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Mayotte

 
Dictionary: Ma·yotte   (mä-yôt') pronunciation
 

An island of the eastern Comoros in the Mozambique Channel of the Indian Ocean. It remained a French territory after the other islands declared their independence in 1975.

 

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Southeasternmost island (pop., 2002 est.: 165,000) of the Comoros archipelago, a French overseas territorial collectivity. Located northwest of Madagascar, it occupies an area of 144 sq mi (373 sq km); Mamoutzo is its chief town and capital designate. Dzaoudzi, the current capital, is its other main city and port. Most of its people are of Malagasy origin. Originally inhabited by descendants of Bantu and Malayo-Indonesian peoples, it was converted to Islam by Arab invaders in the 15th century. Taken by Malagasy people from Madagascar at the end of the 18th century, it came under French control in 1843. Together with the other Comoros islands and Madagascar, it became part of a single French overseas territory in the early 20th century. It has been administered separately since 1975, when the three northernmost islands of the Comoros declared independence.

For more information on Mayotte, visit Britannica.com.

 
Mayotte (mīŏt') , island (2005 est. pop. 194,000), 144 sq mi (374 sq km), French departmental collectivity, Indian Ocean, in the Comoro chain. Mamoudzou is the capital and largest city. The land is gently rolling, with some mountains of ancient volcanic origin and deep ravines. The climate is tropical, with a hot and humid rainy season and a cooler dry season. Nearly all Muslim, the population is of mixed Arab, African, and Malagasy origin. French is the official language, but Mahorian, a Swahili dialect, is widely spoken. The economy is largely agricultural and includes livestock raising and fishing. Mayotte exports perfume oils, vanilla, copra, coconuts, coffee, and cinnamon. Much of its food, as well as machinery, equipment, metals, and chemicals is imported, mainly from France. Part of the Comoro Islands, it became a French possession in 1843. When the Comoros became an independent republic in 1975, Mayotte decided to remain French and the following year it voted to become a territorial collectivity. In 2000 voters approved increased autonomy for Mayotte, which subsequently became a departmental collectivity. Mayotte is still claimed by the Comoros.


 
Dialing Code: Mayotte Island
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The international dialing code for Mayotte Island is:   269


 
Local Time: Mayotte
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Local Time: Jul 11, 4:04 AM

 
Statistics: Mayotte
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Introduction

Background:Mayotte was ceded to France along with the other islands of the Comoros group in 1843. It was the only island in the archipelago that voted in 1974 to retain its link with France and forego independence.

Geography

Location:Southern Africa, island in the Mozambique Channel, about one-half of the way from northern Madagascar to northern Mozambique
Geographic coordinates:12 50 S, 45 10 E
Map references:Africa
Area:total: 374 sq km
land: 374 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative:slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries:0 km
Coastline:185.2 km
Maritime claims:territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Climate:tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern monsoon (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to November)
Terrain:generally undulating, with deep ravines and ancient volcanic peaks
Elevation extremes:lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Benara 660 m
Natural resources:NEGL
Land use:arable land: NA%
permanent crops: NA%
other: NA%
Irrigated land:NA
Natural hazards:cyclones during rainy season
Environment - current issues:NA
Geography - note:part of Comoro Archipelago; 18 islands

People

Population:208,783 (July 2007 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 45.8% (male 48,016/female 47,533)
15-64 years: 52.5% (male 59,111/female 50,437)
65 years and over: 1.8% (male 1,864/female 1,822) (2007 est.)
Median age:total: 17.1 years
male: 18.1 years
female: 16.1 years (2007 est.)
Population growth rate:3.617% (2007 est.)
Birth rate:40.35 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Death rate:7.53 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Net migration rate:3.35 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.172 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.023 male(s)/female
total population: 1.092 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
Infant mortality rate:total: 59.51 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 65.33 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 53.52 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:total population: 62.16 years
male: 59.94 years
female: 64.45 years (2007 est.)
Total fertility rate:5.69 children born/woman (2007 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:NA
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:NA
HIV/AIDS - deaths:NA
Nationality:noun: Mahorais (singular and plural)
adjective: Mahoran
Ethnic groups:NA
Religions:Muslim 97%, Christian (mostly Roman Catholic) 3%
Languages:Mahorian (a Swahili dialect), French (official language) spoken by 35% of the population
Literacy:definition: NA
total population: NA
male: NA
female: NA

Government

Country name:conventional long form: Territorial Collectivity of Mayotte
conventional short form: Mayotte
Dependency status:departmental collectivity of France
Government type:NA
Capital:name: Mamoudzou
geographic coordinates: 12 46 S, 45 13 E
time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Administrative divisions:none (territorial overseas collectivity of France)
Independence:none (territorial overseas collectivity of France)
National holiday:Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)
Constitution:4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Legal system:the laws of France, where applicable, apply
Suffrage:18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Nicolas SARKOZY (since 16 May 2007); represented by Prefect Jean-Paul KIHL (since 17 January 2005)
head of government: President of the General Council Said Omar OILI (since 8 April 2004)
cabinet: NA
elections: French president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; prefect appointed by the French president on the advice of the French Ministry of the Interior; president of the General Council elected by the members of the General Council for a six-year term; next election to be held in 2010
Legislative branch:unicameral General Council or Conseil General (19 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve three-year terms)
elections: last held 21 and 28 March 2004 (next to be held in 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - MDM 23.3%, UMP 22.8%, PS 10.2%, MRC 8.9%, FRAP 6.5%, MPM 1.2%, other 27.1%; seats by party - MDM 6, UMP 9, MRC 2, MPM 1, diverse left 1
note: Mayotte elects one member of the French Senate; elections last held 24 September 2001 (next to be held in September 2007); results - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; Mayotte also elects one member to the French National Assembly; elections last held 16 June 2002 (next to be held in 2007); results - percent of vote by party - UMP-RPR 55.1%, UDF 44.9%; seats by party - UMP-RPR 1
Judicial branch:Supreme Court or Tribunal Superieur d'Appel
Political parties and leaders:Democratic Front or FD [Youssouf MOUSSA]; Mahoran Popular Movement or MPM [Ahmed MADI]; Federation of Mahorans or UMP-RPR [Mansour KAMARDINE]; Force of the Rally and the Alliance for Democracy or FRAP; Movement for Department Status Mayotte or MDM [Mouhoutar SALIM]; Renewed Communist Party of Mayotte or MRC [Omar SIMBA]; Socialist Party or PS [Ibrahim ABUBACAR] (local branch of French Parti Socialiste); Union for French Democracy or UDF [Henri JEAN-BAPTISTE]
Political pressure groups and leaders:NA
International organization participation:UPU
Diplomatic representation in the US:none (territorial overseas collectivity of France)
Diplomatic representation from the US:none (territorial overseas collectivity of France)
Flag description:unofficial, local flag with the coat of arms of Mayotte centered on a white field, above which the name of the island appears in red capital letters; the main elements of the coat of arms, flanked on either side by a seahorse, appear above a scroll with the motto RA HACHIRI (We are Vigilant); the only official flag is the national flag of France

Economy

Economy - overview:Economic activity is based primarily on the agricultural sector, including fishing and livestock raising. Mayotte is not self-sufficient and must import a large portion of its food requirements, mainly from France. The economy and future development of the island are heavily dependent on French financial assistance, an important supplement to GDP. Mayotte's remote location is an obstacle to the development of tourism.
GDP (purchasing power parity):$953.6 million (2005 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate):$NA
GDP - real growth rate:NA%
GDP - composition by sector:agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%
Labor force:44,560 (2002)
Unemployment rate:25.4% (2005)
Population below poverty line:NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share:lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices):1.7% (2005)
Budget:revenues: $420 million
expenditures: $394 million (2005)
Agriculture - products:vanilla, ylang-ylang (perfume essence), coffee, copra
Industries:newly created lobster and shrimp industry, construction
Industrial production growth rate:NA%
Electricity - production:NA kWh
Electricity - consumption:139.2 million kWh (2005)
Exports:$6.5 million f.o.b. (2005)
Exports - commodities:ylang-ylang (perfume essence), vanilla, copra, coconuts, coffee, cinnamon
Exports - partners:France 43%, Comoros 36%, Reunion 15% (2006)
Imports:$341 million f.o.b.; note - excludes petroleum imports (2005)
Imports - commodities:food, machinery and equipment, transportation equipment, metals, chemicals
Imports - partners:France 49%, Seychelles 8.8%, China 4.1%, South Africa 2.8% (2006)
Debt - external:$NA
Economic aid - recipient:$201.3 million; note - extensive French financial assistance (2005)
Currency (code):euro (EUR)
Exchange rates:euros per US dollar - 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002)
Fiscal year:calendar year

Transportation

Airports:1 (2007)
Airports - with paved runways:total: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2007)
Roadways:total: 93 km
paved: 72 km
unpaved: 21 km
Ports and terminals:Dzaoudzi

Military

Military - note:defense is the responsibility of France; a small contingent of French forces is stationed on the island

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international:claimed by Comoros


 
Wikipedia: Mayotte
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Departmental Collectivity of Mayotte
Collectivité départementale de Mayotte
Flag of Mayotte Coat of arms
MottoLiberté, Égalité, Fraternité
"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"
AnthemLa Marseillaise
Capital Mamoudzou (prefecture)
Largest city Mamoudzou
Official languages French
Ethnic groups  92.3% Comorian (Bantu, Arab, Malagasy), 3.2% other Swahili, 1.8% other French, 1% Makua, 1.7% other[1]
Demonym Mahoran
Government overseas collectivity of France
 -  President of France Nicolas Sarkozy
 -  President of the General Council Ahmed Attoumani Douchina
 -  Prefect Denis Robin
Independence overseas collectivity of France 
 -  Voted to remain a territory of France 1974 
Area
 -  Total 374 km2 (~185th)
144 sq mi 
 -  Water (%) 0.4
Population
 -  July 2007 census 186,452[2] (179th)
 -  Density 499/km2 (~11th)
1,291/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2003 estimate
 -  Total $466.8 million (208th)
 -  Per capita $2,600 (2003 est.) (129th)
HDI (2003) n/a (unranked) (unranked)
Currency Euro (EUR)
Time zone (UTC+3)
Internet TLD .yt
Calling code 262

Mayotte (French: Mayotte, pronounced: [majɔt]; Shimaore (Swahili dialect): Maore, [maˈore]; Malagasy: Mahori), officially the Departmental Collectivity of Mayotte (French: Collectivité départementale de Mayotte), is an overseas collectivity of France consisting of a main island, Grande-Terre (or Mahoré), a smaller island, Petite-Terre (or Pamanzi), and several islets around these two.

Mayotte is in the northern Mozambique Channel in the Indian Ocean, between northern Madagascar and northern Mozambique. The territory is geographically part of the Comoro Islands, but has been politically separate since the 1970s. The territory is also known as Mahoré, the native name of its main island, especially by advocates of its inclusion in the Union of Comoros.

Contents

Geography

Map of the Comoros with Mayotte
Beach scenery in Mayotte.

The main island, Grande-Terre (or Mahoré), geologically the oldest of the Comoros, is 39 kilometres (24 mi) long and 22 kilometres (13½ mi) wide, and its highest point is Mount Benara (French: Mont Bénara; Shimaore: Mlima Bénara) at 660 metres (2,165 ft) above sea level. Because of the volcanic rock, the soil is relatively rich in some areas. A coral reef encircling much of the island ensures protection for ships and a habitat for fish.

Dzaoudzi was the capital of Mayotte until 1977. It is situated on Petite-Terre (or Pamanzi), which at 10 square kilometres (3.9 sq mi) is the largest of several islets adjacent to Mahoré. Mayotte is a member of the Indian Ocean Commission, with a separate membership rather than as part of the Comoros.

History

For the history of Mayotte before 1974 see also History of the Comoros.

In 1500 the Maore or Mawuti (contraction of the Arabic جزيرة الموت Jazīrat al-Mawt(meaning island of the dead/of death and corrupted to Mayotte in French) sultanate was established on the island.

In 1503, Mayotte was observed by Portuguese explorers, but not colonized.

In 1832, it was conquered by Andriantsoly, former king of Iboina on Madagascar; in 1833 conquered by the neighbouring sultanate of Mwali (Mohéli island in French); on 19 November 1835 again conquered by the Ndzuwani Sultanate (Anjouan sultanate in French; a governor was installed with the unusual Islamic style of Qadi (from the Arabic قاض which means judge), sort of a 'Resident Magistrate' in British terms), but in 1836 regained its independence under a last local Sultan.

Mayotte was ceded to France along with the other Comoros in 1843. It was the only island in the archipelago that voted in referendums in 1974 and 1976 to retain its link with France and forgo independence (with 63.8% and 99.4% of votes respectively). The Comoros continue to claim the island, and a draft 1976 United Nations Security Council resolution supported by 11 of the 15 members of the Council would have recognized Comororian sovereignty over Mayotte, but France vetoed the resolution (the last time, as of 2009, that France cast a lone veto[citation needed] in the Council). The United Nations General Assembly has adopted a series of resolutions on the issues, whose tenor can be gauged from their title: "Question of the Comorian Island of Mayotte" up to 1995. Since 1995, the subject of Mayotte has not been discussed by the General Assembly.

A referendum on becoming an overseas department of France in 2011 was held on 29 March 2009.[3] The outcome was a 95.5 per cent vote in favour of changing the island's status from a French "overseas community" to become France's 101st département.[4] It will then get the same healthcare and welfare system as France but will also pay more taxes. Islamic law will be progressively abolished and be replaced by uniform French civil code.[5]

Sea near Mamoudzou

Politics

Mayotte

This article is part of the series:
Politics and government of
Mayotte



Other countries · Atlas
 Politics portal

Politics of Mayotte takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic French overseas community, whereby the President of the General Council is the head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government.

Mayotte also sends one deputy to the French National Assembly and two senators to the French Senate.

The situation of Mayotte proved to be unwieldy for France: while the local population very largely did not want to be independent from France and join the Comoros, some international criticism from post-colonial leftist regimes was heard about Mayotte's ongoing ties to France. Furthermore, the peculiar local administration of Mayotte, largely ruled by customary Muslim law, would be difficult to integrate into the legal structures of France, not to mention the costs of bringing the standards of living to levels close to those of metropolitan France. For these reasons, the laws passed by the national parliament had to state specifically that they applied to Mayotte for them to be applicable on Mayotte.

The status of Mayotte was changed in 2001 towards one very close to the status of the departments of mainland France, with the particular designation of departmental community, although the island is still claimed by the Comoros. This change was approved by 73% of voters in a referendum. After the constitutional reform of 2003 it became an overseas community while retaining the title departmental community of Mayotte.

After the local referendum that occurred in March 2009 and that massively approved a constitutional reform with about 95% of voters, Mayotte will become a new overseas departement (or DOM, département d'outre-mer), further increasing its links with the legal and social system used in La Réunion and in the metropole. This will require abandoning some customary laws, adopting the standard French civil code, and reforming the judiciary, educational, social and fiscal systems, over a period of about 20 years. In addition, the department will become fully eligible to fundings from the European Union (to which it will be fully integrated) like the four other French DOMs.

Administrative divisions

Mayotte is divided into 17 communes. There are also 19 cantons (not shown here) each of which corresponds to one of the communes, except for the commune of Mamoudzou which is divided into three cantons. There are no arrondissements.

Communes of Mayotte
  1. Dzaoudzi
  2. Pamandzi
  3. Mamoudzou
  4. Dembeni
  5. Bandrele
  6. Kani-Kéli
  7. Bouéni
  8. Chirongui
  9. Sada
  10. Ouangani
  11. Chiconi
  12. Tsingoni
  13. M'Tsangamouji
  14. Acoua
  15. Mtsamboro
  16. Bandraboua
  17. Koungou

Transport

Economy

The official currency of Mayotte is the euro.[6]

INSEE estimated that the total GDP of Mayotte amounted to 610 million euros in 2001 (US$547 million at 2001 exchanges rates; US$903 million at Jan. 2008 exchange rates).[7] In that same year the GDP per capita of Mayotte was 3,960 euros (US$3,550 at 2001 exchanges rates; US$5,859 at Jan. 2008 exchange rates),[7] which was 9 times higher than the GDP per capita of the Comoros that year, but only a third of the GDP per capita of Réunion and 16% of the GDP per capita of Metropolitan France.[7]

Demographics

As of the July 2007 census there were 186,452 people living in Mayotte.[2] According to the 2002 census, 64.7% of the people living in Mayotte were born in Mayotte, 3.9% were born in the rest of the French Republic (either metropolitan France or overseas France except Mayotte), 28.1% were immigrants from the Comoros, 2.8% were immigrants from Madagascar, and the remaining 0.5% came from other countries.[8]

Population history

1958 1966 1978 1985 1991 1997 2002 2007
23,364 32,607 47,246 67,205 94,410 131,320 160,265 186,452
Official figures from past censuses.

Religion

The main religion in Mayotte is Islam.[9]

Languages

A survey was conducted by the French Ministry of National Education in 2006 among pupils registered in CM2 (equivalent to fifth grade in the US and Year 6 in England and Wales). Questions were asked regarding the languages spoken by the pupils as well as the languages spoken by their parents. According to the survey, the ranking of mother tongues is the following (ranked by number of first language speakers in the total population; note that percentages add up to more than 100% because some people are natively bilingual):[10]

  • Shimaore: 55.1%
  • Shindzwani: 22.3%
  • Kibushi: 13.6%
  • Shingazidja: 7.9%
  • French: 1.4%
  • Shimwali: 0.8%
  • Arabic: 0.4%
  • Kiantalaotsi: 0.2%
  • Other: 0.4%

However, when also counting second language speakers (e.g. someone whose mother tongue is Shimaore but who also speaks French as a second language) then the ranking becomes:

  • Shimaore: 88.3%
  • French: 56.9%
  • Shindzwani: 35.2%
  • Kibushi: 28.8%
  • Shingazidja: 13.9%
  • Arabic: 10.8%
  • Shimwali: 2.6%
  • Kiantalaotsi: 0.9%
  • Other: 1.2%

Indigenous

The native languages of Mayotte are:

Kibushi is spoken in the south and north-west of Mayotte, while Shimaore is spoken elsewhere.

Non-indigenous

French

French is the only official language of Mayotte. It is the language used by the administrations and the school system. It is the language most used on television and radio as well as in commercial announcements and billboards. In spite of this, Mayotte is one of the French overseas territories where the knowledge of French is the least developed, as shown by the figures above. At the 2002 census, only 55% of people older than 15 y/o declared they could read and write French, although this figure is higher than those who can read and write Shimaore (41%) or Arabic (33%).

With the mandatory schooling of children and the economic development both implemented by the French central state, the French language has progressed significantly on Mayotte in recent years. The survey conducted by the Ministry of National Education showed that while first and second language speakers of French represented 56.9% of the population in general, this figure was only 37.7% for the parents of CM2 pupils, but reached 97.0% for the CM2 pupils themselves (whose age is between 10 and 14 in general).

Already there are instances of families speaking only French to their children in the hope of helping their social advancement. With French schooling and French language television, many young people turn to French or use many French words when speaking Shimaore and Kibushi, leading some to fear that these native languages of Mayotte could either disappear or become some sort of French-based creole.[11]

Other

Various dialects of the Comorian language essentially imported by immigrants who have arrived in Mayotte since 1974: Shindzwani (the dialect of Anjouan, or Nzwani), Shingazidja (the dialect of Grande Comore, or Ngazidja), and Shimwali (the dialect of Mohéli, or Mwali).

Shingazidja and Shimwali on the one hand and Shimaore on the other hand are hardly mutually intelligible. Shindzwani and Shimaore are perfectly mutually intelligible.

Music

See also

References

  1. ^ Imformation on Mayotte
  2. ^ a b (French) INSEE, Government of France. "INSEE Infos No 32" (PDF). http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/reunion/zoom/mayotte/publications/inseeinfos/pdf/insee%20infos%20n32.pdf. Retrieved on 2007-12-02. 
  3. ^ (French) "ENQUETE SUR LE FUTUR 101e DEPARTEMENT". http://www.lefigaro.fr/lefigaromagazine/2009/03/14/01006-20090314ARTFIG00183--enquete-sur-le-futur-101-e-departement-.php. 
  4. ^ Mayotte votes to become France's 101st department
  5. ^ (French) Mayotte vote en faveur de la départementalisation, Le Monde, March 29, 2009
  6. ^ (French) Minister of the Economy, Industry and Employment (France). "L'évolution du régime monétaire outre-mer". http://www.finances.gouv.fr/notes_bleues/nbb/nbb208/outre.htm. Retrieved on 2008-11-30. 
  7. ^ a b c (French) INSEE. "Résultats économiques" (PDF). http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/reunion/zoom/mayotte/publications/tem/tem2007/TEM2007_14.3.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-01-16. 
  8. ^ (French) INSEE, Government of France. "MIG 1 DET - POPULATION SELON LE LIEU DE NAISSANCE" (XLS). http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/reunion/zoom/mayotte/recensements/Tableau02/mig1det.xls. Retrieved on 2007-05-17. 
  9. ^ BBC News
  10. ^ (French) Daniel Barreteau. "Premiers résultats d'une enquête sociolinguistique auprès des élèves de CM2 de Mayotte" (PDF). http://www.ac-mayotte.fr/IMG/pdf/Interv_BARRETEAU_CM2.pdf. Retrieved on 2007-05-17. 
  11. ^ (French) Mayotte Hebdo (June 18, 2004). "Le shimaoré fout le camp!". http://www.malango-mayotte.com/traditions-le_shimaore_fout_le_camp.htm. Retrieved on 2007-05-17. 

External links


Coordinates: 12°50′35″S 45°08′18″E / 12.84306°S 45.13833°E / -12.84306; 45.13833


 
Translations: Mayotte
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Dansk (Danish)
n. - Mayotte

Français (French)
n. - Mayotte

Deutsch (German)
n. - Mayotte

Português (Portuguese)
n. - Mayotte

Español (Spanish)
n. - Mayotte

中文(简体)(Chinese (Simplified))
马约特

中文(繁體)(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 馬約特

한국어 (Korean)
마야트 (인도해에 위치한 코모로스 동쪽의 섬)

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮מאיוט‬


 
 

 

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