Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu

Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu. also known as Jelal ad-Din Manguberdi or Minkburny in the east (Persian: جلال الدین منگبرنی) was the last ruler of the Khwarezmid Empire. Following the defeat of his father, Ala ad-Din Muhammad II by Genghis Khan in 1220, Jelal ad-Din Manguberdi came to power but he rejected the title shah that his father had assumed and called himself simply sultan. Due to the Mongol invasion and sacking of Samarkand, he was forced to flee to India with an escort of only five thousand men. At the river Indus however, the Mongols caught up with him and killed his forces and thousands of refugees at the Battle of Indus. He escaped and sought asylum in the Sultanate of Delhi. Iltumish however denied this to him in deference to the relationship with the Abassid caliphs.

Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu spent three years in exile in India before returning to Persia. He gathered an army and re-established a kingdom. He never consolidated his power however, and he spent the rest of his days struggling against Mongols, pretenders to the throne and the Seljuk Turks of Rum. He lost his power over Persia in a battle against the Mongols in the Alborz Mountains and fled to the Caucasus, to capture Azerbaijan in 1225, setting up their capital at Tabriz. In 1226 he attacked Georgia and sacked Tbilisi, destroying all the churches.^[1]

Jalal had a brief victory over the Seljuks and captured the town Akhlat from Ayyubids. However, he was later defeated by Sultan Kayqubad I at Erzincan on the Upper Euphrates at the Battle of Yassi Chemen in 1230, from where he escaped to Diyarbakir while the Mongols captured Azerbaijan in the ensuing confusion. He was murdered in 1231 in Diyarbakir by a Kurdish assassin hired by the Seljuks or possibly by Kurdish highwaymen.^{[citation needed]}

Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu's followers remained loyal to him even after his death and raided the Seljuk lands of Jazira and Syria for the next several years, calling themselves the Khwarezmiyyas. Ayyubid sultan Salih Ayyub later hired them as mercenaries against his uncle Salih Ismail and they captured Jerusalem in 1244. The Khwarezmiyyas served under Mameluks of Egypt before they were finally beaten by Mansur Ibrahim some years later. It is well-known that when one of the heroes of Islam who many times defeated Jenghis Khan's army, Jalaluddin Khwarazmshah, was going to the war, his ministers and followers said to him: "You will be victorious; Almighty God will make you victor." He replied: "I am charged by God's command to act on the way of jihad, I do not interfere in God's concerns. To make us victor or vanquished is His business." Thus, due to understanding the mystery of submission, he was wondrously victorious on numerous occasions.

Indeed, in his voluntary actions, man should not think of the results which pertain to Almighty God. For example, for a number of our brothers, the people joining the Risale-i Nur fires their enthusiasm and makes them increase their efforts. And when the people do not listen, the weak ones among them become demoralized and their enthusiasm wanes to an extent. Whereas the Noble Prophet (Upon whom be blessings and peace), who was the Absolute Master,Perfect Guide, took as his absolute guide the Divine decree,

No more is the: Prophet bound to do than deliver the message, and when people held back and did not listen, conveyed the message with greater effort, endeavour, and seriousness. For in accordance with the verse, It is true you will not be able to guide everyone whom you love; but God guides those whom He will, he understood that making people listen and guiding them was Almighty God's concern. And he did not interfere in God's concerns. And so, my brothers! You too do not interfere; by basing your actions on what is not your business, and do not take up a position testing your Creator!

Notes

References

• Grousset, Rene, The Empire of the Steppes, Rutgers University Press, 1991

This article related to Central Asian history is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v • d • e

This biography of a member of a Middle Eastern royal house is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v • d • e

And so, my brothers! You too do not interfere; by basing your actions on what is not your business, and do not take up a position testing your Creator!