In the television industry (especially in North America), a lower third is a graphic placed in the lower area of the screen, though not necessarily the entire lower third of it as the name suggests.
Lower thirds are most commonly found in television news production, though they also appear in documentaries and even have begun to make appearances in amateur videos thanks to home video editing.
In their simplest form, lower thirds can just be text overlying the video. Frequently this text is white with a drop shadow to make the words easier to read. Lower thirds can also contain graphical elements such as boxes, images or shading. Some lower thirds have animated backgrounds and text.
Lower thirds can be created using basic home video editing software or professional-level equipment. This equipment makes use of video's alpha channel to determine what parts of the graphic or text should be transparent, allowing the video in the background to show through. The Chyron Corporation and Aston Broadcast Systems Ltd are major manufacturers of such equipment.
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Terminology
Lower thirds are also often known as captions, or occasionally chyrons in North America,[1] and astons in the United Kingdom, after the major suppliers of broadcast caption/graphic generators. Other common terms include superbars (or simply supers) (US) and name straps (UK).
Video with lower thirds is known as a "program as broadcast" or as "dirty"; video without lower thirds is known as a "clean feed" or as "textless." For international distribution, programs often include "textless elements" on the master tape – these are all the shots to which lower thirds (and other graphics) have been applied, placed end-to-end so a clean master can be created if necessary.
Tiers
Lower thirds are usually arranged in tiers, or lines:
- One-tier lower thirds: Usually used to identify a story that's being shown, or to show a presenter's name.
- Two-tier lower thirds: Used most often to identify a person on screen. Often the person's name will appear on the first line, with his or her place of residence or a description below it. Two-tier lower thirds may also be used as "locators" to identify where a story is taking place.
- Three-tier lower thirds: These lower thirds add more information. Commonly the first tier is used to tell when the video was shot, if it was not shot the day the newscast is airing.
In popular culture
- The US television shows Murphy Brown, Sports Night and NewsRadio all showed their credits in the form of lower thirds, alluding to the shows' themes.
- Sports Night, a US television series about a fictional show of the same name, makes common reference to chyrons, along with other typical TV jargon, such as VOs and C-breaks.
- In East Asian television, captions could contain the transcription, descripting the situation, and also the opinion of the maker.
See also
References
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