• Birth Name: Maxwell Lemuel Roach
• Genre: Jazz
• Active: '40s - '90s
• Instrument: Drums

Biography

In a profession star-crossed by early deaths -- especially the bebop division -- Max Roach is a shining survivor, one of the last living giants from the birth of bebop. He and Kenny Clarke instigated a revolution in jazz drumming that persists to this day; instead of the swing approach of spelling out the pulse with the bass drum, Roach shifted the emphasis to the ride cymbal. The result was a lighter, far more flexible texture, giving drummers more freedom to explore the possibilities of their drum kits and drop random "bombs" on the snare drum, while allowing bop virtuosos on the front lines to play at faster speeds. To this base, Roach added sterling qualities of his own -- a ferocious drive, the ability to play a solo with a definite storyline, mixing up pitches and timbres, the deft use of silence, the dexterity to use the brushes as brilliantly as the sticks. He would use cymbals as gongs and play mesmerizing solos on the tom-toms, creating atmosphere as well as keeping the groove pushing forward.

But Roach didn't stop there, unlike other jazz pioneers who changed the world when they were young yet became set in their ways as they grew older. He has always had the curiosity and the willingness to grow as a musician and as a man, moving beyond bop into new compositional structures, unusual instrument lineups, unusual time signatures, atonality, music for Broadway musicals, television, film and the symphony hall, even working with a rapper well ahead of the jazz/hip-hop merger. An outspoken man, he became a fervent supporter of civil rights and racial equality, and that no doubt hurt his career at various junctures. At one point in his militant period in 1961, he disrupted a Miles Davis/Gil Evans concert in Carnegie Hall by marching to the edge of the stage holding a "Freedom Now" placard protesting the Africa Relief Foundation (for which the event was a benefit). When Miles' autobiography came out in 1989, Roach decried the book's inaccuracies, even going so far as to suggest that Miles was getting senile (despite the bumpy patches, their friendship nevertheless lasted until Miles' death). Roach has also received a MacArthur Foundation "genius" grant; as an articulate lecturer on jazz, he has taught at the Lenox School of Jazz and has been a professor of music at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst.

Roach's mother was a gospel singer, and that early immersion in the church had a lasting effect on his musical direction. He started playing the drums at age ten and undertook formal musical studies at the Manhattan School of Music. By the time he was 18, Roach was already immersed in proto-bop jam sessions at Minton's Playhouse and Monroe's Uptown House (where he was the house drummer) with Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie, listening to Kenny Clarke and absorbing his influence. He made his recorded debut in 1943 with the progressive-minded Coleman Hawkins on the Apollo label, and played with Benny Carter's orchestra in California and Gillespie's quintet, as well as briefly with Duke Ellington in 1944. By 1945, Roach was red-hot in jazz circles, and he joined Parker's group that year for the first of a series of sporadic periods (1945, 1947-49, 1951-53). He participated in many of bop's seminal recordings (including Parker's incendiary "Ko-Ko" of 1945 and Miles' Birth of the Cool recordings of 1949-50), although he would not lead his own studio session until 1953. Even then, Roach would not be forced into a narrow box, for he also played with R&B/jazz star Louis Jordan and Dixieland's Henry "Red" Allen. With Charles Mingus, Roach co-founded Debut Records in 1952, though he was on the road too often to do much minding of the store. But Roach later said that Debut gave his career a springboard -- and indeed, Debut released his first session as a leader, as well as the memorable Massey Hall concert in which Roach played with Parker, Gillespie, Mingus and Bud Powell.

In 1954, not long after recording with Howard Rumsey's Lighthouse All-Stars, Roach formed a quintet in Los Angeles to take out on the road at the suggestion of Gene Norman. This group included one Clifford Brown, who had been recommended to Roach by Dizzy several years before. The Brown/Roach quintet made a stack of essential recordings for EmArcy that virtually defined the hard bop of the '50s, and though Brown's death in a 1956 auto accident absolutely devastated Roach, he kept the quintet together with Kenny Dorham and Sonny Rollins as the lead horns. For the remainder of the '50s, he would continue to use major talents like Booker Little, George Coleman and Hank Mobley in his small groups, dropping the piano entirely now and then.

Heavily affected by the burgeoning civil rights movement and his relationship with activist singer Abbey Lincoln (to whom he would be married from 1962 to 1970), Roach recorded the We Insist! Max Roach's Freedom Now Suite, a seven-part collaboration with Oscar Brown, Jr., in 1960, and he would continue to write works that used solo and choral voices. Throughout the 1960s, Roach was a committed political crusader, and that, along with the general slump of interest in jazz, reduced his musical visibility, although he continued to record sporadically for Impulse! and Atlantic. In 1970, Roach took another flyer and formed M'Boom, a ten-piece percussion ensemble that borrowed languages and timbres from classical contemporary music and still performs now and then. Interested in the avant-garde, Roach recorded with the likes of Anthony Braxton, Archie Shepp and Cecil Taylor in the late 1970s, though the results were mostly issued on erratically distributed foreign labels. In the 1980s, he began to experiment with a double quartet (with Odean Pope, Cecil Bridgewater and Tyrone Brown) -- his regular jazz quartet combined with the partly improvising Uptown String Quartet (which includes his daughter Maxine on viola).

The late '80s and '90s found Roach unveiling special projects like a double-CD duo concert with a sadly faded Dizzy Gillespie, the much more successful To the Max, which combined several of Roach's assorted groups and idioms, and a huge, uneven concerto for drum soloist and symphony orchestra, "Festival Journey." Thus, Roach has been outside the consciousness of most jazz historians since the 1960s, as he refuses to be bound and secured into some tight little niche of history -- and that makes him a rare, unclassifiable, treasurable breed of cat. ~ Richard S. Ginell, All Music Guide

Complete Studio Recordings Buy this CD	Streams of Consciousness Buy this CD	Max Roach 4 Plays Charlie Parker [Japan] Buy this CD	The Complete Mercury Max Roach Plus Four Sessions Buy this CD	Variations on the Scene Buy this CD
The Max Roach Trio, Featuring the Legendary Hasaan/Drums Unlimited Buy this CD	Max Roach with the New Orchestra of Boston and the So What Brass Quintet Buy this CD	To the Max! Buy this CD	Max & Dizzy: Paris 1989 Buy this CD	Bright Moments Buy this CD

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jazz drummer; composer; educator

Personal Information

Born Maxwell Roach, January 10, 1924, in Newland, North Carolina; died August 16, 2007; spouse: Anne Marie "Abbey" Lincoln, married 1962, divorced 1970; children: Maxine. Religion: Muslim.
Education: Manhattan School of Music, B.A. in music composition.
Religion: Muslim.

Career

Played in jam sessions throughout Harlem, 1942; joined Dizzy Gillespie and recorded first session with Coleman Hawkins, 1944; during the same year worked with saxophonist Benny Cater's Band; worked briefly with the Parker-Gillespie quintet; recorded with Stan Getz, 1946; played in Parker's group from 1946 to 1953; recorded with Miles Davis for Birth of the Cool sessions, 1949; co-founded Debut Record Company, 1952-57; formed a quintet with trumpeter Clifford Brown, 1954-56; worked and recorded with Sonny Rollins, 1956-58; worked with wife and vocalist Abbey Lincoln, 1960s; began teaching at University of Massachusetts at Amherst, 1971; formed M'Boom percussion section, 1972; recorded with Anthony Braxton and Abdullah Abrahim, 1980s; record producer for Bluemoon Records and artistic director of the Jazz Institute, 1980s; formed So What Brass Band, 1990s.

Life's Work

Since the 1940s, jazz drummer Max Roach has expanded the boundaries of his art while stressing the socio-political aspects of the African American experience. Following in the musical footsteps of Big Sid Catlett and Kenny Clarke, Roach - as a member of bands led by such notable talents as Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie - further developed the art of modern jazz drumming. Although he is considered one of the founders of bebop or modern jazz, Roach refuses to recognize such terms in reference to an African American artform he believes was prejudiciously named by those outside the musical community. Described by music writers as a "melodic drummer," Roach retains, within his solo work, logical constructions built creatively around the composition. As a drummer, educator, composer and political activist, Roach has looked to music as a liberating voice. Roach's use of drums and percussion instruments in orchestral ensemble, the integration of non-standard time signatures, and projects involving rap performers, have kept him at the forefront of change within jazz and African American music.

Maxwell Lemuell Roach was born in Newland, North Carolina, on January 10, 1924. At the age of four, Roach moved with his family to the Bedford-Stuyvesant district of Brooklyn. Roach's mother, a gospel singer, took him to church regularly and it was there that he received his first musical instruction on trumpet and piano. Roach studied keyboard harmony at age eight with his aunt and, within a year, played piano in the summer Bible school of the Concord Baptist Church. Roach's interest in music was heightened by the sounds of his Brooklyn neighborhood. "You could walk down the street; you heard people singing, you heard people playing," he recalled in Ira Gitler's book Swing to Bop. "The community was just fraught with music."

Introduced to the drums in high school, Roach joined the school marching band. By listening to radio shows and recordings, he heard the drumming of Jo Jones and swing drummer "Big" Sid Catlett, who recorded with trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie on such influential bebop numbers as "Salt Peanuts." Along with high school friends such as trumpeter Leonard Hawkins and saxophonist Cecil Payne, Roach listened to the latest jazz bands at the Apollo Theatre in Harlem. Playing in Brooklyn rehearsal bands, he read stock arrangements from the band books of Count Basie and Jimmie Lunceford. On weekends at Coney Island, he performed in the Darktown Follies and accompanied eighteen different acts in one day.

Jam Sessions: The Jazz Classroom

Local jam sessions became the main outlet for the development of Roach's rhythmic ideas. At these fiercely competitive exchanges, Roach's drum technique began to deviate from the standard swing patterns of the period. While still a teenager, Roach often wore a penciled mustache in order to appear old enough to attend after-hours jam sessions at Harlem nightclubs like Monroe's Uptown House on 138th Street and Minton's Playhouse located in the dining room of the Hotel Cecil on 118th Street. At Minton's Roach encountered the house band's innovative drummer, Kenny Clarke, a Brooklyn neighbor who provided him with insight concerning technique and career opportunities. Years later, Clarke recounted in Klook: The Story of Kenny Clarke, how he "persuaded," Roach "to study at Julliard so that he could acquire the knowledge to become an all-around musician and do studio work and everything." At this time, Roach also received encouragement from Big Sid Catlett. As Roach told Burt Korall in Drummin' Men, "I didn't hear that much of Big Sid, except on records, apart from the little I heard on 52nd Street, but I was influenced by his kindness, his generosity."

When most of the experienced jazz drummers left New York to serve in the armed forces during World War II, Roach's musical reputation and his ability to read music allowed him to find employment with some of the finest bands of the day. At age sixteen he played three nights at the Paramount Theatre with Duke Ellington's Orchestra, filling in for the ailing Sonny Greer. In Ira Gitler's Jazz Masters of the Forties Roach explained how "I had no rehearsal. The stage came up and I was sitting on Sonny's drums all about me. I followed Duke--his conducting was so hip while he played the piano."

After graduating from Boys High School with full honors in 1942, Roach played regular jobs with white groups, and in the evenings sought out more progressive sounds at Monroe's and Minton's. At these late-night club dates, he established a name for himself as one of the formidable "up-and-coming" modern jazzmen. In 1944, Gillespie and bassist Oscar Pettiford hired Roach for their group based at the Onyx on Fifty-Second Street. From the Onyx, Gillespie booked Roach and several members of a new group across the street at the Down Beat.

Made Recording Debut

In February of 1944 Roach, through the intercession of Dizzy Gillespie, made his recording debut with veteran swing saxophonist Coleman Hawkins on the Keynote label. In the company of Hawkins, Gillespie and other talents such as Budd Johnson and Oscar Pettiford, Roach contributed to the numbers "Disorder at the Border," "Feeling Zero," and "Rainbow Mist." One of the first big-name musicians to hire Roach, Hawkins also nurtured the talents of a number of young modern jazzmen. In the liner notes to Giants of Jazz: Coleman Hawkins, Roach considered Hawkins as "the most adventurous of the established musicians of the period." A few months after the session with Hawkins, Roach went on the road with saxophonist Benny Carter's band.

Returning to New York in the spring of 1945, Roach joined the legendary Dizzy Gillespie-Charlie Parker quintet at the Three Deuces on Fifty-Second Street. Although he credited other drummers for his musical development Roach, as he explained in The Legend of Charlie Parker, attributed Parker as playing a major role in "...the way I play the drums. Bird was really responsible, not just because his style called for a particular kind of drumming, but because he set tempos so fast, it was impossible to play straight." To compensate for the polyrhythmic texture of bebop, Roach abandoned the steady four-four bass pedal and repetitive ride cymbal patterns of earlier jazz drummers. Through the variation of rhythm, he developed what has been called "melodic" drumming--an approach which freed the instrumentalist from his traditional role as strictly a time-keeping accompanist.

With Gillespie's departure from the group, Parker hired nineteen-year-old trumpeter Miles Davis, who formed a close friendship with Roach. In November of 1945 Roach, along with Gillespie, Davis, and bassist Curly Russell, recorded with Parker on the Savoy label. Released as "Charlie and His Re Boppers," the session yielded the classic numbers "Billie's Bounce," "Now's the Time," and "Thriving on a Riff." The session also included Parker's "Ko Ko" - a landmark bebop number which, as Gary Giddins noted in Chasin' The Bird, "braced by the cold winds of Max Roach's drums ... struck with the violence and calm of a hurricane."

By December of 1945, Parker and Gillespie had replaced Roach in a newly assembled group. Roach then free-lanced in Fifty-Second Street clubs with groups led by Coleman Hawkins, Dexter Gordon, and J.J. Johnson. He recorded with Hawkins for the Sonora label, cutting the album Coppin' the Bop. His 1947 Dial recordings with Parker included "Scrapple From the Apple," and "Chasin' the Bird." In 1949, Roach attended a session which became part of Miles Davis's ground-breaking Birth of the Cool recordings. That same year, he played on pianist Bud Powell's legendary numbers "Tempus Fugit" and the Latin-influenced number "Uno Poco Loco." Around this time Roach also earned a bachelors degree in music theory from the Manhattan School of Music.

Exemplar of Hard Bop

In his 1952 work, A History of Jazz in America, Barry Ulanov lauded Roach as "a rhythmic thinker; his solos are not like swing drummers', not dependent on sheer noise and intensity to make the point." Known for his crisp and precise rhythmic execution and melodic sense, Roach was in demand as both a performer and studio musician. That same year, he joined Charles Mingus and his wife Celia as co-founder of the Debut record label. This short-lived company recorded not only solo projects by Roach and Mingus, but also those of jazzmen such as Miles Davis, Thad Jones, Kenny Dorham, and J.J. Johnson. In May of 1953 Roach and Mingus, along with Gillespie, Parker, and Bud Powell, took part in an all-star concert at Toronto's Massey Hall. The concert, recorded on-stage by Mingus, was later released as the Debut recording The Quintet: Jazz at Massey Hall. In To Be or Not to Bop, Roach recalled the concert, "...everybody was in complete command, everybody had a wonderful time. It was a real happy, happy day."

The Roach, Brown Quintet

In 1953, Roach arrived in Hermosa Beach, California to replace drummer Shelly Mann in the Lighthouse All-Stars. During the following year, Roach brought trumpeter Clifford Brown from New York to California and assembled a quintet which included Harold Land, pianist Richie Powell, and bassist George Morrow. In West Coast Jazz, Ted Gioia noted that Roach and Brown "were about to become the most prominent members in one of the finest - if not best - jazz combos of the early 1950s." From sessions recorded in Los Angeles during August of 1954, the quintet recorded its first LP Brown and Roach Incorporated. This release was followed in 1955 by the album Clifford Brown and Max Roach. These recordings received acclaim from both musicians and music critics. Following the departure of Land from the quintet in 1955, Roach and Brown recruited the talents of saxophonist Theodore Walter "Sonny" Rollins. The horns of Brown and Rollins, along with Roach's inventively propulsive drumming, proved to be a brilliant combination. Rollins' recording debut with the group occurred on the 1956 album, Clifford Brown and Max Roach at Basin Street. Like the group's earlier recordings, At Basin Street showcased Roach's masterful extended solos. The quintet's success, however, was cut short in June of 1956 when Brown and Powell were killed in an automobile accident. "Max used to tell me all the time how he loved playing with Brownie," related Miles Davis in his memoir Miles. "His death really got to Max and he didn't pull out of it for a long time."

After the deaths of Brown and Powell, Roach performed in a trio with Rollins and bassist George Morrow. In April of 1956, he appeared on saxophonist Johnny Griffin's album, Introducing Johnny Griffin. Two months later, he provided accompaniment for Rollins' groundbreaking solo album, Saxophone Colossus. A brilliant showcase of material, this album included "St. Thomas," a Caribbean-inspired number in which, as Ira Gitler observed in the album's liner notes, "Max shines in his featured spot, once again demonstrating his musical approach to the drums." Roach's performance on the album Blue 7 "shows," as Gunther Sculler commented in Jazz Panorama, "that exciting drum solos need not be just an un-thinking burst of energy - they can be interesting and meaningful compositions." In December of 1956 Roach, along with bassist Oscar Pettiford, formed the rhythm section for Thelonious Monk's Riverside album Brilliant Corners. Roach's contributions to Brilliant Corners included playing the tympani on Monk's classic "Bemsha Swing." As Thomas Fetterling remarked in Thelonious Monk: His Life and Music, "[Roach] supplanted his kit with tympani, giving the rather simple theme a powerful allure. During [Sonny] Rollins' solo he makes the tympani thunder." In February of 1958, Roach and Pettiford formed a trio with Rollins for the saxophonist's celebrated Riverside album, Freedom Suite.

Musician And Militant Spokesman

Roach entered the 1960s committed to the struggle against racism. His outspoken views on race were reflected in the 1960 Atlantic album We Insist! Freedom Now. In July of the same year, he joined Mingus in a protest against the cancellation of the Newport Jazz Festival by staging a "rebel festival" at the nearby Cliff Walk Manor Hotel. The alternative event attracted such talents as Coleman Hawkins, Jo Jones, Ornette Coleman, and vocalist Anne Marie "Abbey" Lincoln. Soon after the event, in a 1961 issue of Down Beat, Roach boldly stated that he would "never again play anything" that did not "have social significance." That same year, Roach infused the voice of racial protest into his recording of Percussion Bitter, Sweet. This album showcased a number of original compositions in the company of such musicians as Eric Dolphy, Booker Little, Julian Priester, Clifford Jordan, and Mal Waldron. Vocalist Abbie Lincoln appeared on the tracks, "Garvey's Ghost," which was dedicated to the Jamaican-born black nationalist leader Marcus Garvey, and the ballad "Mendacity," which sardonically mocked American democracy and its promise of racial equality.

Roach married Abbie Lincoln in 1962 and, over the next decade, the two collaborated extensively. Trained as a rhythm and blues singer, Lincoln expanded her musical horizons by recording with jazz accompanists. In Down Beat, Lincoln described the "handsome, sophisticated," Roach as an inspiring companion who "gave me sanctuary." Devoted to expanding the horizons of African American music, Roach fused jazz with elements of Negro spirituals to create a voice of artistic expression and social protest. As drummer-bandleader, Roach wrote and arranged choral and orchestral works, the first of which appeared on the album It's Time in 1962. In September of the same year, Roach and Mingus provided the accompaniment for Duke Ellington's Blue Note recording, Money Jungle. The album, which placed Ellington with "two musicians of the next generation, both of whom idolized him, produced some splendidly forthright, if none too well recorded, playing by all three." remarked Brian Priestly in Mingus.

Academic Educator

In 1971 Roach began teaching at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, where he became a key figure in establishing a jazz major. That same year, he recorded Lift Every Voice and Sing, (dedicated to Paul Robeson) with a twenty-two member gospel choir. In 1972, he founded the M'Boom, a ten-man percussion ensemble featuring over one hundred different Third World instruments, including vibes, steel pans, marimbas and chimes. In 1979 and 1980, he joined pianist Cecil Taylor for a series of concerts and spent the rest of the decade recording with jazzmen such as Abdullah Abrahim, Cecil Bridgewater, and Odoen Pope. In 1987, Roach further pursued his diverse musical vision by contributing to the score of "Swingin' The Dream" an adaptation of William Shakespeare's "Midsummer's Night Dream." During the following year, he appeared with the Japanese drum troupe Kodo, and won a $372,000 MacArthur Foundation grant for creative genius.

Throughout the 1990s, Roach has been involved in numerous collaborations and creative settings. He recorded the two-CD set, To the Max!, in 1992 and performed with the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra. Always attentive to new musical ideas, Roach viewed rap as a creative improvisational form and collaborated with MTV's rap-music host Fab Freddie Five in recording the program From Bebop to Hip-hop. Roach's sextet performed with the Abyssinian Baptist choir in 1997. In 1998, Roach performed with his So What Brass Quintet, which was comprised of five brass instruments and drums, and with dancers in choreographer Donald Byrd's production "Jazz Train."

Roach's ability to embrace new musical ideas exemplifies his vast creative vision and boundless desire to interpret the world around him. At the close of the twentieth century, Roach's musical career will serve as a time-line with which to trace the creative legacy of modern African American music. "Perhaps more than anything, this is his current mission," commented Ben Sidran in Talking Jazz: An Oral History, "to keep the long revolution marching forward to a new beat."

Awards

Grand Prix International Du Disque 1977; recipient of the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Fellowship Award and The Composer/Reader's Digest Commissioning Program Grant, 1988.

Works

Selected discography

• Coleman Hawkins, 1944, Classic Records, (France), 1995.
• With Charlie Parker
• The Very Best of Bird, Warner Brothers.
• Bird: The Complete Charlie Parker On Verve, Verve, 1989.
• The Legendary Dial Masters, Vol. I, Stash, 1989.
• Charlie Parker, Swedish Schnapps, (sessions including Roach recorded 1949 and 1951), Verve, 1991.
• Charlie Parker, Jazz Masters 15, Verve, 1994.
• Yardbird Suite, The Ultimate Charlie Parker Collection, Rhino, 1997.
• With others
• Dexter Gordon, Dexter Rides Again, (1946), Savoy, 1992.
• Miles Davis, Birth of the Cool, (1949) Capitol, 1989.
• Compact Jazz, Bud Powell, (1949-1950), Verve, 1993.
• The Amazing Bud Powell, Vol. 2, (1951), Blue Note, 1989.
• The Quintet, Jazz at Massey Hall, (Debut 1953), Original Jazz Classics, 1989.
• Clifford Brown, Brownie, (1954-1956), Emarcy, (ten CD box set).
• Charles Mingus, Jump Monk, Debut (Debut 1955), Original Jazz Classics, 1990.
• Thad Jones, (Debut 1955), Original Jazz Classics, 1991.
• Sonny Rollins, Saxophone Colossus, (1956), Prestige, 1987.
• Introducing Johnny Griffin, (1956), Blue Note, 1987.
• Thelonious Monk, Brilliant Corners, (1956), Original Jazz Classics, 1987.
• Sonny Rollins, Freedom Suite, (Riverside 1958), Original Jazz Classics, 1983.
• Abbey Lincoln, Straight Ahead, Candid, 1961.
• Duke Ellington, Money Jungle, Blue Note, (1962), 1987.
• Max and Dizzy: Paris 1989, A & M, 1989.
• As bandleader
• Brown and Roach Incorporated, Emarcy, 1954.
• Clifford Brown and Max Roach, Emarcy, 1955.
• Clifford Brown and Max Roach At Basin Street, EmArcy, (1956), 1990.
• Max Roach Plus Four, Emarcy, (1956-1957), 1990.
• Deeds Not Words, Riverside, 1958.
• We Insist! Freedom Now, Candid, 1960.
• Percussion, Bitter, Sweet, ABC Paramount Impulse! (1962), 1993.
• Documentary
• Interviewed in Blue Note: A Story of Modern Jazz, 1997.

Further Reading

Books

• Bird, The Legend of Charlie Parker, edited by Robert Reisner, Da Capo, 1962, p. 194.
• Davis, Miles, with Quincy Troupe, Miles: The Autobiography, Simon & Schuster, 1989, p. 204.
• Fetterling, Thomas, Thelonious Monk: His Life and Music, foreword by Steve Lacey, Berkley Hill Books, 1997, p. 157.
• Giddins, Gary, Chasin' The Bird: The Triumph of Charlie Parker, Beech Tree, 1987, p. 88.
• Gillespie, Dizzy, To Be, or Not to Bop, Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1979, pp. 374-75.
• Gioia, Ted, West Coast Jazz: Modern Jazz in California 1945-1960, University of California Press, 1992.
• Gitler, Ira, Jazz Masters of the Forties, Collier Books, 1966.
• Gitler, Ira, Swing to Bop: An Oral History of the Transition of Jazz in the 1940's, Oxford University Press, 1985.
• Hennesey, Mike, Klook, The Story of Kenny Clarke, University of Pittsburgh Press, 1994, pp. 63-64.
• Jazz Panorama: From the Birth of Dixieland, From the Pages of Jazz Review, Collier Books, 1958, p. 248.
• Korall, Burt, Drummin' Men: The Heartbeat of Jazz, The Swing Years, Schirmer Books, 1990, p. 193.
• Priestly, Brian, Mingus: A Critical Biography, Da Capo, 1982.
• Sidran, Ben, Talking Jazz: An Oral History, Da Capo, expanded edition, 1995, p. 77.
• Taylor, Arthur, Notes and Tones: Musician-to-Musician Interviews, Da Capo Press, 1993.
• Ulanov, Barry, A History of Jazz in America, Viking, 1952, p. 288.

Periodicals

• Down Beat, March 21, 1968; July 24, 1969; March 16, 1972; September 1989; November 1978; November 1990; February 1992; May 1993; November 1993; November 1998.
• Musician, January 1994.
• The Black Perspective in Music, 1990.
• Pulse!, November 1992.
• Liner notes: Saxophone Colossus, Prestige, 1956, written by Ira Gitler, Giants of Jazz: Coleman Hawkins, Time Life Records, 1979, written by John McDonough.

— John Cohassey

For more information on Maxwell Roach, visit Britannica.com.