Marcus Whitman

Marcus Whitman
Born	September 4, 1802
Died	November 29, 1847 in Waiilatpu, Oregon Country
Church	Protestant
Education	Fairfield Medical College
Congregations served	Whitman Mission
Title	Missionary
Spouse	Narcissa Prentiss
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Marcus Whitman (September 4, 1802–November 29, 1847) was an American physician and missionary in the Oregon Country. Along with his wife Narcissa he started a mission in what is now southeastern Washington state in 1836, which would become a stop along the Oregon Trail. Whitman would later lead the first large party of wagon trains along the Oregon Trail, establishing it as a viable route for the thousands of emigrants who used the trail in the following decade.

Early life

On September 4, 1802 Marcus Whitman was born in Federal Hollow, New York to Beza Whitman and Alice Whitman.^[1] The family's heritage dates to John Whitman who immigrated to the Massachusetts Bay Colony before 1639 from England.^[1] After his father's death, when Whitman was seven years old, he moved to Massachusetts to live with his uncle.^[1] He dreamed of becoming a minister but did not have the money for such a time-consuming curriculum. Instead, apprenticing himself, he studied medicine for two years with an experienced physician and received his degree from Fairfield Medical College.

Missionary

In 1834 Whitman applied to the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. They initially denied him for health reasons, but he was later accepted as a missionary doctor. In 1835, he traveled with missionary Samuel Parker to present-day north-western Montana and northern Idaho, to minister to the Native American bands of the Flathead and Nez Percé people. During this journey, Whitman treated several fur trappers during an outbreak of cholera. At the end of their stay, he promised the Nez Percé that he would return with other missionaries and teachers to live with them.

Narcissa Whitman

After his return Whitman attended a speech by Parker, now representing the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, which called for missionaries. In 1836, Whitman married Narcissa Prentiss, a teacher of physics and chemistry. Narcissa had also been eager to travel west as a missionary, but she had been unable to do so as a single woman.

On May 25, 1836, the couple, and a group of other missionaries including Henry and Eliza Spalding, joined a caravan of fur traders and traveled west. The Fur Company caravan was led by mountain men Milton Sublette and Thomas Fitzpatrick. The fur traders had seven wagons, each pulled by six mules. An additional cart drawn by two mules carried Sublette, who had lost a leg a year earlier and walked on a "cork" leg made by a friend. The combined group arrived at the fur-trader's rendezvous on July 6.

The group established several missions as well as Whitman's own settlement, Waiilatpu (Why-ee-lat-poo, the 't' is half silent), which means "place of the rye grass" in the Cayuse language. Located 6 miles from current day Walla Walla Washington, just west of the northern end of the Blue Mountains, near the present day city of Walla Walla, Washington. The settlement was in the territory of both the Cayuse and the Nez Percé tribes of Native Americans. Marcus farmed and provided medical care, while Narcissa set up a school for the Native American children. In 1843, Whitman travelled east, and on his return he helped lead the first large group of wagon trains west from Fort Hall, in eastern Idaho. Known as the "Great Emigration", it established the viability of the Oregon Trail for later the homesteaders.

Massacre

The influx of white settlers in the territory brought new diseases to the Indian tribes, including a severe epidemic of measles in 1847. The Native American's lack of immunity to new diseases and limited health practices led to a high mortality rate, with children dying in striking numbers. The zealous conversion attempts by the Whitmans, as well as the recovery of many white patients, fostered the belief among the Native Americans that Whitman was causing the death of his Indian patients.

The Indian tradition of holding medicine men personally responsible for the patient's recovery eventually resulted in violence. In what became known as the Whitman Massacre, Cayuse tribal members murdered the Whitmans in their home on November 29, 1847. Most of the buildings at Waiilatpu were destroyed. Twelve other white settlers in the community were also killed. For one month 53 women and children were held captive before negotiations led to them being released. This event triggered an ongoing conflict between white settlers and local tribes, known as the Cayuse War.

According to some contemporaries, the situation was aggravated by ongoing animosity between the Protestant missionaries and local Catholic priests. Roman Catholic priest John Baptist Brouillet aided the survivors and helped bury the victims. However, the Rev. Henry H. Spalding later wrote a pamphlet stating forcefully that the Catholic priests, including Father Brouillet, had incited the massacre. "Spalding's version of the disaster was printed and reprinted, sometimes at taxpayer expense, for the next half-century. It was finally discredited by a Yale University historian in 1901 [Edward Gaylord Brown, 'The myth of Marcus Whitman', in the American Historical Review of January 1901]."^[2]

Commemoration

Marcus Whitman, National Statuary Hall Collection, NSHC

Whitman is commemorated by Marcus Whitman Junior High in Port Orchard, Washington, Marcus Whitman Elementary in Richland, Washington, Marcus Whitman Central School in Rushville, New York, Whitman College, Whitman County, Washington, the Wallowa–Whitman National Forest and the Marcus Whitman hotel in Walla Walla. In 1953, the state of Washington donated a statue of Whitman by Avard Fairbanks to the National Statuary Hall Collection. The Washington State Legislature has declared the fourth day of September as Marcus Whitman Day.

See also

• Whitman Mission National Historic Site
• Whitman College
• Jason Lee (missionary)

References

External links

• The Whitmans at Whitman Mission National Historic Site
• Whitman at the Architect of the Capitol
• PBS: The West: Marcus & Narcissa Whitman
•  "Whitman, Marcus". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911. 
• Edwards, G. Thomas. Marcus Whitman in the Oregon Encyclopedia.

v • d • e Pioneer History of Oregon (1806–1890) Topics American Fur Company · Columbian Exchange · Executive Committee · Ferries · Hudson's Bay Company · Oregon & California Railroad · Oregon boundary dispute · Oregon Country · Oregon Lyceum · Oregon missionaries · Oregon Spectator · Oregon Territory · Oregon Trail · Oregon Treaty · Organic Laws · Pacific Fur Company · Provisional Government Events Astor Expedition · Treaty of 1818 · Russo-American Treaty · Willamette Cattle Company · Champoeg Meetings · Star of Oregon · Whitman massacre · Cayuse War · Donation Land Claim Act · Holmes v. Ford · Rogue River Wars · Constitutional Convention · Modoc War · Great Gale of 1880 Places Applegate Trail · Albina · Barlow Road · Canemah · Champoeg · Fort Astoria · Fort Dalles · Fort Vancouver · Fort William · French Prairie · Linn City · Meek Cutoff · Methodist Mission · Oregon City · Oregon Institute · Philip Foster Farm · Tualatin Academy · Whitman Mission · Willamette Trading Post People George Abernethy · Jesse Applegate · Ira Babcock · Sam Barlow · François Blanchet · Tabitha Brown · Matthew Deady · Abigail Scott Duniway · Thomas Lamb Eliot · Philip Foster · Peter French · Joseph Gale · Cornelius Gilliam · David Hill · Chief Joseph · Joseph Kellogg · H.A.G. Lee · Jason Lee · Asa Lovejoy · John McLoughlin · Joseph Meek · Ezra Meeker · James D. Miller · John Minto · Robert Newell · Joel Palmer · Osborne Russell · Sager orphans · Levi Scott · Henry Spalding · Elijah White · Marcus Whitman · Narcissa Whitman · Geo. H. Williams · Ewing Young Transportation Columbia  · Lot Whitcomb · Canemah  · Colonel Wright · Gazelle · Oregon Steam Navigation Company Oregon History Native Peoples History · History to 1806 · Pioneer History · Modern History