The Magnificent Mile is the portion of Michigan Avenue in Chicago, Illinois extending from the Chicago River to Oak Street in the Near North Side community area.[1] The district is located adjacent to downtown; it is also one block east of Rush Street, which is known for its nightlife. The Magnificent Mile serves as the main thoroughfare between Chicago's Loop business district and its Gold Coast.[2] It also serves as the western boundary of the Streeterville neighborhood.
Real estate developer Arthur Rubloff of Rubloff Company gave the nickname to one of the city's most prestigious residential and commercial thoroughfares in the 1940s.[1] It includes fine restaurants, hotels, and stores and several of the tallest buildings in the United States. In addition, numerous prestigious buildings are located along the Magnificent Mile, such as the Wrigley Building and the John Hancock Center, places listed on the National Register of Historic Places such as The Old Chicago Water Tower District and Chicago Landmarks such as Tribune Tower and the Allerton Hotel. Formerly, the headquarters for Bebe was located here as well.
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History
After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, State Street (anchored by Marshall Field's) in the downtown Loop, especially the Loop Retail Historic District, was the city's retailing center.[3] The convenience of mass transit including streetcars and elevated trains, supported a retail corridor along State Street from Lake Street to Van Buren Street.[3] By the 1920s, commuter suburbs began to have significant retail districts.[3] Prior to the bascule bridge construction, swing bridges across the river were open for ship traffic during half the daylight hours.[4] The Rush Street Bridge was the swing bridge for this area.[5] The opening of the Michigan Avenue Bridge in 1920 created a new commercial district.[3] After 1950, suburban development reduced the role of the Loop's daily significance to many Chicagoans as downtown retail sales slipped. However, the Magnificent Mile kept a luxury shopping district close to the central business district.[6]
The concept for the Magnificent Mile was actually part of Daniel Burnham's Plan of Chicago.[1] It was constructed during the 1920s to replace Pine Street, which had formerly been lined with factory and warehouses near the river and fine mansion and rowhouse residences farther north.[1] The earliest building constructions varied in style, but challenged new heights in construction.[1] The name the "Magnificent Mile" is a registered trademark of the Greater North Michigan Avenue Association (GNMAA).[7]
After the Great Depression and World War II, Arthur Rubloff and William Zeckendorf bought or controlled most of the property along this stretch of the avenue and supported a plan by Holabird & Root to construct new buildings and renovation of old ones that took advantage of new zoning laws.[1] Soon the property values driven by the luxury shopping districts were pricing out the nearby artists of Towertown, just south west of the Chicago Water Tower.[8] Having acquired most of the rights to property along the Magnificent Mile at Depression-level prices, Rubloff and Zeckendorf successfully developed and promoted the area until it became one of the most prestigious addresses of the city. That distinction continues to hold today,[1] and spurred the continuing erection of more high-rise apartments and new investment along the Magnificent Mile and throughout the Near North Side.[9]
The opening of the 74-story Water Tower Place in 1975 marked the return of Chicago to retailing prominence.[3] By 1979, the State Street commercial corridor had lost its commercial vitality and was closed to street traffic for renovation including sidewalk widening until 1996.[3]
Today
Overview
Today, the Magnificent Mile contains a mixture of upscale department stores, restaurants, luxury retailers, residential and commercial buildings, financial services companies and hotels, and caters primarily to tourists and the affluent. The area also has a high concentration of the city's major media firms, such as the Chicago Tribune newspaper, and advertising agencies. The Magnificent Mile includes 3,100,000 sq ft (288,000 m2) of retail space, 460 stores, 275 restaurants, 51 hotels, and a host of sightseeing and entertainment attractions to more than 22 million visitors annually.[10] The American Planning Association selected the Magnificent Mile as one of the 10 Great Streets for 2007 through its Great Places in America program.[11] In recent years, the Magnificent Mile has added trees and flower-filled medians to reflect the changing seasons. Many of the world's leading retail stores populate the Magnificent Mile, including department stores such as Bloomingdale's, Neiman Marcus, Saks Fifth Avenue, Nordstrom, Barneys New York, and Macy's. In addition, some of the finest luxury boutiques such as Cartier, Escada, Bulgari, Van Cleef & Arpels, Chanel, Max Mara, Vera Wang, Jimmy Choo, Georg Jensen, Harry Winston, Gianni Versace, Lacoste, Mango, Yves Saint Laurent, Tory Burch, St. John, Loro Piana, Jil Sander, Givenchy, Aritzia, Stuart Weitzman, Prada, Paul Stuart, Betsey Johnson, Rolex, Montblanc, United Colors of Benetton, Anne Fontaine, Marc Jacobs, Ralph Lauren, Bottega Veneta, Hermès, Gucci, Louis Vuitton, Cole Haan, Charles David, Giorgio Armani, Kenneth Cole, Salvatore Ferragamo, Ermenegildo Zegna, Burberry, Hugo Boss, La Perla and Tiffany & Co. are located along the Magnificent Mile.[10] In fact, in its book The 10 Best of Everything: An Ultimate Guide for Travelers, the National Geographic named the Magnificent Mile along with Rodeo Drive and Fifth Avenue as one of the ten best shopping avenues in the world.[12] Renowned and critically-acclaimed restaurants such as The Signature Room at The 95th, Spiaggia, Tru, The Pump Room, Lawry's, The Grand Lux, The Park Hyatt Room, The Prime Rib, and Spago provide a variety of dining options. All three of the 5-star hotels located in the midwest (The Peninsula Chicago, Four Seasons Hotel Chicago, and Ritz-Carlton Chicago) and Illinois' only 4-star hotel (Park Hyatt) are located within about five blocks along the Magnificent Mile.[13][14] Other hotels such as Intercontinental, Westin, Drake Hotel and Le Meridien Chicago offer convenient luxurious accommodations as well.[10] Selected hotels are shown below:
| Name | Street Address | Parent Company |
|---|---|---|
| Drake Hotel | 140 E. Walton Place | Hilton Hotels |
| Westin Michigan Avenue | 909 N. Michigan Avenue | Starwood Hotels |
| Four Seasons Hotel Chicago | 900 N. Michigan Avenue | Four Seasons Hotels |
| Ritz-Carlton Chicago | 845 N. Michigan Avenue | Four Seasons Hotels |
| Park Hyatt | 800 N. Michigan Avenue (110 E. Chicago) |
Hyatt |
| The Peninsula Chicago | 108 E. Superior Street | The Peninsula Hotels |
| Allerton Hotel | 701 N. Michigan Avenue | |
| Omni Chicago Hotel | 676 N. Michigan Avenue | Omni Hotels |
| Le Meridien Chicago | 520 N. Michigan Avenue (521 N. Rush Street) |
Starwood Hotels |
| Hotel Inter-Continental Chicago | 505 N. Michigan Avenue | InterContinental Hotels Group |
The largest banks have branches along the strip including the three largest banks in the nation: Bank of America, Citibank, and JPMorgan Chase's Chase Bank.[15] Additionally, the largest banks in Chicago are present, such as LaSalle Bank and Harris Bank,[16] which is technically across the street from the Magnificent Mile. American Express has a Magnificent Mile address for one of its two Chicago service offices. Fidelity Investments has an office at the foot of Magnificent Mile.
Historic and landmark presences are shown in the table below, which lists Chicago Landmarks, National Register of Historic Places locations, and National Historic Landmarks along the Magnificent Mile. At the northern edge of this district on the west, one finds the exclusive One Magnificent Mile building and Oak Street running to the west. Also, at the northern edge of the district one finds the Chicago Landmark East Lake Shore Drive District, an extremely expensive and exclusive one-block area of real estate running east from N. Michigan Ave. and facing directly onto Lake Michigan. At the southern edge of the district, the Michigan Avenue Bridge sits among four majestic 1920s skyscrapers, two of which are on the Magnificent Mile (Tribune Tower and the Wrigley Building), and two of which are not (333 North Michigan and London Guarantee Building). These buildings are contributing properties to the Michigan–Wacker Historic District.[17]
| Chicago Landmark[18] | Designation Date | Location | NRHP Date[19][20] | NHL Date[21][22] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Palmolive Building[23] | February 16, 2000 | 919 N. Michigan Avenue | August 21, 2003 | |
| Perkins, Fellows & Hamilton Office and Studio[24] | December 1, 1993 | 814 N. Michigan Avenue | ||
| Old Chicago Water Tower District[25] | October 6, 1971; amended June 10, 1981 |
806/821 N. Michigan Avenue | April 23, 1975 | |
| Allerton Hotel[26] | May 29, 1998 | 701 N. Michigan Avenue | ||
| Woman's Athletic Club[27] | October 2, 1991 | 626 N. Michigan Avenue | ||
| McGraw-Hill Building[28] | February 7, 1997 | 520 N. Michigan Avenue | ||
| Tribune Tower[29] | February 1, 1989 | 435 N. Michigan Avenue | ||
| Du Sable, Jean Baptiste Point, Homesite [30] | 401 N. Michigan Avenue | May 11, 1976 | May 11, 1976 | |
| Michigan Avenue Bridge and Esplanade[31] | October 2, 1991 | Chicago River, between Michigan and Wabash Avenues | ||
| Site of Fort Dearborn[32] | September 15, 1971 | Intersection of N. Michigan Avenue and E. Wacker Drive |
Four of the 85 tallest buildings in the world are located along the Magnificent Mile. In fact, four of the ten Tallest buildings in Chicago, six of the top 18, and eight of the top 50 are located within a few blocks here. These buildings are:
| Name | Street Address | Height feet / meters |
Floors | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| John Hancock Center | 875 N. Michigan Avenue | 1,127 / 344 | 100 | 1969 |
| 900 North Michigan | 900 N. Michigan Avenue | 871 / 265 | 66 | 1989 |
| Water Tower Place | 845 N. Michigan Avenue | 859 / 262 | 74 | 1976 |
| Park Tower | 800 N. Michigan Avenue | 844 / 257 | 67 | 2000 |
| Olympia Centre | 737 N. Michigan Avenue | 725 / 221 | 63 | 1986 |
| One Magnificent Mile | 980 N. Michigan Avenue | 673 / 205 | 58 | 1983 |
| Chicago Place | 700 N. Michigan Avenue | 608 / 185 | 49 | 1991 |
| Palmolive Building | 919 N. Michigan Avenue | 565 / 172 | 37 | 1929 |
Seasonal events
With each season, the ambiance of the Magnificent Mile changes. This change is signaled by several official events:[10][33]
Median planters were constructed as part of a streetscape improvement project in 1994. In the spring, Tulip Days occurs from mid April until the end of May. Hundreds of thousands of tulips bloom on The Magnificent Mile. Typically, they bloom between April 16 and May 7. In 2008, a public art installation of kinetic sculptures designed by international architects will be placed in the garden beds.[34]
During the summer, the "Gardens of Magnificent Mile" festival event occurs. It is a self-guided landscape display walking tour. The flora from around the world are identified with horticultural signage in each of the gardens and planters. In 2007 and 2008, fashion dress forms graced the garden beds. The forms were designed by students from the Illinois Institute of Art – Chicago and the International Academy of Design and Technology, as well as prominent designers located on the Avenue.[35][36]
The tradition of lighting the trees of The Magnificent Mile to start the holiday season extends for over forty years. Over one million lights are lit and fireworks follow the event.[33] 2009 will see the 18th annual Magnificent Mile Lights Festival, presented by Harris, which will be the annual kick-off to the nation's holiday season.[37] During the event, Mickey Mouse rides a float down The Magnificent Mile from Wacker Drive to Oak Street, stopping at each block to light the trees. It is considered the first annual Holiday procession of the year.[38] Also, winter brings TOAST on The Magnificent Mile featuring weekly fireworks over the Chicago River.[39]
Transportation
North Michigan Avenue is a six-lane two-way street that is serviced by Chicago Transit Authority public buses along the Magnificent Mile that connect the area to the entire Chicago metropolitan area. It is also serviced by seasonal trolley service along the street, and the foot of the Magnificent Mile is serviced by seasonal water transit services. Two blocks west along State Street, the Chicago 'L' rapid transit services the street via its Red Line. Pedestrian traffic abounds along the broad sidewalks that are shielded by extensive, mature greenery that provides much of the friendly atmosphere.[11]
Malls
| Mall Image | Construction Date | Floors (Mall/Building) | Anchor Stores | Address | Selected Tenants |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
1989 | (6/66) | Bloomingdale's Mark Shale |
900 N. Michigan Avenue shop900.com |
Mall: Banana Republic (women)•Coach•Gucci•J. Crew•Williams-Sonoma Tower: |
| 1975 | (8/74) | Macy's<br / American Girl |
835 N. Michigan Avenue shopwatertower .com |
Mall: Abercrombie & Fitch•Ann Taylor•bebe•Tourneau•Victoria's Secret Tower: |
|
| (8/49) | Saks Fifth Avenue (women) | 700 N. Michigan Avenue chicago-place .com |
This mall has been closed down and is currently in the proccess of being converted into office space. | ||
|
2000 | (5/) | Nordstrom | 520 N. Michigan Avenue (600 North Michigan Avenue)* [1] |
520: Hugo Boss•Lego•Sephora•Armani Exchange |
Intersections
| Cross Street Image | Address[41] | Intersection Type | Cross Street Type | Commerce[42] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
1000 North | Pedestrian (E,W,S) Street, Pedestrian (N,E) Underpass, Vehicular |
Lighted Intersection (Two-way) | NW: Harris Bank NE: Chicago Park District |
|
932 North | NW: LaSalle Bank NE: Drake Hotel |
||
|
900 North | Pedestrian (E,W,S,N) Street
|
Lighted Intersection (One-Way Eastbound) | NW: Max Mara at 900 North Michigan NE: Fratelli Rossetti at Westin Hotel |
|
860 North | Pedestrian (E,W,S,N) Street
|
Lighted Intersection (One-Way Westbound) | NW: Fourth Presbyterian Church NE: Best Buy at John Hancock Center |
|
830 North | Pedestrian (E,W,S,N) Street
|
Lighted Intersection (One-Way Eastbound) | NW: Borders Books NE: Macy's at Water Tower Place |
|
800 North | Pedestrian (E,W,S,N) Street
|
Lighted Intersection (Two-Way) | NW: Chicago Water Tower NE: Chicago Avenue Pumping Station |
|
732 North | Pedestrian (E,W,S,N) Street
|
Lighted Intersection (One-Way Eastbound) | NW: Tiffany & Co. NE: Neiman-Marcus |
|
700 North | Pedestrian (E,W,S,N) Street
|
Lighted Intersection (One-Way Westbound) | NW: Talbots @ Chicago Place NE: Nine West @ Allerton Hotel |
|
658 North | Pedestrian (E,W,S,N) Street
|
Lighted Intersection (One-Way Eastbound) | NW: Hanig's Footware NE: Garmin |
|
628 North | Pedestrian (E,W,S,N) Street
|
Lighted Intersection (One-Way Westbound) | NW: Cartier NE: Burberry |
|
600 North | Pedestrian (E,W,S,N) Street
|
Lighted Intersection (One-Way Eastbound) | NW: Eddie Bauer NE: 605 N. Michigan (Guess also:American Express, Chase Bank) |
|
530 North | Pedestrian (N) Street, (E,W) Sidewalk | Lighted Intersection / Vehicular Underpass (One-Way Westbound) | NW: Kenneth Cole NE: Westfield North Bridge |
|
500 North | Pedestrian (N,E) Street, (W) Sidewalk | Lighted Intersection (Eastbound sidestreet) / Vehicular Underpass (One-Way Eastbound) | NW: Bank of America @ 500 N. Michigan Avenue NE: Intercontinental Hotel |
| Hubbard Street & Michigan | 430 North | Pedestrian (N,S) Street, (E,W) Sidewalk | Lighted Intersection / Vehicular Underpass | W: Walgreens @ 430 N. Michigan Avenue (Realtor Building) E: Tribune Tower |
|
410 North (upper)/400 North (lower) | Pedestrian (N) Street, (E,W) Sidewalk | Double Jughandle U-Turn lanes | NW: Wrigley Building NE: DuSable Homesite @ 401 N. Michigan Avenue |
|
NW: NE: |
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g Stamper, John W. (2005). "Magnificent Mile". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/778.html. Retrieved 2007-05-16.
- ^ Stamper, John M., "Chicago's North Michigan Avenue", University of Chicago Press, 1991, inner cover, ISBN 0-226-77085-0
- ^ a b c d e f Bennett, Larry (2005). "Shopping Districts and Malls". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1141.html. Retrieved 2007-05-16.
- ^ Cain, Louis P. (2005). "Infrastructure". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/641.html. Retrieved 2007-05-17.
- ^ Stamper, John M., "Chicago's North Michigan Avenue", University of Chicago Press, 1991, pg. 4, ISBN 0-226-77085-0
- ^ Danzer, Gerald A. (2005). "The Loop". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/764.html. Retrieved 2007-05-17.
- ^ "The Official Web Site of the Illinois Bureau of Tourism". Illinois Department of Commerce and Economic Opportunity. http://www.enjoyillinois.com/home.aspx. Retrieved 2009-05-22.
- ^ Seligman, Amanda (2005). "Towertown". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1265.html. Retrieved 2007-05-16.
- ^ Seligman, Amanda (2005). "Near North Side". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/876.html. Retrieved 2007-05-17.
- ^ a b c d "Magnificent Mile". Chicago Traveler. Search Engine Marketing. 2007. http://www.chicagotraveler.com/attractions/magnificent-mile.html. Retrieved 2007-05-19.
- ^ a b American Planning Association (2007-10-02). "Chicago's North Michigan Avenue Selected One of 10 Great Street in America: A Seven-Block Urban Wonderland". Press release. http://www.themagnificentmile.com/PressReleases/APA_Award_Winner.pdf. Retrieved 2009-05-22.
- ^ Lande, Arthur (2006). The 10 Best of Everything: An Ultimate Guide for Travelers. National Geographic. p. 158. ISBN 0792253647. http://www.themagnificentmile.com/PressReleases/NG-Book.pdf. Retrieved 2009-05-22.
- ^ Sardone, Susan Breslow. "Mobil 5-Star Hotels / Award Winners 2007". 2007 About, Inc.. http://honeymoons.about.com/od/mobilawardwinners/a/Mobil5Star2007.htm.
- ^ Sardone, Susan Breslow (2006-01-06). "4 Star Hotels in the USA". 2007 About, Inc.. http://honeymoons.about.com/od/mobilawardwinners/a/Mobil20064Stars.htm.
- ^ "United States' Largest Banks". Information Please Database. 2005-12-31. http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0763206.html. Retrieved 2007-05-17.
- ^ "Chicago's Largest Banks". ChicagoBusiness. Crain Communications, Inc.. 2007. http://chicagobusiness.datajoe.com/app/ecom/pub_viewhtml.php?listid=1463&year=2006&htmlkey=maai2Dh1YoW8.. Retrieved 2007-08-08.
- ^ Wagner, Robert. (1978-02-03) National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Michigan–Wacker Historic District National Park Service.
- ^ "Chicago Landmarks: Alphabetical Listing". City of Chicago Dept. of Pl. and Devpmt., Landmarks Div.. 2003. http://www.ci.chi.il.us/Landmarks/List.html. Retrieved 2007-04-11.
- ^ "National Register of Historic Places: Illinois - Cook County". National Register of Historic Places.com. http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/IL/Cook/state.html. Retrieved 2007-05-02.
- ^ "National Register Information System". National Park Service. 2007-01-09. http://www.nr.nps.gov/. Retrieved 2007-04-11.
- ^ "National Historic Landmarks Program". National Park Service. http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/default.cfm. Retrieved 2007-04-11.
- ^ "National Historic Landmarks Survey: Listing of National Historic Landmarks by State: Illinois". http://www.cr.nps.gov/nhl/designations/Lists/IL01.pdf. Retrieved 2007-04-11.
- ^ "Palmolive Building". City of Chicago Dept. of Pl. and Devpmt., Landmarks Div.. 2003. http://www.ci.chi.il.us/Landmarks/P/Palmolive.html. Retrieved 2007-04-13.
- ^ "Perkins, Fellows & Hamilton Office and Studio". City of Chicago Dept. of Pl. and Devpmt., Landmarks Div.. 2003. http://www.ci.chi.il.us/Landmarks/P/Perkins.html. Retrieved 2007-04-13.
- ^ "Old Chicago Water Tower District". City of Chicago Dept. of Pl. and Devpmt., Landmarks Div.. 2003. http://www.ci.chi.il.us/Landmarks/O/OldWaterTowerDistrict.html. Retrieved 2007-04-13.
- ^ "Allerton Hotel". City of Chicago Dept. of Pl. and Devpmt., Landmarks Div.. 2003. http://www.ci.chi.il.us/Landmarks/A/AllertonHotel.html. Retrieved 2007-04-11.
- ^ "Woman's Athletic Club". City of Chicago Dept. of Pl. and Devpmt., Landmarks Div.. 2003. http://www.ci.chi.il.us/Landmarks/W/WomansAthletic.html. Retrieved 2007-04-13.
- ^ "McGraw-Hill Building". City of Chicago Dept. of Pl. and Devpmt., Landmarks Div.. 2003. http://www.ci.chi.il.us/Landmarks/M/McGrawHill.html. Retrieved 2007-04-13.
- ^ "Tribune Tower". City of Chicago Dept. of Pl. and Devpmt., Landmarks Div.. 2003. http://www.ci.chi.il.us/Landmarks/T/TribuneTower.html. Retrieved 2007-04-13.
- ^ "Du Sable, Jean Baptiste Point, Homesite". National Park Service. http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1614&ResourceType=Site. Retrieved 2007-04-16.
- ^ "Michigan Avenue Bridge and Esplanade". City of Chicago Dept. of Pl. and Devpmt., Landmarks Div.. 2003. http://www.ci.chi.il.us/Landmarks/M/MichAveBridge.html. Retrieved 2007-04-13.
- ^ "Site of Fort Dearborn". City of Chicago Dept. of Pl. and Devpmt., Landmarks Div.. 2003. http://www.ci.chi.il.us/Landmarks/S/SiteFtDearborn.html. Retrieved 2007-04-13.
- ^ a b "Seasonal Events". The Magnificent Mile, GNMAA/Centric Web, Inc.. 2007. http://www.themagnificentmile.com/SeasonalEvents/default.cfm. Retrieved 2007-05-17.
- ^ "Tulip Days". The Magnificent Mile, GNMAA/Centric Web, Inc.. 2007. http://www.themagnificentmile.com/SeasonalEvents/spring/Default.cfm. Retrieved 2007-05-17.
- ^ "Gardens of The Magnificent Mile". The Magnificent Mile, GNMAA/Centric Web, Inc.. 2007. http://www.themagnificentmile.com/SeasonalEvents/Summer/Default.cfm. Retrieved 2007-05-17.
- ^ "WHEN FLORA AND FASHION COME TOGETHER". The Magnificent Mile, GNMAA/Centric Web, Inc.. 2008. http://www.themagnificentmile.com/SeasonalEvents/Summer/GardenInspiredStudentFashion.cfm. Retrieved 2008-03-07.
- ^ "Magnificent Mile Lights Festival". The Magnificent Mile, GNMAA/Centric Web, Inc.. 2007. http://www.themagnificentmile.com/SeasonalEvents/fall/default.cfm. Retrieved 2007-05-18.
- ^ "The 2007 Magnificent Mile Lights Festival: ABC 7 Chicago kicks off the holiday season nationwide with live broadcast of the festival". abc7chicago.com home. 2007-11-08. http://abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=resources&id=5749370. Retrieved 2009-05-22.
- ^ "TOAST on The Magnificent Mile". The Magnificent Mile, GNMAA/Centric Web, Inc.. 2007. http://www.themagnificentmile.com/SeasonalEvents/winter/Default.cfm. Retrieved 2007-05-18.
- ^ Moore, R. Jonathan (2005). "Fourth Presbyterian Church". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/2384.html. Retrieved 2007-05-17.
- ^ Hayner, Don and Tom McNamee, Streetwise Chicago, Loyola University Press, 1988, ISBN
- ^ "Magnificent Mile". Emporis. 2007. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/zo/?id=100008. Retrieved 2007-05-15.
External links
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