In banking, a merchant bank is a traditional term for an Investment Bank. It can also be used to describe the private
equity activities of banking. This article is about the history of banking as developed by merchants, from the Middle Ages onwards.
History
Merchant banks, now so called, are in fact the original "banks". These were invented in the Middle Ages by Italian grain
merchants. As the Lombardy merchants and bankers grew in stature based on the strength of the Lombard plains cereal crops, many
displaced Jews fleeing Spanish persecution were attracted to the trade. They brought with them ancient practices from the middle
and far east silk routes. Originally intended for the finance of long trading journeys, these methods were now utilized to
finance the production of grain.
The Jews could not hold land in Italy, so they entered the great trading piazzas and halls of Lombardy, alongside the local
traders, and set up their benches to trade in crops. They had one great advantage over the locals. Christians were strictly
forbidden the sin of usury. The Jewish newcomers, on the other hand, could lend to farmers against
crops in the field, a high-risk loan at what would have been considered usurious rates by the Church, but did not bind the Jews.
In this way they could secure the grain sale rights against the eventual harvest. They then began to advance against the delivery
of grain shipped to distant ports. In both cases they made their profit from the present discount against the future price. This
two-handed trade was time consuming and soon there arose a class of merchants, who were trading grain debt instead of grain.
It was a short step from financing trade on their own behalf to settling trades for others, and then to holding deposits for
settlement of "billete" or notes written by the people who were still brokering the actual grain. And so the merchant's "benches"
(bank is a corruption of the Italian for bench, as in a counter) in
the great grain markets became centers for holding money against a bill (billette, a
note, a letter of formal exchange, later a bill of exchange, later still, a
cheque).
These deposited funds were intended to be held for the settlement of grain trades, but often
were used for the bench's own trades in the meantime. The term bankrupt is a corruption of
the Italian banca rotta, or broken bench, which is what happened when someone lost his traders' deposits. Being "broke"
has the same connotation.
A sensible manner of discounting interest to the depositors against what could be earned by
employing their money in the trade of the bench soon developed; in short, selling an "interest" to them in a specific trade, thus
overcoming the usury objection. Once again this merely developed what was an ancient method of financing long distance transport
of goods.
Islamic banking has the same constraints against usury as Christianity.
The medieval Italian markets were disrupted by wars and in any case were limited by the fractured nature of the Italian
states. And so the next generation of bankers arose from migrant Jewish merchants in the great wheat growing areas of Germany and
Poland. Many of these merchants were from the same families who had been part of the development of the banking process in Italy.
They also had links with family members who had, centuries before, fled Spain for both Italy and England.
This course of events set the stage for the rise of banking names which still resonate today: Schroders, Warburgs,
Rothschilds, even the ill-fated Barings, were all the product of the continental grain trade, and indirectly, the early Iberian
persecution of Jews. It may be defined as, “ an institution which covers a wide range of activities such as management of
customer services, portfolio management, credit syndication, acceptance credit, counseling and insurance etc., The merchant banks
are also known as “ accepting and Issuing houses” in UK and as “Investment Banks” in US. They offer a package of financial
services for fee mostly in new issues market.
Modern practices
The definition of merchant banking has changed greatly since the days of the Rothschilds. The great merchant banking families
dealt in everything from underwriting bonds to
originating foreign loans. Bullion trading and bond issuing
were some of the specialties of the Rothschild family. The modern merchant banks, however, tend to advise corporations and wealthy individuals on how to use their money. The advice varies from counsel on
Mergers and acquisitions to recommendation on the type of credit needed. The job of generating loans and initiating other complex financial transactions has been
taken over by investment banks and private
equity firms.
Today there are many different classes of merchant banks. One of the most common forms is primarily utilized in
America. This type initiates loans and then sells them to investors (Fitch 2000).
Even though these companies call themselves "Merchant banks," they have few if any of the characteristics of former Merchant
banks.
A more traditional form of Merchant bank is not as widely used. This genre of merchant banking is seen in companies such as
Blackstone Group [1], LCF Rothschild Group [2]and Goldman
Sachs [3]. Their
activities include private banking, fund
management, and financial advisory services. Though these organizations are
holding companies, their operations are essentially those of the original Merchant
banks.
See also
References
- Fitch, Thomas P. [1990](2000)Dictionary of Banking Terms: Merchant Bank 4th Edition New York: Barron's Business
Guides ISBN 0-7641-1260-0
Sources
External links
1. Blackstone Group website
2. LCF Rothschild Group website
3. Goldman Sachs Corporate website
4. Emerging Markets Group Corporate website
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