue. The low-cost carrier model is applicable worldwide, although deregulated markets are most suited for its rapid spread. In 2006, new LCCs were announced in Saudi Arabia and Mexico.^{[citation needed]}

Low-cost carriers can pose a serious threat to traditional "full service" airlines, since the high cost structure of full-service carriers can prevent them from competing effectively on price - one of the most important factors for consumers when selecting a carrier. From 2001 to 2003, when the aviation industry was rocked by terrorism, war and SARS, the large majority of traditional airlines suffered heavy losses while low-cost carriers generally stayed profitable.^{[citation needed]}

Many carriers opted to launch their own no-frills airlines, such as KLM's Buzz, British Airways' Go, Air India's Air-India Express and United's Ted, but have found it difficult to avoid cannibalizing their core business. Exceptions to this have been BMI's Bmibaby, Germanwings which is controlled 100% by Lufthansa and Jetstar in Australia, fully owned by Qantas, all of which successfully operate alongside their full-service counterparts.^{[citation needed]}

For holiday destinations, low cost airlines also compete with seat-only charter sales. However, the inflexibility of charters (particularly as regards length of stay) makes them unpopular with many travelers.^{[citation needed]}

The entry of new nations into the European Union from Eastern Europe and moves towards compliance with EU legislation by those who have not yet joined, has led to an extension of open skies arrangements. This has led to the establishment of low-cost routes by existing and new operators such as Hungary-based Wizz Air, which took its first flight on May 19, 2004 and Slovakia-based SkyEurope, which took its first flight on February 13, 2002. From 2004 to 2007 routes have been established into Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Slovenia, Slovakia, Poland, Romania, Hungary, Czech Republic, Turkey and Israel. By the end of 2007, there were over 45 low-cost carriers operating almost 3,500 routes around Europe.^{[citation needed]}

Americas

Brazil

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In Brazil, Gol Transportes Aéreos began operating on January 15, 2001. WebJet Linhas Aéreas followed in 2006. Azul Brazilian Airlines started operations in southeast and south of Brazil on November 5, 2008]]^[5].

Canada

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In Canada, Air Canada has found it difficult to compete with new low-cost rivals such as WestJet, Canjet, and Jetsgo despite its previously dominant position in the market: Air Canada entered a period of bankruptcy protection in 2003, but emerged from protection in September 2004. Air Canada operated two low-fare subsidiaries, Tango and Zip, but both were discontinued. Jetsgo ceased operations on March 11, 2005 and Canjet discontinued scheduled air services on September 10, 2006.

Today WestJet is the primary low-cost airline in Canada. Previously, Zoom Airlines provided an additional option, but ceased operations on August 28, 2008 due to financial problems. Air Canada has started to offer "Tango" fares (not associated with the aforementioned airline) that offer low-cost carrier services while still offer legacy carrier type service on other fare structures.

Mexico

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Mexico has several LCCs. They were mainly created to give service to low income families and to provide business travellers routes inside the country. There are 12 airlines in Mexico that can be considered LCC, Interjet and Volaris being the largest ones. In 2008 VivaAerobus, a Mexican LCC, opened service to Austin-Bergstrom International Airport, with destinations everyday to Monterrey and Cancun. Some LCCs are part of a bigger airline such as Aeroméxico and Mexicana which is a way to fight the threat LCCs pose to full service airlines.

United States

Southwest Airlines Co., JetBlue Airways Corp., Virgin America (VAI Partners, LLC), AirTran Airways Holdings Inc., and Spirit Airlines are some of the top discount airlines in the United States. During the cool economic climate of 2009, they have faired better than the major carriers including AMR Corp.'s American Airlines, Delta Air Lines Inc., UAL Corp.'s United Airlines, and Continental Airlines Inc., which are expected to post 2nd Quarter losses.^[6]

Asia

Australia

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Australia's first low cost airline was Compass which launched operations in 1990 but was short lived. In 2000 Impulse and Virgin Blue commenced low cost operations bringing fierce competition to Australian cities. Virgin Blue has become the nation's second largest airline, whilst Qantas purchased Impulse and operated it in a 'wet leasing' arrangement before launching its new low cost carrier Jetstar. In 2006, Qantas discontinued a wet leasing agreement with Australian Airlines and developed international destinations for Jetstar.

In early 2007, Singaporean low-cost carrier Tiger Airways announced their intention to form a subsidiary airline in Australia. Tiger Airways Australia began operations out of Melbourne Airport in November 2007. Indonesian low-cost carrier Lion Air has also expressed interest in establishing domestic and international routes for 2009.

India

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India's first low-cost airline, Air Deccan started service on August 25, 2003. The airline's fares for the Delhi-Bangalore route were 30% less than those offered by its rivals such as Indian Airlines, Air Sahara and Jet Airways on the same route. The success of Air Deccan has spurred the entry of more than a dozen low-cost airlines in India. Air Deccan was acquired by Kingfisher Airlines and renamed Kingfisher Red. Kingfisher Red now faces stiff competition from other low-cost Indian carriers such as Jetlite, SpiceJet, GoAir, Paramount Airways and IndiGo Airlines. IndiGo Airlines recently placed an order for 100 Airbus A320s worth 6 billion USD during the 2005 Paris Air Show, the highest by any India domestic carrier.^[7]

Japan

Japan has seen a few attempts at LCC, for example Hokkaido-based Air Do which flew between Sapporo and Tokyo from 1998, but was acquired by ANA in 2000. Viva Macau and JetStar fly from Narita, Osaka and Nagoya, though the former is chartered and the latter is not technically a low cost carrier. Cebu Pacific became the first international regularly scheduled low cost carrier to fly to Japan from KIX. ANA has announced the creation of an LCC by 2009.^[8]

Malaysia

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AirAsia Berhad is a low-cost airline based in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It operates scheduled domestic and international flights and is Asia's largest low-cost carrier. It is also the first airline in the region to implement fully ticket less travel and unassigned seats. Its main base is the Low Cost Carrier Terminal at Kuala Lumpur International Airport. Its affiliate airlines include Thai AirAsia and Indonesia AirAsia and fly from Suvarnabhumi Airport, Thailand and Soekarno-Hatta International Airport, Indonesia, respectively.

Another Malaysia-based low-cost airline is Malaysia Airlines wholly-owned subsidiary, Firefly. Established in 2007, it operates ATR 72s.

Middle East

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Air Arabia was established on February 3, 2003 and started operations on October 29, 2003. In Kuwait the low cost airline Jazeera Airways was launched October 30, 2005. Saudi Arabia also launched two low frills carrier by the name of Nas Air and Sama Airlines in 2007. The Kingdom of Bahrain has launched a low cost carrier with the name of Bahrain Air in January 2008. Dubai Government has announced its low cost carrier FlyDubai, which is scheduled to begin operations from 2009, in collaboration with Emirates Airlines. Felix Airways was established in Yemen on 2008 , the airlines flighes to 8 domestic destinations and 4 international destinations .

New Zealand

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In 1995, Air New Zealand established a low-fare subsidiary, Freedom Air, in response to the commencement of discount trans-tasman services by Kiwi Airlines. Fierce competition on trans-Tasman routes led to the collapse of Kiwi Airlines in 1996. Freedom Air continued to provide discount services between Australia and New Zealand until it ceased operations in March 2008. Wholly owned Qantas subsidiary Jetconnect was set up as a low cost New Zealand arm of Qantas, with Jetconnect operating all New Zealand domestic services and several trans Tasman services in a 'wet leasing' arrangement, using the Qantas brand. Qantas has also launched trans-Tasman as well as domestic Jetstar flights. Virgin Blue subsidiary Pacific Blue Airlines also operates domestic and trans-Tasman flights.

Philippines

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On August 26, 1988 the first low-cost carrier in the Philippines launched operations on March 8, 1996. It was founded as Cebu Air (later Cebu Pacific Air), and subsequently acquired by JG Summit Holdings (owned by John Gokongwei). Cebu Pacific initially served domestic routes at cut-price fares around the Philippine islands, until the 2000s when Cebu Pacific was granted rights to operate international flights throughout the region. Philippine Airlines launched a subsidiary low cost airline known as Air Philippines in 1995, the same year Cebu Pacific was launched. In early 2008 Philippine Airlines launched a low cost regional arm of the airline known as PAL Express to compete with Cebu Pacific on key regional routes and to tourist destinations not accessible by Jet Aircraft.

On May 14, 2009, Cebu Pacific was named as the fastest growing airline in the world. The airline was also ranked 3rd in Asia for budget airline passengers transported and 22nd in the World. The airline carried a total of 6.7 million passengers in 2008, up 23 per cent from 2007.

Singapore

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On May 5, 2004, Singapore's first low-cost carrier, Valuair was launched, prompting dominant carrier Singapore Airlines to invest in a new low-cost startup, Tiger Airways, to beat the competition. Not to be outdone, Singapore Changi Airport's second most dominant carrier, Qantas Airways, also started its Asian offshoot, Jetstar Asia Airways based in Singapore and commencing operations on December 13, 2004. Malaysia's AirAsia made repeated attempts to set up a Singaporean operation, but its insistence in using Seletar Airport, in addition to other demands to cut airport usage charges, delayed its abilities in gaining the relevant permits from the authorities in Singapore. This set-back may block AirAsia's Singapore expansion ambitions. In July 2005, the owners of Jetstar Asia took over Valuair and are merging the two carriers. Tiger Airways and Jetstar Asia are now profitable.

Thailand

Low-cost carriers which are based in Thailand are One-Two-GO Airlines (operations since 2003), Thai AirAsia (operations since 2004) and Nok Air (operations since 2004). This has prompted Bangkok Airways to partially adopt a low-cost carrier business model on certain routes.

Europe

Finland

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In Finland the national carrier Finnair lowered prices so that the low-cost competitor Flying Finn was forced to cease its operations. Three months after Flying Finn's bankruptcy, SAS's regional wing Blue1 began flights to three of Flying Finn's most profitable destinations.

Germany

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The era of low-cost carriers in Germany began in February 2002, when Ryanair opened its base at Frankfurt-Hahn Airport, a few months later Germanwings and TUIfly went in service from Cologne Bonn Airport. In December 2003, EasyJet opened a base at Berlin-Schönefeld Airport which is now (2008) the second biggest base of EasyJet in Europe. Today, each fifth flight in Germany is realised by a low-cost carrier and nearly each airport can be reached by them. Air Berlin is another successful German semi low-cost carrier, operating various routes across the world. In fact today it is Germany's second largest airline after Lufthansa, with a mixed fleet of Boeing, Bombardier and Airbus planes.

Netherlands

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The Netherlands has one low-cost carrier, Transavia (trading as 'transavia.com'), a daughter company of KLM (Royal Dutch Airlines, the national carrier of the Netherlands). Transavia was founded in 1965 as a charter airline. In the early 2000's they launched a low-cost subsidairy called Basiq Air. In 2004 the main charter operations and Basiq Air merged. The reformed company from then on focused on low-cost services to holiday destinations not served by its parent company, KLM. Transavia operates a fleet of 10 B737-700s and 19 B737-800s. Transavia's main base is Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. The company also operates scheduled and charter flights out of Rotterdam, Eindhoven, and Groningen. The company is now the second largest carrier of the country, with a network of over 60 scheduled and charter destinations in Europe and Northern-Africa.

Norway

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In Norway the first low cost carrier was ColorAir in 1998. Their low prices were matched by competitors SAS and Braathens, and Color Air folded in 1999. The next low cost carrier, Norwegian Air Shuttle (or Norwegian), starting their Boeing 737 operations in September 2002, provided tougher competition for the merged Norwegian part of SAS and Braathens. Although Norwegian started with domestic routes, today their international operations are larger than their domestic service. By launching nonstop flights from cities like Stavanger, Bergen, Trondheim in addition to Oslo, they soon became very popular. Norwegians are amongst the most frequent fliers in the world, mostly due to the geography of the country but also due to the high level of income.

Romania

Blue Air is the first Romanian low-cost airline focusing on internal and external flights. Aegean Airlines, Aer Lingus, Air Berlin, Carpatair, Clickair, EasyJet, Germanwings, Hemus Air and WizzAir are other low-cost airlines operating in Romania.

Russia

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Sky Express is the first Russian low-cost airline focusing on internal flights. Its main base is Vnukovo International Airport. The airline was established in March 2006 by a consortium of investors which included KrasAir CEO Boris Abramovich, EBRD, Altima Partners and others, becoming the Russia's first low-cost airline. The first flight took off on 29 January 2007 from Moscow to Sochi.

Slovakia

From 2001 until 2009, SkyEurope operated a multi-based low cost airline from Bratislava, Prague and Vienna. A 2008 study by Skytrax rated it the third-best low cost carrier in Europe.^[9]

Turkey

The market for low-cost carriers in Turkey has grown extensively over the last few years, with airlines such as Pegasus Airlines and Anadolujet leading the way.

United Kingdom and Ireland

The low cost airline business developed in the United Kingdom in the 1990s. There are many low cost carriers in the UK, however most only focus on certain airports. The two largest low cost airlines in the United Kingdom are EasyJet and Ryanair, however smaller airlines include bmibaby, Flybe, and Jet2.

Airline	UK Bases	Focus UK Airports
bmi	London Heathrow Airport	East Midlands Airport
bmibaby	Birmingham Airport Cardiff Airport East Midlands Airport Manchester Airport	Belfast Airport Edinburgh Airport
Eastern Airways	Aberdeen Airport Humberside Airport Newcastle Airport	Durham Tees Valley Airport East Midlands Airport Isle of Man Airport Leeds Bradford Airport
Easyjet	Bristol Airport Edinburgh Airport Gatwick Airport Glasgow Airport London Luton Airport Liverpool Airport Luton Airport Manchester Airport Newcastle Airport Stansted Airport
flybe	Belfast City Airport Birmingham Airport Exeter Airport Gatwick Airport Manchester Airport Southampton Airport	Aberdeen Airport Cardiff Airport Edinburgh Airport Glasgow Airport Guernsey Airport Isle of Man Airport Jersey Airport Leeds Bradford Airport Newcastle Airport
Jet2	Belfast Airport Blackpool Airport East Midlands Airport Edinburgh Airport Leeds Bradford Airport Manchester Airport Newcastle Airport
Ryanair	Belfast City Airport Birmingham Airport Bournemouth Airport Bristol Airport East Midlands Airport Edinburgh Airport Glasgow Prestwick Airport Leeds Bradford Airport Liverpool Airport Luton Airport Stansted Airport

Criticism

Some elements of the low-cost model have been subject of criticism by Governments and Regulators, and in the UK in particular the issue of "Unbundling" of ancillary charges by both low-cost carriers and other airlines (showing airport fees, taxes as separate charges rather than as part of the advertised fare) to make the "headline fare" appear lower has resulted in enforcement action. Believing that this amounts to a misleading approach to pricing, the Office of Fair Trading (OFT) in February 2007 gave all carriers and travel companies three months to include all fixed non-optional costs in their basic advertised prices. Although the full service carriers had complied within the specified timescales, the low-cost carriers have been less successful in this respect, leading to the prospect of legal action^[10] by the OFT.

Many low-cost carriers show a zero cost for some flights. Most charge additional fees for airport check-in, baggage check-in, 'handling charges', seat allocation and credit card processing. These charges are non-refundable even in the case of cancellation by the airline. Low-cost carriers regularly weigh carry-on bags, check them for size and impose high penalty charges for any carry-ons exceeding their stipulations. Ryanair requires that passengers' airport purchases fit within their carry-on bag.

No-frills long-haul flights

The first airline offering no-frills transatlantic service was Freddie Laker's Laker Airways, which operated its famous "Skytrain" service between London and New York City during the late 1970s. The service was suspended after Laker's competitors, British Airways and Pan Am, were able to price Skytrain out of the market.

In 2004 the Irish company Aer Lingus lowered its prices to compete with companies such as Ryanair and also started offering no-frills transatlantic flights for just above €100. Late in 2004 the Canadian airline Zoom Airlines also started selling transatlantic flights between Glasgow, UK; Manchester, UK; and Canada for £89.

US Airways is also a low-cost airline, however usually the international fares are equal to major carriers.

It has been suggested that the Airbus A380, able to hold up to 853 passengers in an all Economy layout,^[11] would enable true low-cost long-haul service. While the per-seat costs of such an aircraft would be lower than the competition, there are fewer cost savings possible in a long-haul operation and therefore a long-haul low-cost operator would find it harder to differentiate itself from a conventional airline. In particular, low-cost carriers typically fly their aircraft for more hours and flights each day, scheduling the first departure early in the morning and the last arrival late at night. However, long-haul aircraft scheduling is more determined by timezone constraints (e.g. leaving the US East Coast in the evening and arriving in Europe the following morning), and the longer flight times mean there is less scope to increase aircraft utilization by adding one or two more short flights each day.

In April 2006, the industry magazine Airline Business analysed the potential for low-cost long-haul service^[12] and concluded that a number of Asian carriers, including AirAsia, were closest to making such a model work. On November 2, 2007, AirAsia X, a subsidiary of AirAsia and Virgin Group flew its inaugural flight from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia to Gold Coast, Australia. AirAsia X claims that it is the first true low-cost long-haul carrier since the end of Sir Freddie Laker era.^{[citation needed]}

In August 2006, Zoom Airlines announced that it was to establish a UK subsidiary, probably based at Gatwick Airport, to offer low-cost long-haul flights to the USA and India. The company suspended all its operations from 28 August 2008 due to financial problems related to the high fuel price.

On 26 October 2006, Oasis Hong Kong Airlines started flying from Hong Kong to London Gatwick Airport (delayed by one day because Russia suspended fly-over rights for that flight an hour before the flight's scheduled departure). The cheapest prices for flights between Hong Kong to London could be as low at £75 (approximately US$150) per leg (not including taxes and other charges) for economy class and £470 (approximately US$940) per leg for business class for the same route. From 28 June 2007, a second long-haul route to Vancouver, British Columbia was started. The company ceased operations on 9 April 2008, after over 1 billion HKD of losses.

Australia's Jetstar has operated international flights since 2005, when they began service to Christchurch, New Zealand. In late 2006, more international services began. Departing from Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane, they fly to popular tourist destinations within 10 hours of Australia such as Honolulu International Airport, Japan, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia and more. With the delivery of new planes, they hope to fly to the continental US and Europe.

In late 2007, Cebu Pacific, the Philippine based low cost carrier, announced intentions to launch non-stop Pacific flights from the Philippines to the United States West Coast and other US cities by around mid-2009.^[13]

On March 11 2009, AirAsia X started its first low cost long-haul service into Europe to London Stansted, England. The daily flights to Stansted are operated by two leased Airbus A340-300 aircraft. A one way economy class ticket often costs £150 and the Premium class one way often costs £350.

Low-cost business only carriers

A trend from the mid-2000s was the formation of new low-cost carriers exclusively targeting the long-haul business market, with aircraft configured for a single class of service, initially on transatlantic routings. Probably best described as "fewer frills" rather than "no frills", the initial entrants in this market utilised second-hand, mid-sized, twin jets such as Boeing 757 and Boeing 767 in an attempt to service the lucrative London-US Eastern Seaboard market:

• Eos Airlines, which ceased operating on 27 April 2008^[14]
• Maxjet, which has ceased its scheduled business flights, but is planning to restart as a luxury charter carrier^[15]
• Silverjet, which ceased^[16] operations on 30 May 2008

See also

• List of low-cost airlines
• Ancillary revenue

Notes

References

External links

• Information about discount airlines and cheap air travel at Wikitravel
• Low-Cost Carriers - Europe - Research and information on European low-cost carriers
• Low Cost Airline News - Research and information on Asia Pacific low-cost carriers
• World Low Cost Airlines Congress - Annual meeting place for the World's Low Cost Airlines
• Low Cost Carrier Terminal - Kuala Lumpur's LCC Terminal Official Website
• Low Cost Airline Tickets - Tickets To World Low Cost Airline Tickets