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(măp)

1. 1. A representation, usually on a plane surface, of a region of the earth or heavens.
   2. Something that suggests such a representation, as in clarity of representation.
2. Mathematics. The correspondence of elements in one set to elements in the same set or another set.
3. Slang. The human face.
4. Genetics. A genetic map.

1. 1. To make a map of.
   2. To depict as if on a map: Grief was mapped on his face.
2. To explore or make a survey of (a region) for the purpose of making a map.
3. To plan or delineate, especially in detail; arrange: mapping out her future.
4. Genetics. To locate (a gene or DNA sequence) in a specific region of a chromosome in relation to known genes or DNA sequences.
5. Mathematics. To establish a mapping of (an element or a set).

put on the map

1. To make well-known, prominent, or famous.

1. To destroy completely; annihilate.

[From Middle English mapemounde, from Old French mapemond, from Medieval Latin mappa (mundī), map (of the world), from Latin, napkin, cloth (on which maps were drawn), perhaps of Punic origin.]

For more information on map, visit Britannica.com.

(MAintaining, Preparing and Processing Executive Reports) A Unisys mainframe fourth-generation language. In 1980, it was introduced as a high-level report writer and was later turned into a full-featured development system used successfully by non-technical users.

Download Computer Desktop Encyclopedia to your PC, iPhone or Android.

Image of the earth, seas or stars projected on a flat surface. Its contents represent the distribution of a variety of phenomena in space: continents and oceans, mountains and flatlands, rivers and lakes, countries and their subdivisions, cities and towns. Through much of history the central part of a map represented the known and faded outward into the unknown. This phenomenon of decreasing knowledge and accuracy was doubtless responsible for the cartographer's tendency to fill unknown spaces with imaginary creatures, monsters of sea and land, ships on the seas, rulers and cities on land. Jonathan Swift summed up this characteristic of maps in his On Poetry (177-80):So Geographers in Afric-Maps With Savage-Pictures fill their Gaps; And o'er unhabitable Downs Place Elephants for want of Towns. The earliest decorative-artistic elements on maps are anthropomorphic representations of the principal winds. On a 10th-century world map, in a manuscript of Isidore of Seville's Etymologia (Rome, Vatican, Bib. Apostolica, MS. Reg. Lat. 1260, fol. 39), the four principal winds are represented in the four corners of the map, each riding what appears to be a leather sack. This particular image can be plausibly traced back to the cave of winds of Aeolus in the Odyssey. Winds continued to be part of the artistic vocabulary of cartographers until well into the 16th century. Artistic details on maps may be defined as serving one or more of these purposes: to embellish an otherwise purely utilitarian, linear image of the earth; to provide representations of man and his works as well as creatures of man's imagination; and last, but not least, as Swift defined it, to fill in the blank spaces.

See the Abbreviations for further details.

noun

The front surface of the head: countenance, face, feature (often used in plural), muzzle, visage. Informal mug. Slang kisser, pan, puss. See precede/follow.

verb

1. To show graphically the direction or location of, as by using coordinates. chart, lay out, plot. See show/hide.
2. To work out and arrange the parts or details of. blueprint, design, lay out, plan, set out. See planned/unplanned.

In Homer's time (c. 800 bce), the map of the world showed the continental mass formed by parts of Asia, Africa, and Europe surrounded by a vast body of water, Oceanus. Herodotus, however, felt that the Homeric world had too much water and not enough land. To balance things out, he replaced Oceanus with a great desert.

Symmetry was an overriding concern of the Greeks. For example, they noted that a line drawn between the Nile and the Danube would give a somewhat symmetrical version of the known world. But they obtained even more symmetry by carrying Pythagorean ideas over; that is, that Earth must be a sphere. Plato accepted this on purely geometrical grounds, but Aristotle offered a variety of proofs of sphericity from observation. Later Greek geographers accepted the spherical Earth as a matter of course and worked from there.

The Greek belief in symmetry resulted in the accidental insight that there must be a great continent in the Southern Hemisphere. Since the Greeks knew there was a great land mass in the Northern Hemisphere, they believed it must be balanced by one to the south. Pomponius Mela, writing about 43 ce, made Ceylon the northern tip of a very large Antichthones ("counterEarth"). This large continent was later known as terra australis nondum cognita ("the undiscovered southern continent"). By the 15th century, maps showed that Terra Australis had attached itself to southern Africa, effectively barring ships from reaching the East by sailing around Africa. When Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope in 1487, however, Terra Australis began to shrink.

Some maps from early in the 16th century, notably a Turkish map from 1513 and the Orantes Pinnaeus world map of 1532, show Antarctica of about the right size and location. Even the bays and mountain ranges are close to where they are now known to be. Some people think that these were copied from truly ancient maps prepared by a seafaring people who had sailed the globe. It is more probable that among the many versions of Terra Australis, these came closest to the truth.

Another persistent tradition is that some maps before the time of Columbus and Magellan correctly located the Americas. The Portuguese who first reached Java are supposed to have seen a map there that showed South America. The Vinland map of the Northern Hemisphere, dated at about 1440 ce, shows North America. The question of whether it is a fake is still hotly debated, with one side finding the ink right for the 15th century and another finding the ink too modern.

The discovery of the north coast of Australia by Europeans (it may have been known to the Chinese as early as the 13th century) would seem to have justified the belief in a giant southern continent, but in the mid-17th century Abel Tasman circumnavigated Australia, shrinking the southern continent once again. Even in the 18th century, however, people continued to believe in the existence of the continent at the South Pole, arguing from the same premise of symmetry as had the Greeks. Alexander Dalrymple was the particular champion of the "Great Southern Continent," but he was passed over on the British government's expedition to find it. Instead, the expedition was put under the leadership of Captain James Cook. While the official purpose of Cook's voyage was to observe the transit of Venus from Tahiti, Cook also had secret orders to find the Great Southern Continent.

Cook's first voyage (1768-71) located New Zealand, but circumnavigation showed that it was not the missing continent. In 1772 he started out again, this time with location of the continent as his major goal. Cook reached within 75 miles of Antarctica but failed to find land. He concluded that the Great Southern Continent was either a myth or so close to the pole as to be beyond navigation. Finally, in the 19th century, various explorers reached land and the true nature of Antarctica gradually became known. The world map was finally complete on the basis of exploration, not just theoretical ideas.

For much of history commanders were impeded by lack of topographical information. ‘Bela IV of Hungary and Ottokar II of Bohemia were in arms in 1260, ’ wrote Sir Charles Oman, ‘and both were equally bent on fighting, but when they sighted each other it was only to find that the River March was between them.’ Before the battle of Kolin in 1757 Frederick ‘the Great’ told his generals: ‘Gentlemen, many of you must still remember this neighbourhood from the time we stood here in 1742. I am certain I have the plan somewhere, but Major von Griese cannot find it.’

Early maps were drawn on stone, wood-bark, and hide, and an example from about 500 bc, impressed on a clay tablet, shows the world with Babylon in its centre. Both Romans and Greeks saw the world as a flat disc with the Aegean in its centre and the east uppermost, surrounded by sea. The Romans had trained geometers (agrimensores) and surveyed their roads, many of which led to distant garrisons. Few maps of the period have survived, but among them is a Roman shield bearing a map of part of the Black Sea coast.

The maps of medieval Europe, influenced by the Church's view of a flat earth, reflected first Roman and Greek, and then Islamic and Byzantine cartography, including Ptolemy's Geographia. World maps remained inaccurate, but detailed work, based on observation and survey, was surprisingly good: by the 15th century coastal and harbour charts were available. The first printed maps were produced then, and the great discoveries of the next century improved the quality of world maps, with globes appearing in the 16th century and consideration being given to ways in which the detail of a round earth could be projected onto a flat map.

By the 17th century most governments regarded mapping as an essential component of the modern state. In 1683 England's Chief Engineer was expected ‘to be well-skilled in all the parts of the Mathematicks, more particularly in Stereometry, Altemetry, and Geodoesia. To take distances, Heights, Depths, Surveys of Land … to draw and design the situation of any place’. In Britain surveying was in the hands of the Board of Ordnance, which also controlled the artillery and the engineers: maps are still produced by the Ordnance Survey. The French ingénieurs-géographes, absorbed into the engineers proper in 1831, were responsible for mapping, and their products were housed in the Dépot de la Guerre, which combined the functions of an intelligence bureau with those of a map and statistical service. The USA had its Topographical Engineers, and its General Survey Act of 1824 further blurred the distinction between military and civilian engineering by encouraging the use of military engineers on a variety of projects, including the exploration and mapping of the West.

It was not until the mid-19th century that maps were available to armies in useful quantities. During the Napoleonic wars commanders procured maps from a variety of sources, and in the Hundred Days one British general used a historical map, stuck to linen to give it durability. Strategic blunders were reflected in map issue. In 1870 the French army had a sketch map of ‘routes leading to the Rhine’ but few maps of eastern France in which it actually fought.

The whole of Europe was accurately mapped by the end of the 19th century, and colonial powers had turned their attention to Africa, Asia, and India. In 1881 the British War Office began numbering its maps in sequence, and in 1909 nomenclature changed to include the annotation Geographical Section, General Staff, which survives as the abbreviation GSGS on modern British service maps. Standardization appeared only gradually. For example, British cartographers favoured showing height by means of contour lines while the French preferred hachures. Scales varied, and while maps like the 1: 250, 000 series of South Africa were valuable for planning, they were less useful for navigation. When operations during WW I became static, maps reflected this by becoming more detailed. The British army took 1: 80, 000 maps to France with it, but was soon using trench maps with a scale of 1: 10, 000.

During WW I armies improved cartographic techniques, using air photographs to supplement survey. They also became adept at producing maps for issue right down the chain of command: when the Canadian Corps (see Canadian Expeditionary Forces) took Arras/Vimy Ridge in 1917 it had on average one map for each of its soldiers. Britain alone issued about 34 million maps for use on the western front. Maps enabled artillery to produce accurate indirect fire, and the techniques developed by the then Brig Gen Tudor in 1917, which involved the accurate survey of the gun position, reduced the need for preliminary ‘registration’ of targets. Maps had long been gridded with lines of latitude and longitude, and the practice of gridding them in accordance with their scale and numbering these lines (northings and eastings) enabled users to give references to indicate locations on the map.

Subsequent developments have both increased the accuracy of maps and enabled armies to produce them more rapidly. Not least among the achievements of Patton's army, which swung north to counter-attack during the battle of the Bulge in 1944, was the manufacture and issue of thousands of maps of the new sector. Even at the end of the 20th century, when Global Positioning Systems make accurate navigation far easier than ever before and the partial automation of indirect fire has reduced dependence on maps, they still play a fundamental role in military affairs.

Bibliography

• Oman, C. W. C., The Art of War in the Middle Ages (Ithaca, NY, 1953)

— Richard Holmes

A cartographic representation of specifically chosen spatial information. The information is transmitted through images constructed from symbols. We tend to restrict the term to visual maps, but spatial information may be represented on a computer screen, through braille, or verbally through spoken description, and these categories of spatial representation may also be described as maps. Map reading is the process whereby people interpret and analyse map images, and an understanding of the physical and psychological means used in map reading helps cartographers to improve the maps they produce. See also mental map.

A graphic, planar depiction of the earth’s surface, or a portion thereof, drawn to scale.

(DOD, NATO) A graphic representation, usually on a plane surface and at an established scale, of natural or artificial features on the surface of a part or the whole of the Earth or other planetary body. The features are positioned relative to a coordinate reference system. See also administrative map; chart index; chart series; chart sheet; controlled map; general map; large-scale map; line-route map; map chart; map index; map series; map sheet; medium-scale map; operation map; planimetric map; situation map; small-scale map; strategic map; tactical map; topographic map; traffic circulation map.

LearnThatWord.com is a free vocabulary and spelling program where you only pay for results!

Following a map in a dream signifies the dreamer is being guided and led in a direction that will fulfill the person's needs, as well as provide growth experiences.

1. magnesium-ammonium-phosphate; a type of urolith.
2. microtubule-associated protein. See microtubule.

A drawing or diagram, to scale, of a surface object.

• Maps and Cartography - map: representation, usu. on flat surface, of physical characteristics of whole or part of some area

For other uses, see Map (disambiguation).

A map is a visual representation of an area—a symbolic depiction highlighting relationships between elements of that space such as objects, regions, and themes.

Many maps are static two-dimensional, geometrically accurate (or approximately accurate) representations of three-dimensional space, while others are dynamic or interactive, even three-dimensional. Although most commonly used to depict geography, maps may represent any space, real or imagined, without regard to context or scale; e.g. brain mapping, DNA mapping, and extraterrestrial mapping.

Contents 1 Geographic maps 1.1 Orientation of maps 1.2 Scale and accuracy 1.3 Map types and projections 1.4 Electronic maps 2 Conventional signs 2.1 Labeling 3 Non geographical spatial maps 4 Non spatial maps 5 See also 6 Footnotes 7 References 8 External links

Geographic maps

A celestial map from the 17th century, by the Dutch cartographer Frederik de Wit.

Cartography or map-making is the study and practice of crafting representations of the Earth upon a flat surface (see History of cartography), and one who makes maps is called a cartographer.

Road maps are perhaps the most widely used maps today, and form a subset of navigational maps, which also include aeronautical and nautical charts, railroad network maps, and hiking and bicycling maps. In terms of quantity, the largest number of drawn map sheets is probably made up by local surveys, carried out by municipalities, utilities, tax assessors, emergency services providers, and other local agencies. Many national surveying projects have been carried out by the military, such as the British Ordnance Survey (now a civilian government agency internationally renowned for its comprehensively detailed work).

In addition to location information maps may also be used to portray contour lines (isolines) indicating constant values of elevation, temperature, rainfall, etc.

Orientation of maps

The Hereford Mappa Mundi, about 1300, Hereford Cathedral, England. A classic "T-O" map with Jerusalem at centre, east toward the top, Europe the bottom left and Africa on the right.

The orientation of a map is the relationship between the directions on the map and the corresponding compass directions in reality. The word "orient" is derived from Latin oriens, meaning East. In the Middle Ages many maps, including the T and O maps, were drawn with East at the top (meaning that the direction "up" on the map corresponds to East on the compass). Today, the most common – but far from universal – cartographic convention is that North is at the top of a map. Several kinds of maps are often traditionally not oriented with North at the top:

• Maps from non-Western traditions are oriented a variety of ways. Old maps of Edo show the Japanese imperial palace as the "top", but also at the centre, of the map. Labels on the map are oriented in such a way that you cannot read them properly unless you put the imperial palace above your head.^{[citation needed]}
• Medieval European T and O maps such as the Hereford Mappa Mundi were centred on Jerusalem with East at the top. Indeed, prior to the reintroduction of Ptolemy's Geography to Europe around 1400, there was no single convention in the West. Portolan charts, for example, are oriented to the shores they describe.
• Maps of cities bordering a sea are often conventionally oriented with the sea at the top.
• Route and channel maps have traditionally been oriented to the road or waterway they describe.
• Polar maps of the Arctic or Antarctic regions are conventionally centred on the pole; the direction North would be towards or away from the centre of the map, respectively. Typical maps of the Arctic have 0° meridian towards the bottom of the page; maps of the Antarctic have the 0° meridian towards the top of the page.
• Reversed maps, also known as Upside-Down maps or South-Up maps, reverse the "North is up" convention and have South at the top.
• Buckminster Fuller's Dymaxion maps are based on a projection of the Earth's sphere onto an icosahedron. The resulting triangular pieces may be arranged in any order or orientation.
• Modern digital GIS maps such as ArcMap typically project north at the top of the map, but use math degrees (0 is east, degrees increase counter-clockwise), rather than compass degrees (0 is north, degrees increase clockwise) for orientation of transects. Compass decimal degrees can be converted to math degrees by subtracting them from 451.

Scale and accuracy

A 'global view map' of Europe, Western Asia and Africa.

Many, but not all, maps are drawn to a scale, expressed as a ratio such as 1:10,000, meaning that 1 of any unit of measurement on the map corresponds exactly, or approximately, to 10,000 of that same unit on the ground. The scale statement may be taken as exact when the region mapped is small enough for the curvature of the Earth to be neglected, for example in a town planner's city map. Over larger regions where the curvature cannot be ignored we must use map projections from the curved surface of the Earth (sphere or ellipsoid) to the plane. The impossibility of flattening the sphere to the plane implies that no map projection can have constant scale: on most projections the best we can achieve is accurate scale on one or two lines (not necessarily straight) on the projection. Thus for map projections we must introduce the concept of point scale, which is a function of position, and strive to keep its variation within narrow bounds. Although the scale statement is nominal it is usually accurate enough for all but the most precise of measurements.

Large scale maps, say 1:10,000, cover relatively small regions in great detail and small scale maps, say 1:10,000,000, cover large regions such as nations, continents and the whole globe. The large/small terminology arose from the practice of writing scales as numerical fractions: 1/10,000 is larger than 1/10,000,000. There is no exact dividing line between large and small but 1/100,000 might well be considered as a medium scale. Examples of large scale maps are the 1:25,000 maps produced for hikers; on the other hand maps intended for motorists at 1:250,000 or 1:1,000,000 are small scale.

It is important to recognise that even the most accurate maps sacrifice a certain amount of accuracy in scale to deliver a greater visual usefulness to its user. For example, the width of roads and small streams are exaggerated when they are too narrow to be shown on the map at true scale; that is, on a printed map they would be narrower than could be perceived by the naked eye. The same applies to computer maps where the smallest unit is the pixel. A narrow stream say must be shown to have the width of a pixel even if at the map scale it would be a small fraction of the pixel width.

Cartogram: The EU distorted to show population distributions.

Some maps, called cartograms, have the scale deliberately distorted to reflect information other than land area or distance. For example, this map of Europe has been distorted to show population distribution, while the rough shape of the continent is still discernable.

Another example of distorted scale is the famous London Underground map. The basic geographical structure is respected but the tube lines (and the River Thames) are smoothed to clarify the relationships between stations. Near the center of the map stations are spaced out more than near the edges of map.

Further inaccuracies may be deliberate. For example, cartographers may simply omit military installations or remove features solely in order to enhance the clarity of the map. For example, a road map may not show railroads, smaller waterways or other prominent non-road objects, and even if it does, it may show them less clearly (e.g. dashed or dotted lines/outlines) than the main roads. Known as decluttering, the practice makes the subject matter that the user is interested in easier to read, usually without sacrificing overall accuracy. Software-based maps often allow the user to toggle decluttering between ON, OFF and AUTO as needed. In AUTO the degree of decluttering is adjusted as the user changes the scale being displayed.

Map types and projections

Main article: World map

Map of large underwater features. (1995, NOAA)

Maps of the world or large areas are often either 'political' or 'physical'. The most important purpose of the political map is to show territorial borders; the purpose of the physical is to show features of geography such as mountains, soil type or land use including infrastruction such as roads, railroads and buildings. Topographic maps show elevations and relief with contour lines or shading. Geological maps show not only the physical surface, but characteristics of the underlying rock, fault lines, and subsurface structures.

Maps that depict the surface of the Earth also use a projection, a way of translating the three-dimensional real surface of the geoid to a two-dimensional picture. Perhaps the best-known world-map projection is the Mercator projection, originally designed as a form of nautical chart.

Aeroplane pilots use aeronautical charts based on a Lambert conformal conic projection, in which a cone is laid over the section of the earth to be mapped. The cone intersects the sphere (the earth) at one or two parallels which are chosen as standard lines. This allows the pilots to plot a great-circle route approximation on a flat, two-dimensional chart.

• Azimuthal or Gnomonic map projections are often used in planning air routes due to their ability to represent great circles as straight lines.
• Richard Edes Harrison produced a striking series of maps during and after World War II for Fortune magazine. These used "bird's eye" projections to emphasise globally strategic "fronts" in the air age, pointing out proximities and barriers not apparent on a conventional rectangular projection of the world.

Electronic maps

A USGS digital raster graphic.

From the last quarter of the 20th century, the indispensable tool of the cartographer has been the computer. Much of cartography, especially at the data-gathering survey level, has been subsumed by Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The functionality of maps has been greatly advanced by technology simplifying the superimposition of spatially located variables onto existing geographical maps. Having local information such as rainfall level, distribution of wildlife, or demographic data integrated within the map allows more efficient analysis and better decision making. In the pre-electronic age such superimposition of data led Dr. John Snow to discover the cause of cholera. Today, it is used by agencies of the human kind, as diverse as wildlife conservationists and militaries around the world.

Relief map Sierra Nevada

Even when GIS is not involved, most cartographers now use a variety of computer graphics programs to generate new maps.

Interactive, computerised maps are commercially available, allowing users to zoom in or zoom out (respectively meaning to increase or decrease the scale), sometimes by replacing one map with another of different scale, centered where possible on the same point. In-car global navigation satellite systems are computerised maps with route-planning and advice facilities which monitor the user's position with the help of satellites. From the computer scientist's point of view, zooming in entails one or a combination of:

1. replacing the map by a more detailed one
2. enlarging the same map without enlarging the pixels, hence showing more detail by removing less information compared to the less detailed version
3. enlarging the same map with the pixels enlarged (replaced by rectangles of pixels); no additional detail is shown, but, depending on the quality of one's vision, possibly more detail can be seen; if a computer display does not show adjacent pixels really separate, but overlapping instead (this does not apply for an LCD, but may apply for a cathode ray tube), then replacing a pixel by a rectangle of pixels does show more detail. A variation of this method is interpolation.

A world map in PDF format.

For example:

• Typically (2) applies to a Portable Document Format (PDF) file or other format based on vector graphics. The increase in detail is, of course, limited to the information contained in the file: enlargement of a curve may eventually result in a series of standard geometric figures such as straight lines, arcs of circles or splines.
• (2) may apply to text and (3) to the outline of a map feature such as a forest or building.
• (1) may apply to the text as needed (displaying labels for more features), while (2) applies to the rest of the image. Text is not necessarily enlarged when zooming in. Similarly, a road represented by a double line may or may not become wider when one zooms in.
• The map may also have layers which are partly raster graphics and partly vector graphics. For a single raster graphics image (2) applies until the pixels in the image file correspond to the pixels of the display, thereafter (3) applies.

See also: Webpage (Graphics), PDF (Layers), MapQuest, Google Maps, Google Earth, OpenStreetMap or Yahoo! Maps.

Conventional signs

The various features shown on a map are represented by conventional signs or symbols. For example, colors can be used to indicate a classification of roads. Those signs are usually explained in the margin of the map, or on a separately published characteristic sheet.^[1]

Some cartographers prefer to make the map cover practically the entire screen or sheet of paper, leaving no room "outside" the map for information about the map as a whole. These cartographers typically place such information in an otherwise "blank" region "inside" the map -- cartouche, map legend, title, compass rose, bar scale, etc. In particular, some maps contain smaller "sub-maps" in otherwise blank regions—often one at a much smaller scale showing the whole globe and where the whole map fits on that globe, and a few showing "regions of interest" at a larger scale in order to show details that wouldn't otherwise fit. Occasionally sub-maps use the same scale as the large map—a few maps of the contiguous United States include a sub-map to the same scale for each of the two non-contiguous states.

See also: Japanese map symbols

Labeling

To communicate spatial information effectively, features such as rivers, lakes, and cities need to be labeled. Over centuries cartographers have developed the art of placing names on even the densest of maps. Text placement or name placement can get mathematically very complex as the number of labels and map density increases. Therefore, text placement is time-consuming and labor-intensive, so cartographers and GIS users have developed automatic label placement to ease this process.^[2][3]

Non geographical spatial maps

Maps exist of the solar system, and other cosmological features such as star maps. In addition maps of other bodies such as the Moon and other planets are technically not geological maps.

Non spatial maps

Diagrams such as schematic diagrams and Gantt charts and treemaps display logical relationships between items, and do not display spatial relationships at all.

Some maps, for example the London Underground map, are topological maps. Topological in nature, the distances are completely unimportant; only the connectivity is significant.

See also

Atlas portal

General

• Atlas
• Automatic label placement
• Cartography
• Counter-mapping
• Geography
• Globe
• Map–territory relation

Map design and types

Aeronautical chart Cartogram City map Compass rose Contour map Dymaxion map Estate map Fantasy map Floor plan Geologic map Map design

Nautical chart Pictorial maps Planform Plat Reversed map Road atlas Street map Thematic map Transit map Topographic map World map

Modern maps

• Censorship of maps
• Google Maps
• Japanese map symbols
• List of online map services
• MapQuest
• Maps of the UK and Ireland
• Map of the United States
• NASA World Wind
• Orthophotomap - A map created from Orthophotography
• ABmaps
• Intermap Technologies
• Engels Maps
• Ordnance Survey Maps

Map history

• Early world maps
• George Bradshaw, including maps of the British railway network, first published in 1839
• History of cartography
• List of cartographers
• Ordnance Survey UK map agency
• Sanborn Maps - detailed American fire insurance maps

Related topics

• Aerial landscape art
• Aerial photography
• Automatic label placement
• Digital geologic mapping
• Geographic coordinate system
• Geography Cup
• Index map
• Map database management
• National Mine Map Repository
• Global Map

Footnotes

1. ^ Ordnance Survey, Explorer Map Symbols; Swisstopo, Conventional Signs; United States Geological Survey, Topographic Map Symbols.
2. ^ Imhof, E., “Die Anordnung der Namen in der Karte,” Annuaire International de Cartographie II, Orell-Füssli Verlag, Zürich, 93-129, 1962.
3. ^ Freeman, H.,, Map data processing and the annotation problem, Proc. 3rd Scandinavian Conf. on Image Analysis, Chartwell-Bratt Ltd. Copenhagen, 1983.

References

• David Buisseret, ed., Monarchs, Ministers and Maps: The Emergence of Cartography as a Tool of Government in Early Modern Europe. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992, ISBN 0-226-07987-2
• Denis E. Cosgrove (ed.) Mappings. Reaktion Books, 1999 ISBN 1-86189-021-4
• Freeman, Herbert, Automated Cartographic Text Placement. White paper.
• Ahn, J. and Freeman, H., “A program for automatic name placement,” Proc. AUTO-CARTO 6, Ottawa, 1983. 444-455.
• Freeman, H., “Computer Name Placement,” ch. 29, in Geographical Information Systems, 1, D.J. Maguire, M.F. Goodchild, and D.W. Rhind, John Wiley, New York, 1991, 449-460.
• Mark Monmonier, How to Lie with Maps, ISBN 0-226-53421-9
• O'Connor, J.J. and E.F. Robertson, The History of Cartography. Scotland : St. Andrews University, 2002.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Maps

• Geography and Maps, an Illustrated Guide, by the staff of the U.S. Library of Congress.
• Historical Maps from the Hargrett Library Collection (University of Georgia) - browse over 1000 maps from as early as 1544. DjVu format; requires free plugin or JAVA
• The History of Cartography Project at the University of Wisconsin, a comprehensive research project in the history of maps and mapping
• Mapping History Project - University of Oregon
• Mapping the World The Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division at The New York Public Library
• Online map collections at the Library of Congress
• John H.W. Stuckenberg Map Digital Collection at Gettysburg College
• Journal of Maps

v d e Atlas Atlas · Cartography · Geography · Map · Map projection · Topography Early world maps · History of cartography · List of cartographers Cartogram · Choropleth map · Geologic map · Linguistic map · Nautical chart · Pictorial maps · Thematic map · Topographic map · Weather map Find a map by geographic area or type

v d e Visualization of technical information Fields Biological data visualization · Chemical imaging · Crime mapping · Data visualization · Educational visualization · Flow visualization · Geovisualization · Information visualization · Mathematical visualization · Medical imaging · Molecular graphics · Product visualization · Scientific visualization · Software visualization · Technical drawing · Visual culture · Volume visualization Image types Chart · Diagram · Graph of a function · Engineering drawing · Ideogram · Map · Photograph · Pictogram · Plot · Statistical graphics · Table · Technical drawings · Technical illustration Experts Jacques Bertin · Stuart Card · Thomas A. DeFanti · Michael Friendly · Nigel Holmes · Alan MacEachren · Jock D. Mackinlay · Michael Maltz · Bruce H. McCormick · Charles Joseph Minard · Otto Neurath · William Playfair · Clifford A. Pickover · Arthur H. Robinson · Lawrence J. Rosenblum · Adolphe Quetelet · George G. Robertson · Ben Shneiderman · Edward Tufte Related topics Cartography · Computer graphics · Computer graphics (computer science) · Model-based definition · Graph drawing · Graphic design · Graphic organizer · Imaging science · Information graphics · Information science · Mental visualisation · Neuroimaging · Scientific modelling · Spatial analysis · Visual analytics · Visual perception

v d e Orienteering History   Orienteering concepts Sport disciplines IOF governed Foot-O · Ski-O · Mountain bike O · Trail-O IARU governed Amateur radio direction finding (Fox Oring · ROCA) Other sports Car-O · Canoe-O · Mountain marathon · Mounted O · Rogaining Related sports Adventure racing · Alleycat races · Fell running · Relay race · Transmitter hunting Equipment Event Control point · Course · Map Personal Compass (hand, protractor, thumb) · Eye protectors · Gaiters · Headlamp Exceptions GPS · Whistle · Backpacking Fundamentals Map (Orienteering map) · Navigation (Resection, Route choice, Wayfinding, Waypoint) · Racing (Hiking, Running, Walking) Organization International · Nations · Clubs · Orienteers (by country, innovators) · Events Non-sport related Adventure travel · Bicycle touring · Location-based game (Geocaching, Poker run) · Hiking · Hunting · Mountaineering · Scoutcraft orienteering · Traveling backpacking · Wilderness backpacking   Orienteering competition events Foot-O Top ranked only World Championships · World Cup · World Games · Junior WOC · European Championships · WUOC Open to everyone O-Ringen · Jukola · Tiomila · Kainuu Orienteering Week · JK Ski-O Top ranked only World Championships · World Cup · Junior Ski-WOC MTB-O Top ranked only World Championships Mountain marathon Open to everyone LAMM · OMM · SLMM List of orienteering events Browse orienteering articles by category

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Dansk (Danish)
n. - kort, landkort, tegning
v. tr. - tegne kort over, kortlægge

idioms:

• map out    planlægge, lægge plan for
• off the map    ubetydelig, forældet, afsidesliggende
• put on the map    gøre kendt
• wipe off the map    udslette, tilintetgøre

Nederlands (Dutch)
landkaart, duidelijke voorstelling, rangschikking van genen op chromosoom, functie (wiskunde), plan, bakkes, (ongedekte) cheque, in kaart brengen, afbeelden, onderzoeken/ opmeten (voor het maken van kaart), toewijzen in een wiskundige functie, plannen, een gen vinden

Français (French)
n. - carte, plan (métro, ville), (fig) paysage (politique)
v. tr. - (Géol, Géog, Astron) faire la carte de, faire le plan de, faire un relevé topographique de, (Comput) faire une projection de

idioms:

• all over the map    sur toute la carte, faire connaître
• map out    élaborer, mettre (qch) au point, planifier
• off the map    à l'autre bout du monde, perdu, (fig) rayé de la carte
• put on the map    mettre qch en vedette
• wipe off the map    (fig) rayer de la carte

Deutsch (German)
n. - Landkarte, Stadtplan
v. - kartographieren, abbilden

idioms:

• all over the map    überall
• map out    planen
• off the map    abgelegen
• put on the map    populär machen
• wipe off the map    ausradieren

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - (γεωγραφικός) χάρτης
v. - χαρτογραφώ, (Η/Υ) απεικονίζω, μεταφράζω

idioms:

• map out    σχεδιάζω/προγραμματίζω λεπτομερώς
• off the map    μακριά από το Θεό, απόμερος
• put on the map    κάνω γνωστό
• wipe off the map    αφανίζω, σβήνω από το χάρτη

Italiano (Italian)
carta geografica

idioms:

• map out    progettare
• off the map    sorpassato, non importante
• put on the map    far conoscere
• wipe off the map    annientare

Português (Portuguese)
n. - mapa (m)
v. - cartografar

idioms:

• map out    planejar
• off the map    obsoleto
• put on the map    colocar em evidência
• wipe off the map    obliterar (coloq.)

Русский (Russian)
составлять карту, отображать, карта

idioms:

• map out    составлять план, размечать
• off the map    несуществующий, устарелый
• put on the map    делать известным
• wipe off the map    стереть с лица земли

Español (Spanish)
n. - mapa
v. tr. - trazar un mapa, mapear

idioms:

• all over the map    por todo el mapa, por todos lados
• map out    proyectar, organizar, planear
• off the map    inaccesible, sin importancia, anticuado
• put on the map    hacer famoso, dar a conocer, poner en el primer plano de la actualidad
• wipe off the map    hacer desaparecer del mapa

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - karta, planet, nuna
v. - kartlägga, planera

中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
地图, 天体图, 映射, 计划, 绘制...之地图

idioms:

• map out    制订
• off the map    偏远的, 不重要的, 不存在的
• put on the map    赋与...以重要性, 使出名, 使存在
• wipe off the map    把...消灭掉

中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 地圖, 天體圖
v. tr. - 映射, 計劃, 繪製...之地圖

idioms:

• map out    制訂
• off the map    偏遠的, 不重要的, 不存在的
• put on the map    賦與...以重要性, 使出名, 使存在
• wipe off the map    把...消滅掉

한국어 (Korean)
n. - 지도, 얼굴
v. tr. - 지도를 작성하다

idioms:

• map out    정밀하게 작성하다, 계획을 자세하게 세우다
• put on the map    유명하게 하다

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 地図, 図解, 星座図, 天体図, つら, 顔
v. - 地図を作る

idioms:

• map out    精密に計画する
• off the map    へんぴで, 存在しないで, 廃れて
• put on the map    有名にする

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) خريطه (فعل) يبين على الخريطه, يرسم خارطه‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮מפה‬
v. tr. - ‮ערך מפה, מיפה‬

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