The muscle is from your clavical to your skull. The insertion of the muscle it's attachment to the skull.

The mastoid process. And the little piece of bone jutting out from the mastoid process is the styloid process.

That would be the Mastoid Process which is a condyle, or protuberance

It could be the Zygomatic process, or the temporal process, but that is a little more superior to the ear lobe

Yes.

The mastoid process is the bony prominence located just behind the ear.

Mastoid Process