Mary Daly
Gale Encyclopedia of Biography:
Top
Mary Daly
Mary Daly (born 1928) was considered the foremost feminist theoretician and philosopher in the United States.
Mary Daly was born in Schenectady, New York, on October 16, 1928. Educated in Catholic schools, she received her first Ph.D. from St. Mary's College/Notre Dame University in 1954. Between 1959 and 1966 she taught philosophy in Junior Year Abroad programs in Fribourg, Switzerland. She also received doctorates in theology and philosophy from the University of Fribourg in 1963 and 1965. After 1966 she was a member of the theology department of Boston College.
Daly was in the forefront of American feminist thinking, both in terms of her early appearance as a feminist writer and in terms of the depth, originality, and power of her work. Her first feminist book, The Church and the Second Sex (1968), was published at the very beginning of the women's liberation movement that emerged in the late 1960s. In that work Daly both documented the history of misogynism in the Catholic Church from the time of the early Fathers through the reign of Pope Pius XII and explored the limitations placed on women's development by the Church's perpetuation of the myth of the "Eternal Feminine." This was the belief that the true nature of women is to be self-sacrificing, passive, and docile, and that women are fulfilled only in physical or spiritual motherhood. Daly called for creative and independent women to exorcise the stifling image of the Eternal Feminine by "raising up their own image" and fulfilling their potential. She also urged the Church to contribute to the exorcism of antifeminism by ending discrimination against women in the ministry, eliminating the barriers that isolate nuns from the world, and examining the conceptual inadequacies that underlie and perpetuate androcentric theology. For example, the attribution of male gender to a transcendent God and the identification of women with sexuality, matter, and evil.
Book Threatens Job
Considerable furor followed the publication of The Church and the Second Sex. Daly was threatened with the loss of her job at Boston College and was finally granted tenure only after some months of student protests and widespread media publicity. The experience radicalized her view of the oppressiveness of patriarchal structures and was the catalyst of her transformation from a reformist Catholic to a post-Christian radical feminist.
In her next book, Beyond God the Father (1973), Daly challenged the whole edifice of patriarchal religion. She argued that its myths and theological constructs, by legitimating male superiority and displacing evil onto the female as the prototypical Other, not only oppress half the human race but foster social structures and ways of thinking that produce racism, genocide, and war. She rejected not only the gender identification of God but the concept of God as a static noun (supreme being) rather than active verb (Be-ing). To "'hypostatize transcendence,' to objectify God as a 'being,"' she wrote, is to "envisage transcendent reality as finite. 'God' then functions to legitimate the existing … status quo."
She saw in the women's movement an authentic challenge to patriarchal religion, a challenge that confronted the fathers' "demonic distortion of Be-ing" with an "ontological, spiritual revolution … pointing beyond the idolatries of sexist society and sparking creative action in and toward transcendence." She attempted to salvage some traditional Christian images by radically transforming their content; she argued that redemption from the evils of the sexist order can be brought about only by women, that the New Be-ing (theologian Paul Tillich's term for Christ) will be manifested in women, and that the prophecy of the Second Coming points to the re-emergence of a strong female presence capable of altering "the seemingly doomed course of human evolution."
Departs Christian Symbolism
In the years following the publication of Beyond God the Father Daly left behind all Christian symbolism and rooted her theology completely in women's experience. Gyn/Ecology (1978) was concerned with the process of women's "becoming" (which Daly described in mythic terms as a journey to the Otherworld) and with the demonic obstacles to that process, the deceptive myths and sadistic practices of patriarchal culture. Subtitled The Metaethics of Radical Feminism, Gyn/Ecology was an attempt to see through the deceptive and confusing maze of patriarchal thinking about good and evil and to go beyond it into what Daly called the deep background of language and myth.
Daly explored the deadly "foreground" myths that shackle women's minds and recounted the psychological and physical destruction of women by such practices as Indian suttee, Chinese footbinding, African genital mutilation, European witchburning, and American gynecology.
Having named and described the male-created demons that block the passage to female Selfhood in the last section of the book, Daly then charted the deeper passages through which women spin and spiral into women-identified and woman-honoring consciousness. In the process of making this journey Daly reclaimed language - the "power of naming" - and forged it into an instrument for the liberation of women's minds from oppressive patriarchal myths and for the expression of deeper levels of women's psychological and spiritual experience. Though not always easy reading, this transformed language - incandescent, metaphoric, alliterative, playful, inventive, punning, charged with sheer energy, anger, and humor - is a brilliant manifestation of the emergence of a "metapatriarchal" women's consciousness.
Language Key to Self
Pure Lust (1984), subtitled Elemental Feminist Philosophy, was concerned with First Philosophy, traditionally defined as ontology or the philosophy of being. Daly reiterated her earlier rejection of the objectified noun being as an inadequate expression of the constantly creating and unfolding Powers of Be-ing, and she defined the ultimate concern of feminist philosophy as "biophilic participation in Be-ing." Be-ing was not separated from nature in Daly's thinking; it was to be found in the elemental nature of the Self, the earth, and the cosmos; Daly saw matter and spirit as unified and the cosmos as enspirited and ensouled.
In Pure Lust, as in Gyn/Ecology, her method of discovering and connecting with the sources of Be-ing was through language: she explored the etymological roots of words and their multiple, double-edged, obscure, and obsolete meanings in order to discover and open up the deep meanings of words and make them suitable for women's journey toward fuller participation in Elemental Be-ing. Though that journey is both outward and inward - outward with the evolutionary unfolding of the cosmos - in Pure Lust, as in Gyn/Ecology, Daly focused primarily on the journey inward and back, through the mazes of patriarchal barriers, to women's Archaic origins and original Selves, to the rediscovery of their primordial life-affirming power, connectedness, and creativity.
Daly's Websters' First New Intergalactic Wickedary of the English Language Conjured in Cahoots with Jane Caputi was published in 1987. The book is an indictment of patriarchy and male dominated institutions in which Daly harnesses the power of naming to make her point. In the book, she defines "positively revolting hag," a term she uses to describe herself. For Daly it means, "a stunning, beauteous Crone; one who inspires positive revulsion from phallic institutions and morality. …." In Daly's lexicon, cockalorum means "a self-important little cock. Examples: Napoleon, Andy Warhol, Fiorello La Guardia, Mickey Mouse," and a crone is "a Great Hag of History, long-lasting one; Survivor of the perpetual witchcraze or patriarchy." Daly's dictionary was followed by Outercourse: The Be-Dazzling Voyage, based on her unpublished Logbook of a Radical Feminist Philosopher. This effort was followed by work for Daly's next book, to be called Quintessence. "This work is in some respects a successor to my philosophical autobiography, Outercourse, and in other ways it is a logical/ontological successor to my earlier works, Beyond God the Father, Gyn/Ecology, and Pure Lust," wrote Daly.
During the 1980s and 1990s, Daly continued to lecture to audiences around the world. She was an outspoken critic of popular phenomena such as the Christian men's movement as personified by an organization called the Promise Keepers. Answering a reporter who asked, "who has hurt women?" Daly responded, "These creeps, the Promise Keepers, rightwing Christians. It's not just the ancient fathers of the church and it's not just the church. It's all the major religions."
Writing in The New Yorker in 1996, Daly articulated her thoughts on the empowerment of women. "Women who are Pirates in a phallocratic society are involved in a complex operation. First, it is necessary to Plunder - that is, righteously rip off - gems of knowledge that the patriarchs have stolen from us. Second, we must Smuggle back to other women our Plundered treasures. In order to invent strategies that will be big and bold enough for the next millennium, it is crucial that women share our experiences: the chances we have taken and the choices that have kept us alive. They are my Pirate's battle cry and wake-up call for women who I want to hear."
Further Reading
There is no biography of Mary Daly. For biographical information, see Contemporary Authors (1st revision) and the autobiographical preface to the Harper Colophon edition of The Church and the Second Sex (1975).
Additional Sources
Ratcliffe, Krista, Anglo-American Feminist Challenges to the Rhetorical Traditions: Virginia Woolf, Mary Daly, Adrienne Rich, Southern Illinois University Press, 1996.
Houghton Mifflin Chronology of US Literature:
Top
Works by Mary Daly
(b. 1928)
| 1978 | Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism. Daly, a professor of theology at Boston College, declares patriarchy the primary cause of female oppression in many cultures and attempts to define a female understanding of theology. Part of that definition is an index of nearly two hundred new words Daly coins as a tool for reformulating language from a feminist perspective. |
Quotes By:
Top
Mary Daly
Quotes:
"If God is male, then male is God. The divine patriarch castrates women as long as he is allowed to live on in the human imagination."
"Why indeed must God be a noun? Why not a verb -- the most active and dynamic of all."
"We will look upon the earth and her sister planets as being with us, not for us. One does not rape a sister."
"A woman's asking for equality in the church would be comparable to a black person's demanding equality in the Ku Klux Klan."
Wikipedia on Answers.com:
Top
Mary Daly
For the Australian writer, see Mary Daly (Australian writer).
 Daly circa 1970 |
|
| Born | October 16, 1928 Schenectady, New York, U.S. |
|---|---|
| Died | January 3, 2010 (aged 81) Gardner, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Era | 20th century philosophy |
| Region | Western philosophy |
| School | Feminist philosophy |
| Main interests | Feminist theology, ontology, metaphysics |
|
Influenced by
|
|
Mary Daly (October 16, 1928 – January 3, 2010[1][2]) was an American radical feminist philosopher, academic, and theologian. Daly, who described herself as a "radical lesbian feminist",[1] taught at Boston College, a Jesuit-run institution, for 33 years. Daly retired in 1999, after violating university policy by refusing to allow male students in her advanced women's studies classes. She allowed male students in her introductory class and privately tutored those who wanted to take advanced classes.[1][3][4]
|
Contents
|
Education
Before obtaining her two doctorates in sacred theology and philosophy from the University of Fribourg, Switzerland, she received her B.A. in English from The College of Saint Rose, her M.A. in English from The Catholic University of America, and a doctorate in religion from Saint Mary's College.
Career
Daly taught classes at Boston College from 1967 to 1999, including courses in theology, feminist ethics, and patriarchy.
Daly was first threatened with dismissal when, following the publication of her first book, The Church and the Second Sex (1968), she was issued a terminal contract. As a result of support from the (then all-male) student body and the general public, however, Daly was ultimately granted tenure.
Daly's refusal to admit male students to some of her classes at Boston College also resulted in disciplinary action. While Daly argued that their presence inhibited class discussion, Boston College took the view that her actions were in violation of title IX of federal law requiring the College to ensure that no person was excluded from an education program on the basis of sex, and of the University's own non-discrimination policy insisting that all courses be open to both male and female students.
In 1998, a discrimination claim against the college by two male students was backed by the Center for Individual Rights, a conservative advocacy group. Following further reprimand, Daly absented herself from classes rather than admit the male students.[5] Boston College removed her tenure rights, citing a verbal agreement by Daly to retire. She brought suit against the college disputing violation of her tenure rights and claimed she was forced out against her will, but her request for an injunction was denied by Middlesex Superior Court Judge Martha Sosman.[6]
A confidential out-of-court settlement was reached. The college maintains that Daly had agreed to retire from her faculty position,[7] while others assert she was forced out.[8][9] Daly maintained that Boston College wronged her students by depriving her of her right to teach freely to only female students.[10] She documented her account of the events in the 2006 book, Amazon Grace: Recalling the Courage to Sin Big.
Daly protested the commencement speech of Condoleezza Rice at Boston College, and she spoke on campuses around the United States as well as internationally.[11]
Works
Daly published a number of works, and is perhaps best known for her second book, Beyond God the Father (1973). Beyond God the Father is the last book in which Daly really considers God a substantive subject. She laid out her systematic theology, following Paul Tillich’s example.[12] Often regarded as a foundational work in feminist theology, Beyond God the Father is her attempt to explain and overcome androcentrism in Western religion, and it is notable for its playful writing style and its attempt to rehabilitate "God-talk" for the women's liberation movement by critically building on the writing of existentialist theologians such as Paul Tillich and Martin Buber. While the former increasingly characterized her writing, she soon abandoned the latter.
In Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism (1978), Daly argues that men throughout history have sought to oppress women. In this book she moves beyond her previous thoughts on the history of patriarchy to the focus on the actual practices that, in her view, perpetuate patriarchy, which she calls a religion.[12]
Daly’s Pure Lust: Elemental Feminist Philosophy (1984) and Webster’s First New Intergalactic Wickedary of the English Language (1987) introduce and explore an alternative language to explain the process of exorcism and ecstasy. In Wickedary Daly provides definitions as well as chants that she says can be used by women to free themselves from patriarchal oppression. She also explores the labels that she says patriarchal society places on women to prolong what she sees as male domination of society. Daly said it is the role of women to unveil the liberatory nature of labels such as “Hag”, “Witch”, and “Lunatic”.[13]
Daly's work continues to influence feminism and feminist theology, as well as the developing concept of biophilia as an alternative and challenge to social necrophilia. She was an ethical vegetarian and animal rights activist. Gyn/Ecology, Pure Lust, and Webster's First New Intergalactic Wickedary all endorse anti-vivisection and anti-fur positions.[citation needed] Daly was a member of the advisory board of Feminists For Animal Rights, a group which is now defunct.
Daly created her own theological anthropology based around the context of what it means to be a woman. She created a dualistic thought-praxis that separates the world into the world of false images that create oppression and the world of communion in true being. She labeled these two areas Foreground and Background respectively. Daly considered the Foreground the realm of patriarchy and the Background the realm of Woman. She argued that the Background is under and behind the surface of the false reality of the Foreground. The Foreground, for Daly, was a distortion of true being, the paternalistic society in which she said most people live. It has no real energy, but drains the “life energy” of women residing in the Background. In her view, the Foreground creates a world of poisons that contaminate natural life. She called the male-centered world of the Foreground necrophilic, hating all living things. In contrast, she conceived of the Background as a place where all living things connect.[13][14]
Gyn/Ecology
Audre Lorde expressed concern over Gyn/Ecology, citing homogenizing tendencies, and a refusal to acknowledge the "herstory and myth" of women of color.[15] The letter,[16] and Daly's apparent decision not to publicly respond, greatly affected the reception of Daly's work among other feminist theorists, and has been described as a "paradigmatic example of challenges to white feminist theory by feminists of color in the 1980s."[14]
Daly's reply letter to Lorde,[17] dated 4½ months later, was found in 2003 in Lorde's files after she died.[18] Daly's reply was followed in a week by a meeting with Lorde at which Ms. Daly said, among other things, that Gyn/Ecology was not a compendium of goddesses but limited to "those goddess myths and symbols that were direct sources of Christian myth," but whether this was accepted by Ms. Lorde was unknown at the time.[19]
Views on men
She argued against sexual equality,[20] believing that women ought to govern men;[21] Daly advocated a reversal of sociopolitical power between the sexes.[22]
In an interview with What Is Enlightenment? magazine, Daly said, "I don't think about men. I really don't care about them. I'm concerned with women's capacities, which have been infinitely diminished under patriarchy. Not that they've disappeared, but they've been made subliminal. I'm concerned with women enlarging our capacities, actualizing them. So that takes all my energy."[23]
Later in the interview, she said, "If life is to survive on this planet, there must be a decontamination of the Earth. I think this will be accompanied by an evolutionary process that will result in a drastic reduction of the population of males."[23]
Views on transsexualism
In Gyn/Ecology, Daly asserted her negative view of transsexualism, writing, "Today the Frankenstein phenomenon is omnipresent . . . in . . . phallocratic technology. . . . Transsexualism is an example of male surgical siring which invades the female world with substitutes."[24] "Transsexualism, which Janice Raymond has shown to be essentially a male problem, is an attempt to change males into females, whereas in fact no male can assume female chromosomes and life history/experience."[25] "The surgeons and hormone therapists of the transsexual kingdom . . . can be said to produce feminine persons. They cannot produce women."[26]
Daly was also the dissertation advisor to Janice Raymond, whose dissertation, published in 1979 as The Transsexual Empire, is critical of transsexualism.
Brittany Shoot criticized Daly as transphobia for these views.[27][unreliable source?]
Bibliography
Books
- The Church and the Second Sex. Harper & Row, 1968. OCLC 1218746
- Beyond God the Father: Toward a Philosophy of Women's Liberation. Beacon Press, 1973. ISBN 0-8070-2768-5
- Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism. Beacon Press, 1978. ISBN 0-8070-1510-5
- Pure Lust: Elemental Feminist Philosophy. Beacon Press, 1984. ISBN 0-8070-1504-0
- Websters' First New Intergalactic Wickedary of the English Language, Conjured in Cahoots with Jane Caputi (with Jane Caputi and Sudie Rakusin). Beacon Press, 1987. ISBN 0-8070-6706-7
- Outercourse: The Bedazzling Voyage, Containing Recollections from My Logbook of a Radical Feminist Philosopher. HarperSanFrancisco, 1992. ISBN 0-06-250194-1
- Quintessence... Realizing the Archaic Future: A Radical Elemental Feminist Manifesto. Beacon Press, 1998. ISBN 0-8070-6790-3
- Amazon Grace: Re-Calling the Courage to Sin Big. Palgrave Macmillan, 1st ed. Jan. 2006. ISBN 1-4039-6853-5
Articles
- The Spiritual Dimension of Women's Liberation. In Notes From The Third Year: Women's Liberation, 1971.[28]
- A Call for the Castration of Sexist Religion. In The Unitarian Universalist Christian 27 (Autumn/Winter 1972), pp. 23–37.
- God Is A Verb. In Ms., (Dec., 1974), pp. 58–62, 96-98.
- Prelude to the First Passage. In Feminist Studies, vol. 4, no. 3 (Oct., 1978), pp. 81–86. Text is from Gyn/Ecology (book), at the time not yet published.
- Sin Big. In The New Yorker (Feb 26 & Mar 4, 1996), pp. 76–84.
Theses/Dissertations
- Natural Knowledge of God in the Philosophy of Jacques Maritain. Officium Libri Catholici, 1966. OCLC 2219525
- The Problem of Speculative Theology. Thomist Press. 1965. OCLC (4 records)
References
- ^ a b c Fox, Margalit (January 6, 2010). "Mary Daly, a Leader in Feminist Theology, Dies at 81". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/07/education/07daly.html?hpw. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
- ^ Fox, Thomas C. (January 4, 2010). "Feminist theologian Mary Daly dies". National Catholic Reporter. http://ncronline.org/blogs/ncr-today/femininst-theologian-mary-daly-dies. Retrieved January 4, 2010.
- ^ "Feminist BC theology professor Mary Daly dies". Associated Press. 6 January 2010. http://www.bostonherald.com/news/regional/view/20100106feminist_bc_theology_professor_mary_daly_dies/srvc=home&position=recent. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
- ^ Madsen, Catherine (Fall 2000). "The Thin Thread of Conversation: An Interview with Mary Daly". Cross Currents. http://www.crosscurrents.org/madsenf00.htm. Retrieved January 13, 2010.
- ^ Seele, Michael (March 4, 1999). "Daly's Absence Prompts Cancellations". The Boston College Chronicle. http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/rvp/pubaf/chronicle/v7/mr4/daly.html.
- ^ Sullivan, Mark (May 28, 1999). "Judge Denies Daly's Bid for Injunction". The Boston College Chronicle. http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/rvp/pubaf/chronicle/v7/my28/daly.html.
- ^ "Mary Daly Ends Suit, Agrees to Retire". The Boston College Chronicle. February 15, 2001. http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/rvp/pubaf/chronicle/v9/f15/daly.html.
- ^ Pippin, Tina (2009). "Mary Daley". In Queen II, Edward L.; Prothero, Stephen R.; Shattuck, Jr., Gardiner H.. Encyclopedia of American Religious History. 3 (3d ed.). New York: Facts on File. p. 326. ISBN 978-0-8160-6660-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=u-_6P2rMy2wC&pg=PA326. Retrieved August 25, 2011.
- ^ Thistlethwaite, Susan Brooks (January 5, 2010). "Mary Daly's 'Courage to Sin Big'". The Washington Post. http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/panelists/susan_brooks_thistlethwaite/2010/01/the_courage_to_sin_big_the_life_of_mary_daly.html. Retrieved August 25, 2011.
- ^ Kettle, Martin (February 27, 1999). "Unholy row as feminist lecturer bars men". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/1999/feb/27/martinkettle.
- ^ Elton, Catherine (May 9, 2006). "Efforts mount against BC's Rice invitation". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/05/09/efforts_mount_against_bcs_rice_invitation/.
- ^ a b Riswold, Caryn D. (2007). Two Reformers. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock Publishers. pp. 33. ISBN 1-59752-826-9.
- ^ a b Ruether, Rosemary Radford (1998). Women and Redemption: A Theological History. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. pp. 218–9. ISBN 0-8006-2947-7.
- ^ a b Hoagland, Sarah Lucia; Frye, Marilyn (2000), Feminist interpretations of Mary Daly, Penn State Press, pp. 60, 267, ISBN 0-271-02019-9
- ^ Audre, Lorde (1984). An Open Letter to Mary Daly. Berkeley: Crossing Press. pp. 66–71.
- ^ Audre Lorde's letter is discussed in Dr. Daly's book, Outercourse.
- ^ Amazon Grace (N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan, 1st ed. [1st printing?] Jan. 2006), pp. 25–26 (reply text).
- ^ Amazon Grace, supra, pp. 22–26, esp. pp. 24–26 & nn. 15–16, citing Warrior Poet: A Biography of Audre Lorde, by Alexis De Veaux (N.Y.: W.W. Norton, 1st ed. 2004) (ISBN 0393019543 or ISBN 0-393-32935-6).
- ^ See Amazon Grace, supra, p. 23 ("week" per pp. 24 & 23).
- ^ Daly, Mary, Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism (Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press, 1978 & 1990), pp. 384 & 375–376 (fnn. omitted) (prob. all content except New Intergalactic Introduction 1978 & prob. New Intergalactic Introduction 1990) (ISBN 0-8070-1413-3)) (New Intergalactic Introduction is separate from Introduction: The Metapatriarchal Journey of Exorcism and Ecstasy).
- ^ Daly, Mary, Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism, pp. 15 & xxvi (p. xxvi in New Intergalactic Introduction (prob. 1990)).
- ^ Daly, Mary, Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism, p. xxvi (New Intergalactic Introduction (prob. 1990)).
- ^ a b Bridle, Susan (Fall/Winter 1999). "No Man's Land". EnlightenNext Magazine.
- ^ Daly, Mary, Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism (Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press, pbk. [1st printing? printing of [19]90?] 1978 & 1990 (prob. all content except New Intergalactic Introduction 1978 & prob. New Intergalactic Introduction 1990) (ISBN 0-8070-1413-3)), pp. 70–71 (page break within ellipsis between sentences) (New Intergalactic Introduction is separate from Introduction: The Metapatriarchal Journey of Exorcism and Ecstasy).
- ^ Daly, Mary, Gyn/Ecology, op. cit., p. 238 n.
- ^ Daly, Mary, Gyn/Ecology, op. cit., p. 68 (n. 60 (at end) omitted).
- ^ Shoot, Brittany. "The Biotic Woman: Talking About Transphobia and Ecofeminism With Ida Hammer". http://bitchmagazine.org/post/the-biotic-woman-talking-about-transphobia-and-ecofeminism-with-ida-hammer.
- ^ In Notes From The Third Year: Women's Liberation (N.Y.: Notes From the Second Year, Inc., 1971), pp. 75–79.
Further reading
- Marquard, Bryan (January 5, 2010). "Mary Daly, pioneering feminist who tussled with BC, dies at 81". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/local/breaking_news/2010/01/mary_daly_pione.html. Retrieved January 5, 2010.
- Ring, Trudy (January 5, 2010). "Mary Daly Dead at 81". The Advocate. http://www.advocate.com/article.aspx?id=105004. Retrieved January 5, 2010.
External links
- Works by or about Mary Daly in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Bibliography, Feminist Theory Website, by Kristin Switala et al., hosted at Center for Digital Discourse and Culture (CDDC), Virginia Tech University (bibliography includes many articles)
- New York University website re "Wickedary"
- Hagerty, Barbara Bradley (January 5, 2010). "Feminist Theologian Mary Daly Remembered" (MP3). NPR. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=122258110. Retrieved January 5, 2010.
- Mary Daly on the GLBTQ encyclopedia (biography)
- Interview with Mary Daly on KDVS, April 5 2006
- "Mary Daly." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 10 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1655663/Mary-Daly>.
This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)
Post a question - any question - to the WikiAnswers community:
Copyrights:
Gale Encyclopedia of Biography
Gale Encyclopedia of Biography. © 2006 by The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved.
Read more
Houghton Mifflin Chronology of US Literature
The Chronology of American Literature, edited by Daniel S. Burt. Copyright © 2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Read more
Mentioned in
Ian Hamer
(Jazz Artist, '90s, 2000s)
Liberation Theology
(American history)
Meg Foster
(Actor, Drama/Action)
Cagney and Lacey
(1981 Mystery Film)
» More