Maratha

 

or Mahrattas (both: mərăt'əz, mərä'təz) , Marathi-speaking people of W central India, known for their ability as warriors and their devotion to Hinduism. From their homeland in Maharashtra their chieftains rose to power in the 17th cent. The Marathas helped bring about the fall of the Mughal empire and were the most determined rivals to British supremacy in India. Under the leadership of Śivaji, power was extended throughout the Deccan and much of S India. By the mid-18th cent. the Marathas, with their capital at Pune, were the leading power in India, but their domain soon split into several territories. In the early 18th cent. power passed to a succession of Brahmans who had been serving as peshwas (prime ministers) to the weaker descendants of Śivaji. Great Britain waged several wars with the Marathas, finally subduing them in 1818. The major states of the Maratha confederation included Baroda, Gwalior, and Indore. During the nationalist period, Marathas played a leading part.

Bibliography

See J. G. Duff, History of the Mahrattas (rev. ed. 1921, repr. 1971); Rao Bahadur G. S. Sardesai, New History of the Marathas (3 vol., 1957, repr. 1986); M. G. Ranade, Rise of the Maratha Power (1962); R. Kumar, Western India in the Nineteenth Century (1968).

Castes of India
Marathas
Classification	Kshatriya
Subdivisions	ninety-six clans
Significant populations in	Maharashtra, Goa, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh
Languages	Marathi
Religions	Hinduism

The Marāthās (Marathi: मराठा, also Mahrattas) form an Indo Aryan group of Hindu warriors and peasants hailing mostly from the present-day state of Maharashtra, who created a the expansive Maratha Empire, covering a major part of India, in the late 17th and 18th centuries.

The "Marathas" were known by that name since their native tongue was almost invariably Marathi, however, not all those whose native tongue is Marathi are Marathas. Historically "Maratha" was a common term used for people of Maharashtra region and speak marathi.[1] In present time, the term "Maratha" refers only to those marathi-speaking people who also belong to certain specific Hindu castes: for one available listing, refer to Maratha clan system. Thus, the terms "Marathi people" and "Maratha people" are not interchangeable and should not be confused for each other.

Etymology

The etymology of the words "Marātha" and "Marāthi" is uncertain. It may be a derivative of the Prakrit word Mahratta found in Jain Maharashtri literature, itself from Sanskrit Maharāṣṭra "great realm" (from maha "great" and rāṣṭra "nation, dominion, district"). One theory holds that a reference to a clan known as Rāṣṭrika in some of Ashoka's inscriptions alludes to a people of the Deccan who were progenitors of the Marathi-speaking people; that the later "Mahārāṣṭri Prakrit" is associated with these people

Other theories link the words Marātha and Rāṣṭri with Ratta, supposedly a corruption of Rāshtrakuta, the name of a dynasty that held sway over the Deccan from the 8th to 10th centuries.

All theories however affirm, as do linguists, that the modern Marathi language has developed from the Prakrit known as Mahārāshtri.

Maratha clans

Main article: Maratha clan system

According to some sources, every maratha must belong to one of 96 different clans (the "96 Kuli Marathas"). The list of 96 Maratha clans is different as per different historians. An authoritative listing was apparently first attempted in 1888 and a list finalised in 1956 by the Government of India.

Population

The Marathas originated as a social class of Marathi speakers (Indo-Aryans). They number some 40 million^{[citation needed]}, about half the number of native Marathi speakers.

Historical prominence

Main article: Maratha Empire

Different Maratha (also called as Rastriks or Maha-rathis or Mahrattas) rulers during Medieval period (before 12th century) include Satavahana, Rashtrakuta, Yadhav-Jadhavs. They re-united into historical prominence under the leadership of Chhatrapati Shivaji in the 17th century. Shivaji Maharaj, born into the Bhosale clan of Marathas, secured an independent state by dint of lifelong struggle and thereby founded an empire, the remnants of which lasted until the independence of India in 1947. The state thus founded by Chhatrapati Shivaji attained its zenith under the tutelage of the Peshwas in the 18th century, extending from the Indus in present-day Pakistan to Orissa in the east and from the Punjab to central Karnataka in the south. The kingdom of Thanjavur in present-day Tamil Nadu was also ruled by a Maratha dynasty, albeit outside the ambit of the main Maratha Empire. At its peak, the Maratha Empire established a protectorate over the mughal emperor and paramountcy over the numerous Rajput chieftains of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Central India and elsewhere. They had also managed to bring Punjab under their sway and end Muslim rule there and keeping the field open for the Sikhs. This vast empire declined gradually after the third battle of Panipat (1761); by 1818, all of present-day India had fallen to the British East India Company.

The history of the states and dynasties comprising the Maratha Empire constitutes a major portion of the history of late medieval India. While that extensive history is detailed elsewhere, it is noteworthy that the rise of the Marathas:

• represented the revival of the political power of the Hindus in north India after many centuries of Muslim rule;
• prevented the spread of the Mughal Empire and associated Islamic culture to south India;
• was the primary cause of the decline of the Mughal Empire;
• led to the dilution of the caste system as an overwhelming number of Brahmins too, fought along with them;
• led to the modernisation of India's armed forces, as they introduced indigenously designed and manufactured muskets(known as Gardi muskets)
• encouraged the development of the Marathi language and was seminal to the consolidation of a distinct Maharashtrian identity.

Maratha states

Since the Marathas ruled much of India in the period immediately preceding the consolidation of British rule in India, the Maratha states came to form the largest bloc of princely states in the British Raj, if size be reckoned by territory and population. Prominent Maratha states included:

• Kolhapur
• Gwalior
• Indore
• Baroda
• Dewas (Senior and Junior)
• Dhar
• Chhatarpur
• Mudhol
• Sandur (princely state) in Bellary District of Karnataka India
• Akkalkot
• Phaltan
• Jath
• Jawhar
• Sawantwadi
• Satara
• Marathwada
• Thanjavur, and many others
• Nashik,
• Jalgaon

Prominent Maratha dynasties

• Satavahanas of Pratishthan, present day Paithan near Aurangabad.
• Mohite of Talbid near Karad
• Yadavas of Deogiri (Daulatabad)
• Jadhavs of Sindkhed Raja, Vidarbha, nashik
• Ghorpades of Ghorpade Raja, Mudhol
• Bhonsles of Kolhapur, Satara, Nagpur, Sawantvadi and Thanjavur
• Sindhias (Shinde) of Gwalior
• Gaekwads (Gaikwad) of Baroda
• Pawars of Dewas, Dhar and Chhatarpur

Bilingual Marathas

The empire also resulted in the voluntary relocation of substantial numbers of Maratha and other Marathi-speaking people outside Maharashtra, and across a big part of India. Thus, there are today several small but significant communities descended from these emigrants living in the north, south and west of India. These communities tend often to speak the languages of those areas, although many do also speak Marathi in addition. Gujarati, Hindi, Konkani, Kannada, Telugu and Tamil are some of the other languages thus spoken

Notable Marathas

Historical

• Chhatrapati Shri Shivaji Maharaj
• Shahaji Raje, father of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj
• Jijabai, mother of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj
• Sambhaji Raje, son of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj
• Maharani Soyarabai-second wife of Maharaja Shivaji (sister of Sarsenapti Hambirrao Mohite From Talbid near Karad)
• Sarsenapati(General) -Hambirrao Mohite from Talbid near Karad
• Tarabai, Regent of Kolhapur,Daugter of Sarsenapati Hambirrao Mohite
• Serfoji II, Maharaja of Thanjavur
• Shahu Maharaj, Chhatrapati of Kolhapur
• Prataprao Gujar,
• Ranoji Biradar
• Dhanaji Jadhavrao
• Santaji Ghorpade
• Tanaji Malusare, hero of the conquest of Kondana

Political

• Yashwantrao Chavan, former Home Minister of India
• Vasant Dada Patil, former Chief Minister of Maharashtra
• Dr D.Y.Patil, Founder Chancellor of D.Y.Patil University
• Shankarrao Chavan, former Chief Minister of Maharashtra and Home Minister of India
• Madhavrao Scindia
• Jayant Patil, Minister of Finance and Planning of Maharashtra
• Vilasrao Deshmukh, Chief Minister of Maharashtra
• R. R. Patil, Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra
• Anil Deshmukh, Road Transport Minister of Maharashtra
• Sharad Pawar, formar CM of [[Maharashtra],[[Agriculture minister of Govt. India
• Shivraj Patil, former Minister of Maharashtra and Home Minister of India

Science

• Vijay Bhatkar
• Suhas Patil, a founder of Cirrus Logic’s predecessor company

Writers

• Vishwas Patil
• Shivaji Savant
• Ananad Yadav
• Shankar Patil
• Bahinabai Chaudhari
• Ranjeet Desai
• Baba Kadam

Artists

• Smita Patil
• Rajinikanth
• Sulochana Chavan
• Nirmiti Sawant
• Ritesh Deshmukh
• Nana Patekar
• Sayaji Shinde
• Dilip Prabhavalkar
• Lakshmikant Berde
• Nilu Phule
• Sapana Gaikwad
• Priya Arun

Vijay Kadam, Sivaji Satam, Vikas Kadam, Mahesh Kothare,

Wrestlers

• Khashaba Jadhav (Helsinki olympic Games, bronze medal winner)
• Maruti Mane Hindkesari
• Harishchandra Biradar (Hindkesari)
• Yuvaraj Chaugule (Hindkesari)
• Kaka Pawar
• Ganapatrao Andalkar
• Dadu Chaugule (Hindkesari)
• Vinod Chaugule Maharashtra kesari

Armed forces

Army

• Naik Yashavantrao Ghadge(recipient of Victoria cross)
• Second Lt Ram Raghoba Rane(receipanant of Paramvir Chakra)
• Major-General Jagnathrao Bhosale
• Lt-General S.S.Thorat
• Pandurang Salunkhe(recipient of Mahavir Chakra)

Air force

• Air Commodore NK Shitoley, recipient of the DFC Distinguished Flying Cross
• Air Marshal, Yeshwant Rane
• Sanjiv Rakhshale

Sports

• Tejaswini Sawant (Shooting)
• Anjali Bhagwath VedPathak (Shooting)
• Uday Pawar (Badminton)
• Sujata Jain-Pawar (Badminton)
• Veerdhaval Khade (Swimming)

References

1. Haplogroups of the Marathi people
2. Molecular insight into the genesis of ranked caste populations of western India by Sonali Gaikwad and VK Kashyap
3. Influence of language and ancestry on genetic structure of contiguous populations by Sanghamitra Sahoo and VK Kashyap
4. Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists by Sengupta et al.

Sachin Tendulkar Cricket

See also

• Maratha Empire
• Maratha clan system
• Forward Castes
• Shivaji
• Peshwa
• Kshatriya
• List of Indian Princely States

External links

• http://bluwiki.com/go/96_Maratha_Clans
• The Maratha community
• Check Out My Blog
• The Saraswathi Mahal Library at Thanjavur
• http://www.thakkarfoundation.org/index.php*The Maharajas of Thanjavur
• Maratha history
• "The Marathas" at Columbia Encyclopaedia
• Indian Princely States- *http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/main.html
• Indian Princely States- specialist and most elaborate site
• J.T.Platt's Dictionary of Urdu, Hindi
• RoyalArk- (former British) India (here the Glossary page, see also individual dynasties)
• WorldStatesmen- India
• [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_K-W.html
• [2]

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