minaret

This article includes a list of references or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. (August 2009)

For the mountain formation, see Minarets (California).

Part of a series on Islamic Culture
Architecture
Arabic · Azeri Indo-Islamic · Iwan Moorish · Moroccan · Mughal Ottoman · Persian · Somali Sudano-Sahelian · Tatar
Art
Calligraphy · Miniature · Rugs
Dance
Sema · Whirling
Dress
Abaya · Agal · Boubou Burqa · Chador · Jellabiya Niqab · Salwar kameez · Taqiya Thawb · Jilbāb · Hijab
Holidays
Ashura · Arba'een · al-Ghadeer Chaand Raat · al-Fitr · al-Adha Imamat Day · al-Kadhim New Year · Isra and Mi'raj al-Qadr · Mawlid · Ramadan Mugam · Mid-Sha'ban
Literature
Arabic · Azeri · Bengali Indonesian · Javanese · Kashmiri Kurdish · Persian · Sindhi · Somali South Asia · Turkish · Urdu
Music
Dastgah · Ghazal · Madih nabawi Maqam · Mugam · Nasheed Qawwali
Theatre
Karagöz and Hacivat · Ta'zieh
Islam Portal  v • d • e

Minarets (Turkish: minare,^[1] from Arabic manāra (lighthouse) منارة, usually مئذنة) are distinctive architectural features of Islamic mosques. Minarets are generally tall spires with onion-shaped or conical crowns, usually either free standing or taller than any associated support structure.

Functions of minarets

Mosque in Aswan, Egypt, with minarets.

The earliest mosques were built without minarets, the adhan (call to prayer) performed elsewhere; hadiths relay that the Muslim community of Madina gave the call to prayer from the roof of the house of Muhammad, which doubled as a place for prayer. Around 80 years after Muhammad's death the first known minarets appeared.^{[citation needed]} As well as providing a visual cue to a Muslim community, the main function of the minaret is to provide a vantage point from which the muezzin can call out the adhan, calling the faithful to prayer. In most modern mosques, the adhan is called not from the minaret, but from the musallah, or prayer hall, via a microphone and speaker system. In some of the oldest mosques, such as the Great Mosque of Damascus, minarets originally served as illuminated watchtowers (hence the derivation of the word from the Arabic nur, meaning "light").^{[citation needed]}

Minarets also function as air conditioning mechanisms: as the sun heats the dome, air is drawn in through open windows then up and out of the minaret, thereby providing natural ventilation.^{[citation needed]}

Minarets have been described as the "gate from heaven and earth", and as the Arabic language letter alif (which is a straight vertical line).^{[citation needed]}

The world's tallest minaret (at 210 meters) is located at the Hassan II Mosque in Casablanca, Morocco The world's tallest brick minaret is Qutub Minar located in Delhi, India. There are two 230 meter tall minarets under construction in Tehran, Iran.^{[citation needed]}

Construction

Minarets basic form consist of three parts: a base, shaft, and a gallery. For the base, the ground is excavated until a hard foundation is reached. Gravel and other supporting materials may be used as a foundation; it is unusual for the minaret to be built directly upon ground-level soil. Minarets may be conical (tapering), square, cylindrical, or polygonal (faceted). Stairs circle the shaft in a counter-clockwise fashion, providing necessary structural support to the highly elongated shaft. The gallery is a balcony which encircles the upper sections from which the muezzin may give the call to prayer. It is covered by a roof-like canopy and adorned with ornamentation, such as decorative brick and tile work, cornices, arches and inscriptions, with the transition from the shaft to the gallery typically sporting muqarnas. Originally plain in style, a minaret's origin in time can be determined by its level of ostentation.^{[citation needed]}

Local styles

Styles and architecture can vary widely according to region and time period. Here are a few styles and the localities from which they derive:

Turkish (11th cen) 

1, 2, 4 or 6 minarets related to the size of the mosque. Slim, circular minarets of equal cross-section are common.

Egypt (7th cen) / Syria (until 13th century) 

Low square towers sitting at the four corners of the mosque.

Iraq 

For a free-standing conical minaret surrounded by a spiral staircase, see Malwiya.

Egypt (15th century) 

Octagonal. Two balconies, the upper smaller than the lower, projecting mukarnas, surmounted by an elongated finial.

Persia (17th century) 

Generally two pairs of slim, blue tile clad towers flanking the mosque entrance, terminating in covered balconies.

Tatar (18th century)

A sole minaret is used, placed at the center of a gabled roof.

Morocco

Typically a single square minaret. A notable exception is the octagonal minaret located in Chefchaouen.

India

Octagonal, generally three balconied, with the upper most roofed by an onion dome and topped by a small finial.

Examples

Minaret of the Mosque of Uqba in Kairouan, Tunisia, 8th-9th century	The Charminar in Hyderabad, India	The minaret of the Al Muhdhar mosque in Tarim, Yemen	The six minareted Sultan Ahmed Mosque in Istanbul, Turkey.
Faisal Mosque Minaret, Islamabad, Pakistan	A typical Iraqi minaret, Baghdad	The minaret of the Wazir Khan Mosque in Lahore	The minaret of the Kuzkandi Jamiah Masjid in Baghdada, Mardan
One of the minarets of the Badshahi Mosque also in Lahore	Old adobe minaret in Kharanagh, Iran	Simple wooden pole used as minaret in Nouadhibou, Mauritania	A minaret in Linxia, typical of small-town mosques in Gansu, China
The "bare tower" of Huaisheng Mosque, Guangzhou, China	Chinese-style minaret of Tongxin Mosque, Ningxia, China	Wooden minaret of the Dungan Mosque in Karakol, Kyrgyzstan

Opposition to minarets

See also: Minaret controversy in Switzerland

As a symbolic marker of Muslim presence, minarets have occasionally elicited political and religious opposition in traditionally non-Muslim countries; in 2007, Swiss right-wing politicians of the Swiss People's Party announced the launch of a people's initiative that would amend the constitution to prohibit the building of minarets (but not of mosques themselves).^[2] As of October 2009, minarets in Switzerland total four: one in Zürich, Geneva, Winterthur, and Wangen bei Olten. ^[3] The construction of several others is being planned.^{[citation needed]}

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Minarets

• Minarets, at the Encyclopedia of the Orient
• Minaret Photo Gallery
• Minaret@Everything2.com
• The Minaret The weekly student newspaper of the University of Tampa
• 230 metre tall Minarets Under construction in Iran
• The minaret, Symbol of a civilization