A Maariv is a type local newspaper that is only sold in the Middle East, and is especially popular in Israel. One can purchase a Maariv from a local news stand in Israel.

Yes, we daven Maariv every evening of the year. Any time after plag hamincha is acceptable, but twilight is much preferable.

Perhaps you meant to ask if one has to daven with a minyan. The answer is the same as for the rest of the year: yes, lechatchilah (preferably).

Neither. Kabbalat Shabbat is not part of Mincha orMaariv.

They all are ... Maariv, Shacharis, and Minchah. The only deletions are Krias HaTorah,

Chazoras Hashatz, Kedushah, Birchas Kohanim, and Kaddish.

shachareet should be said at some time between dawn until noon, Minchah from noon until sun down, and Maariv/Araveet is usually optional but it can be said after the sun goes down