(b. New Brunswick, Canada, 25 May 1879; d. 9 June 1964) British; press proprietor and government minister 1916 – 18, 1940 – 2, 1943 – 5; Kt. 1914, Baron 1917 Beaverbrook gained success as a financier, journalist, press proprietor, politician, and historian. He was the son of a Presbyterian minister and as a young man made money selling insurance in Canada. He came to England in 1910 and in the same year became Conservative and Unionist MP for Ashton-under-Lyne in the December general election. A close friend and political patron was Bonar Law, a future Conservative party leader and himself a man with New Brunswick connections. In 1916 Beaverbrook took over the ailing Daily Express and eventually made it into a best-selling national newspaper. His newspaper interests soon extended to include the Sunday Express and Evening Standard.
Beaverbrook was friend and adviser to leading politicians for most of his life, particularly in the World Wars. Although he was a man of independent views his political fame rests on his proximity to major figures like Bonar Law, Lloyd George, and Churchill. His role as a go-between in the manœuvres which resulted in Lloyd George replacing Asquith as Prime Minister in 1916 are told in his Politicians and the War. Beaverbrook expected a Cabinet post as a reward for his role. Instead he was offered a peerage (which required him to resign his seat in 1916) and eventually occupied posts as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and then Minister of Information. Neither post satisfied his ambitions.
Beaverbrook played an important role in persuading Bonar Law to make himself available to lead the Conservative Party and replace Lloyd George as Prime Minister in 1922. He soon fell out with the new Conservative leader Baldwin. Beaverbrook was a passionate supporter of imperial preference, or free trade within the British Empire. The threat of Beaverbrook and Rothermere, another press proprietor, to run their own candidates unless Baldwin complied with their policy demands, inspired the latter to make one of the most famous political charges in 1931. He said that the proprietors were demanding "power without responsibility — the prerogative of the harlot throughout the ages".
Beaverbrook was also close to Churchill — they were on the same side in supporting Edward VIII over the abdication crisis in 1936 – 7. They shared the same swashbuckling approach to life and a devotion to causes above political party. Beaverbrook's finest hour came when Churchill appointed him as Minister for Aircraft Production in 1940. He played a major role in boosting the number of aircraft. He left government in 1942 (he resigned or threatened resignation a number of times) but was recalled the next year as Lord Privy Seal. Beaverbrook was a man of action, single-minded about the immediate objective, and had little time for the committees or co-operative ways of Whitehall.
Many Conservatives did not see him as a good influence on Winston Churchill during the 1945 election. He is credited with misleading Churchill about the state of public opinion and also with reinforcing the leader's determination to make a bellicose radio broadcast (accusing Labour of "Gestapo" methods) during the election. In later years he used his newspaper to advance political campaigns. To the end his papers were strongly pro-empire. Not surprisingly, they were also bitterly opposed to British membership of the European Community.
Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook
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William Maxwell Aitken |
William Maxwell Aitken (Lord Beaverbrook; 1879-1964) was a Canadian businessman and politician who left an indelible mark on politics and journalism on both sides of the Atlantic. Aitken rose to prominence as a merger king in Canada before gravitating into British politics and mass-circulation journalism. In 1916 he was elevated to the peerage as Lord Beaverbrook.
William Maxwell Aitken was born in Maple, Ontario, on May 25, 1879, the fifth of ten children of Jane and William Aitken. His father's itinerant career as a minister of the Church of Scotland left a moral and geographic imprint on young Max, who grew up in New Brunswick on Canada's Atlantic coast. He imbibed Presbyterian values in a region that was seeing its once strong prowess in the wood, wind, and water industries eroded by technological and regional shifts in the Canadian economy. Max's early personality displayed a bumptious opportunism brought on by the limited scope for advancement in Atlantic Canada; Aitken's entire career may be seen as a steady gravitation from the margins of economic, social, and political power to its center - from the Atlantic provinces to Montreal and ultimately to London, the seat of imperial political and financial power. Other New Brunswick "boys" would follow similar patterns: Louis B. Mayer to Hollywood and Richard Bedford Bennett to the Canadian prime ministership.
An apt student with a penchant for math and reading, Max cut his entrepreneurial teeth selling magazines and insurance door-to-door. The study of law briefly beckoned but did not overcome his restlessness, and in 1898 Aitken headed for Canada's "last best west," where in Calgary he joined his boyhood friend R.B. "Dick" Bennett in operating a bowling alley. Sensing that finance capitalism was the lifeblood of Canada's booming economy, Aitken returned east to use his persuasive personality in the possibilities of company promotion. As secretary to Halifax promoter John F. Stairs, Aitken quickly acquired a reputation and growing wealth as the seller of bonds in Canadian industrial and utility ventures, some of which extended south to Cuba and the Caribbean. The limited capital pool of the maritime provinces prompted Aitken to shift his focus in 1906 to Montreal, Canada's financial hub. Aitken's arrival in the Canadian business establishment was reinforced by his marriage that same year to Gladys Drury, daughter of a well-placed Halifax family; three children followed: Janet (1908), Max (1910), and Peter (1912).
In Montreal Aitken capitalized on the opportunities for industrial consolidation in the hothouse of national industrial development. He assembled integrated companies out of hitherto fragmented industries, the creation of Canada Cement in 1909 and the Steel Company of Canada in 1910 being the best examples. These activities had a two-fold outcome. They made Aitken very wealthy; he was by 1910 a millionaire with a reputation as a bold "money spinner" capable of remaking the Canadian industrial landscape. They also drew him deeper into the transatlantic web of financial dependence that underlay the Canadian economy. At the same time, Aitken's business methods - alleged stock watering and questionable promotional tactics - affixed a lifelong stigma to his name.
From his arrival in England in 1910 to his death in 1964, Aitken was principally concerned with British politics and journalism. Few abiding principles pervaded his activities in these years; as in business, he was interested in power and the deal-making that underlay it. Aitken understood the power of modern mass democracy - so evident in the sway of his mass-circulation daily newspapers - and the necessary accommodations that turned broad public sentiment into policy. His ventures into amateur history bespoke this instinct: titles such as Politicians and the Press (1925) and Men and Power, 1917-1918 (1956) were best-sellers.
In 1910 Aitken won election as a Conservative member of Parliament for Ashton-under-Lyne; it would be his only elected office. While he excelled at the rhetoric of politics, he faded in the day-to-day practice of politics. Knighted in 1911, he drifted into back room political intrigue and began investing in the Daily Express, a profitable example of mass-circulation "new journalism." World War I gave scope to his charismatic qualities: he sensed the importance of "propaganda" on the home front. He extolled the exploits of Canadian troops in Flanders and later headed the Pictorial Propaganda Committee in England. He drew poets, writers (including Rudyard Kipling and Arnold Bennett) and filmmakers into the war effort. In 1918 he became Britain's minister of information. He played a role in the downfall of Prime Minister Asquith in 1916 and then served his successor, Lloyd George. In 1916 he received a peerage as Lord Beaverbrook, a move some alleged was designed by Lloyd George to forestall the bumptious Canadian from seeking his own job.
In the interwar years Beaverbrook continued to build his journalistic empire; he became a prototype of the modern "press lord." His control of the Daily Express was complemented by addition of the Sunday Express and the Evening Standard. The papers often reflected Beaverbrook's personal enthusiasms: empire free trade in the late 1920s and a fascination with Europe's totalitarian regimes. He visited both Stalin's Russia and Hitler's Germany. When war came again in 1939, Beaverbrook quickly abandoned his inclination to appeasement and rallied to the cause of war, serving his friend Churchill as minister of aircraft production in 1940-1941 and then as an adviser in various guises, including a continued championing of Russia as an ally. Despite his penchant for organization and quick results, the "Beaver" proved a mercurial colleague, prone to egotism and intrigue.
Peace saw Beaverbrook devote his energies to his newspaper empire and to his philanthropic nostalgia for his New Brunswick birthplace. He relished his social eminence in England, in Canada, and at his holiday homes in Jamaica and the south of France. Widowed in 1927, Beaverbrook maintained a wide circle of amorous relationships, including friendships with novelist Rebecca West and actress Tallulah Bankhead. In 1963 he married the widow of his childhood chum Sir James Dunn (1874-1956), a millionaire steel maker. Within a year Beaverbrook died of cancer, on June 9, 1964, and was buried in Newcastle, New Brunswick.
Further Reading
Beaverbrook was author of 11 books. As author, he was by turns amateur historian, political insider, and polemicist. His work is best sampled and not exhaustively read. Canadians in Flanders (1916), Success (1921), and Men and Power (1956) are most characteristic. Anne Chisholm and Michael Davie have written a definitive biography, Beaverbrook: A Life (1992), a book that overshadows A. J. P. Taylor's Beaverbrook (1972), a work clearly influenced by Taylor's own friendship with Beaverbrook.
Columbia Encyclopedia:
William Maxwell Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook |
Bibliography
See biographies by T. Driberg (1956) and A. J. P. Taylor (1972).
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Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook |
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William Maxwell "Max" Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook, Bt, PC, (25 May 1879 – 9 June 1964) was a Canadian-British business tycoon, politician, and writer.[1]
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Early career in Canada
Aitken was born in Maple, Ontario, Canada, (near Keele Street and Major Mackenzie Drive) in 1879, the son of a Scottish-born Presbyterian minister. The following year, his family moved to Newcastle, New Brunswick, Canada, which he considered to be his home town. It was here, at the age of 13, that he published his first newspaper.
Although Aitken wrote the entrance examinations for Dalhousie University and registered at the Saint John Law School, he did not attend either institution. His only formal higher education came when he briefly attended the University of New Brunswick. Aitken worked for a short time as an office boy in the law office of Richard Bedford Bennett, in the town of Chatham, New Brunswick. Bennett later became Prime Minister of Canada and a business associate.
As a young man, Aitken made his way to Halifax, Nova Scotia where John F Stairs, part of the city's dominant business family, gave him employment, training him in the business of finance. In 1904, when Stairs opened his newly formed Royal Securities Corporation, Aitken became a minority shareholder and the firm's general manager. Under the tutelage of Stairs, who would be his mentor and friend, Aitken engineered a number of successful business deals and was planning to do a series of bank mergers; however, Stairs' unexpected early death in late September 1904 led to Aitken acquiring control of the company. Stairs had given the untested and untrained Aitken an opportunity in business, just as Aitken would later do when he hired AJ Nesbitt, a young dry goods salesman from Saint John, New Brunswick. Because Montreal, Quebec was the financial center of Canada, Aitken would send Nesbitt to open the Montreal branch of Royal Securities.
Family
On 29 January 1906, in Halifax, Aitken married Gladys Henderson Drury, daughter of Major-General Charles William Drury CBE and Mary Louise Drury (née Henderson). They had three children before her death in 1927:
| Issue | Marriage | Issue (Grandchildren) | Issue (Great-grandchildren) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Janet Gladys Aitken (1908–1988) |
Sir Ian Campbell, 11th Duke of Argyll Hon. William Montagu Major Thomas Kidd |
Lady Jeanne Campbell (1928) William Montagu (1936) Jane Kidd (1943) John Kidd (1944) |
Kate Mailer (1962) Cusi Cram (1967) Jack Kidd (1973) Jemma Kidd (1974) Jodie Kidd (1978) |
| Sir John William Maxwell Aitken (1910–1985) |
Ursula Kenyon-Slaney Violet de Trafford |
Hon. Kirsty Aitken (1947) Hon. Lynda Aitken (1984) Maxwell Aitken, 3rd Baron Beaverbrook(1951) Hon. Laura Aitken (1953) |
Dominic Morley (1967) Major Sebastian Morley (1969) Eleanor Smallwood (1982) Joshua Dickson (1977) Leo Maréchal (1981) Hon. Maxwell Aitken (1977) Hon. Alexander Aitken (1978) Hon. Charlotte Aitken (1982) Hon. Sophia Aitken (1985) Sonny Mallett (1984) Lucci Levi (1993) Louis Levi (1994) |
| Peter Rudyard Aitken (1912–1947) |
Janet Macneil (md. 1934, div. 1939) Marie Patricia McGuire (md. 1942) |
Caroline Aitken (1935) Timothy Aitken (1944) Peter Aitken (1946)[2] |
William Baker (1958) Philip Baker (1960) Jonathan Baker (1967) Theodore Aitken (1976) Charles Aitken (1979) James Aitken Jason Aitken |
Canada Cement Scandal
In 1910 Aitken acquired and he had the monopoly on the material. There were irregularities in the stock transfer resulting from the conglomeration of the cement plants.[citation needed] Aitken sold his shares, making a large amount of money. Aitken then left for England. Some[who?] say had he stayed in Canada, he would have been charged with securities fraud.
In 1912, A. J. Nesbitt left Aitken's employ to form the Nesbitt, Thomson and Co. stock brokerage. Aitken appointed employee Izaak Walton Killam as the new President of Royal Securities and sold the Canadian securities company to Killam in 1919.
To England
The year he moved to England, Aitkin became Liberal Unionist Member of Parliament for Ashton-under-Lyne. After the death of Charles Rolls in 1910, Aitkin bought his shares in Rolls-Royce, and over the next two years gradually increased his holding in the company. However, Claude Johnson, Rolls-Royce's Commercial Managing Director, resisted Aitkin's attempt to gain control of the company, and in October 1913 he sold his holding to J. B. Duke, of American Tobacco Company.[3]
Aitkin began to build a London newspaper empire. He often worked closely with Andrew Bonar Law, another native of New Brunswick, who became the only Canadian to be Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. In 1911, he was knighted by King George V.
During World War I, the Canadian government put Aitkin in charge of creating the Canadian War Records Office in London, and he made certain that news of Canada's contribution to the War was printed in Canadian and British newspapers. Aitken also established the Canadian War Memorials Fund that evolved into a collection of war art by the premier artists and sculptors in Britain and Canada. His visits to the Western Front during World War I, during which he held the honorary rank of colonel in the Canadian Army, resulted in his 1916 book Canada in Flanders, a three-volume collection that chronicled the achievements of Canadian soldiers on the battlefields. After the War, he wrote several books including Politicians and the Press in 1925 and Politicians and the War in 1928.
Adding to his chain of newspapers, which included the London Evening Standard, he bought a controlling interest in the failing Daily Express from Lawson Johnson on 14 November 1916 for £17,500; he had been lending money to the paper and its proprietors since January 1911. He always obscured this transaction because it was at the same time as the Parliamentary crisis which replaced Asquith with Lloyd George, in which Aitken's ally and protegé Bonar Law played a great part.[citation needed] Aitken's friend and biographer, A.J.P. Taylor, states that this was a mere coincidence, brought on by Johnson's eagerness to be quit of the paper[citation needed].
He was granted a peerage in 1917 as the 1st Baron Beaverbrook, the name "Beaverbrook" being adopted from a small community near his boyhood home. He had initially considered, but on the advice of Louise Manny, rejected "Lord Miramichi" as too difficult to pronounce.[4][5][6] The name "Beaverbrook" also had the advantage of conveying a distinctive Canadian ring to the title.
In 1918 he became the first Minister of Information. He became responsible for allied propaganda in allied and neutral countries. Lord Northcliffe became a Director of Propaganda and control propaganda in enemy countries. During his time in office Beaverbrook had a number of clashes with Foreign Secretary Balfour over the use of intelligence material. Beaverbrook felt that intelligence should become part of his department, Balfour disagreed. Eventually the intelligence committee was assigned to Beaverbrook but they then resigned en masse to be re-employed by the Foreign office. Beaverbrook also came under attack from MP's who distrusted a press baron being employed by the state. He survived but became increasingly frustrated with his limited role and influence, and in September 1918 he resigned claiming ill health.
First baron of Fleet Street
Over time, Beaverbrook turned the dull newspaper into a glittering and witty journal, filled with an array of dramatic photo layouts and in 1918, he founded the Sunday Express. By 1934, daily circulation reached 1,708,000, generating huge profits for Beaverbrook whose wealth was already such that he never took a salary. Following World War II, the Daily Express became the largest selling newspaper in the world by far, with a circulation of 3,706,000. He would become known by some historians as the first baron of "Fleet Street" and as one of the most powerful men in Britain whose newspapers could make or break almost anyone. In the 1930s, while personally attempting to dissuade King Edward VIII from continuing his potentially ruinous affair with American divorcee, Wallis Simpson, Lord Beaverbrook's newspapers published every tidbit of the affair, especially allegations about pro-Nazi sympathies.
For a period of time Beaverbrook employed novelist Evelyn Waugh in London and abroad. Waugh later lampooned his employer by portraying him as Lord Copper in Scoop and as Lord Monomark in both Put Out More Flags and Vile Bodies.
World War II
During World War II, his friend Winston Churchill, the British Prime Minister, appointed him as Minister of Aircraft Production and later Minister of Supply. Under Beaverbrook, fighter and bomber production increased so much so that Churchill declared: "His personal force and genius made this Aitken's finest hour". Beaverbrook's impact on war time production has been much debated but his innovative style certainly energised production at a time when it was desperately needed.
Beaverbrook also accompanied Churchill to several war time meetings with President Roosevelt. He also headed the British delegation to Moscow with American counterpart Averell Harriman. Throughout the war Beaverbrook remained a close confidante of Churchill. However this did not stop arguments between the two such as over the second front over which Beaverbrook resigned in 1942. Clement Attlee commented that 'Churchill often listened to Beaverbrook's advice but was too sensible to take it'[citation needed]
He gave his son, also Max Aitken (1910-1985), The Daily Express and The Sunday Express as a birthday present in 1931. Max Aitken Jr. became a fighter pilot with 601 Squadron, rising to Wing Commander with 16 victories.
The benefactor
After the war, Lord Beaverbrook served as Chancellor of the University of New Brunswick and became the university's greatest benefactor, fulfilling the same role for the city of Fredericton and the Province as a whole. He would provide additions to the University, scholarship funds, the Beaverbrook Art Gallery, the Beaverbrook Skating Rink, the Lord Beaverbrook Hotel (profits donated to charity), The Playhouse, Louise Manny's early folklore work, and numerous other projects.
In 1957, a bronze statue of Lord Beaverbrook was erected at the centre of Officers' Square in Fredericton, New Brunswick, paid for by money raised by children throughout the province. A bust of him by Oscar Nemon stands in the park in the town square of Newcastle, New Brunswick not far from where he sold newspapers as a young boy. His ashes are in the plinth of the bust.
Beaverbrook was both admired and despised in England, sometimes at the same time: in his 1956 autobiography, David Low quotes H.G. Wells as saying of Beaverbrook: "If ever Max ever gets to Heaven, he won't last long. He will be chucked out for trying to pull off a merger between Heaven and Hell after having secured a controlling interest in key subsidiary companies in both places, of course."
In England he lived at Cherkley Court, near Leatherhead, Surrey. Beaverbrook remained a widower for many years until 1963 when he married Marcia Anastasia Christoforides (1910-1994), the widow of his friend Sir James Dunn. Lord Beaverbrook died in Surrey in 1964, aged 85. He had recently attended a birthday banquet organised by fellow-Canadian press baron Lord Thomson of Fleet, where he was determined to be seen on his usual good form, despite being riddled with painful cancer. The Beaverbrook Foundation continues his philanthropic interests.
Legacy
Lord Beaverbrook and his wife Lady Beaverbrook have left a considerable legacy to his adopted province of New Brunswick and the United Kingdom, among others. His legacy includes the following buildings:
- University of New Brunswick
- Aitken House
- Aitken University Centre
- Lady Beaverbrook Gymnasium
- Lady Beaverbrook Residence
- Beaverbrook House (UNBSJ E-Commerce Centre)
- City of Fredericton, New Brunswick
- Lady Beaverbrook Arena (formerly operated by the University of New Brunswick)
- The Beaverbrook Art Gallery, including world-renowned art collection (N.B.'s provincial gallery)
- The Fredericton Playhouse
- Lord Beaverbrook Hotel
- City of Miramichi, New Brunswick
- Lord Beaverbrook Arena (LBA)
- Beaverbrook Kin Centre
- Beaverbrook House (his boyhood home & formerly the Old Manse Library)
- Lord Beaverbrook statue in Queen Elizabeth Park in Miramichi
- Aitken Avenue in Miramichi West (formerly known as Newcastle
- City of Campbellton, New Brunswick
- Lord Beaverbrook School
- City of Saint John, New Brunswick
- Lord Beaverbrook Rink
Bibliography
- Canada in Flanders (1916)
- Politicians and the Press (1925)
- Politicians and the War Vol 1 (1928)
- Politicians and the War Vol 2 (1932)
- Men and Power (1956)
- Friends: Sixty years of Intimate personal relations with Richard Bedford Bennett (1959)
- Courage (1961)
- The decline and fall of Lloyd George (1962)
- The divine propagandist (1962)
- My Early Life (1962)
- Success (1962)
- The Abdication of Edward VIII (1966)
References
- ^ Aitken, William Maxwell, 1st Baron Beaverbrook http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0000101
- ^ Peter Aitken married 2ndly 1980 (div 1985) Honourable Elizabeth Rees-Williams, former wife of Richard Harris and Rex Harrison, and now wife of his second cousin Jonathan Aitken
- ^ Pugh, Peter (2001). The Magic of a Name - The Rolls-Royce Story: The First 40 Years. Icon Books. ISBN 1840461519.
- ^ St John NB & The Magnificent Irvings + Art heist at Beaverbrook Gallery http://annamation.wordpress.com/2008/08/18/st-john-nb-the-magnificent-irvings-art-heist-at-beaverbrook-gallery/
- ^ Rayburn, A. 2001. Naming Canada: Stories about Canadian Place Names. University of Toronto Press.
- ^ Rayburn, A. 1975. Geographical Names of New Brunswick. Canadian Permanent Committee on Geographical Names, Ottawa.
Further reading
- Beaverbrook, by A.J.P. Taylor, 1972.
External links
- National Film Board of Canada biography
- Works by Max Aitken, Baron Beaverbrook at Project Gutenberg
- Ontario Plaques - Lord Beaverbrook
- His role as minister of Information during WW1
- Archival material relating to Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook listed at the UK National Register of Archives
- The Beaverbrook Papers at the UK Parliamentary Archives
- Darryl Landy. Lord Beaverbrook genealogy. Retrieved 2 June 2009.
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Alfred Scott |
Member of Parliament for Ashton-under-Lyne December 1910–1916 |
Succeeded by Albert Henry Stanley |
| Political offices | ||
| New office | Minister of Information 1918 |
Succeeded by The Lord Downham |
| Preceded by Frederick Cawley |
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster 1918 |
|
| New office | Minister of Aircraft Production 1940–1941 |
Succeeded by John Moore-Brabazon |
| Preceded by Andrew Duncan |
Minister of Supply 1941–1942 |
Succeeded by Andrew Duncan |
| New office | Minister of War Production 1942 |
Succeeded by Oliver Lyttelton as Minister of Production |
| Preceded by Viscount Cranborne |
Lord Privy Seal 1943–1945 |
Succeeded by Arthur Greenwood |
| Peerage of the United Kingdom | ||
| New creation | Baron Beaverbrook 1917–1964 |
Succeeded by John William Maxwell Aitken |
| Baronetage of the United Kingdom | ||
| New creation | Baronet (of Cherkley) 1916–1964 |
Succeeded by John William Maxwell Aitken |
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 | Henry D. Bradley |
| Maxwell Aitken |
| Margaret Aitken |
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 | Political Biography. A Dictionary of Political Biography. Copyright © 1998, 2003 by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. Read more |
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| Columbia Encyclopedia. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition Copyright © 2003, Columbia University Press. Licensed from Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. www.cc.columbia.edu/cu/cup/. Read more |
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